Biology FINAL

How many alleles for a single genetic locus are present in each animal cell.

2

How many copies of one particular gene does the cell of an individual human have

2

what is the max number of atoms to which a single carbon can bind

4

A human female has _____ chromosomes in each skin cell and ___ chromosomes in each egg

46;23

This is not needed for gene expression

DNA polymerase

What are amino acids?

building blocks of proteins

Most of our body's ____ is stored in the skeleton.

calcium

autotrphs

can carry out photosynthesis in the dark

what is the carbon source used in photosynthesis

carbon dioxide

if you dissect a plant into smaller and smaller units, the smallest until that will still be considered alive is the

cells

ABO blood type inheritance is an example of

codominance

translation is a process that occurs in the _____ and uses _____ to produce _____

cytoplasm; mRNA; proteins

the "coding" region of dna is the dna sequence that

encodes a specific protein sequence

if the results of an experiment contradict the hypothesis, you have ______ the hypothesis

falsified

gene expression consists of two processes

gene transcription and translation

GMOs are versions of organisms that have

genetically altered organism

Fowling mitosis and cytokinesis, daughter cells are

genetically idential to one another

what is the carbon source used in respiration

glucose

the inputs for aerobic respiration are

glucose and oxygen

20 amino acids...forms into how many proteins

hundreds of proteins

Bases holding two single strands of DNA together into a double strand of DNA interact through ___________ bonds.

hydrogen

which of the following is an example of an everyday, non scientific theory

if you forget your umbrella , it is sure to rain

how is the limiting membrane of the cell similar to a sandwich

it has charged groups at the cell surface, phospholipids tails in the middle, and charged groups facing the inside

a phenotypic trait that disappeared in the F1 generation can reappear in the F2 because

it was carried by a recessive allele and it reappeared when its effect wasn't covered by a dominant allele

what happens to a fertilized egg if the sperm or the egg had the wrong number of chromosomes

it will still develop if it has a trisomy at chromosome 22 it will still develop if it is still lacking one of the sex chromosomes

The letters for blood types represent

markers on the surface of blood cells

in cells which organelles release CO2 and consume O2

mitochondria

the subunits of carbohydrates are

monosaccharides

Bacteria are able to get through the cell cycle more rapidly than eukaryotic cells. This part because their machinery for DNA proofreading is not as elaborate as in the eukaryotic cells. This also makes it more likely that.....

mutations will occur during replication

which structure is found only in eukaryotes

nucleus

the scientific process from beginning to end can be outlined as:

observations, hypothesis, do experiments, analyze, and conclude

dna replication is called "semiconservative" because

one strand is synthesized from substrates, and the other comes directly from the chromosome

PCR stands for

polymerase chain reaction

nucleic acids are not considered macronutrients unlike

polysaccharides, fats, and polypeptides

the founder effect describes a .....

population that has arisen from an ancestor with a mutated allele.

atoms are made up of

positively charged protons, negatively charged electrons and neutral neutrons

according to the cell theory, all cells come from

pre-existing cells

Cell division is needed for all of the following processes except

production of hormones

Chromosomes fist coil up and become condensed during

prophase

in order for element to have no charge, which must be equivalent in number

protons and electrons

A hypothesis can be everything except

proven true

Red blood cells go through some special modification as they mature. As a final step, the cells lose their nulecus. Why?

red blood cells have less dna than other cells

Mutations in DNA sequences are most likely to occur during the process of

replication

What best describes Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

represents a population that is not evolving

What is tRNA?

rna molecules that match the codon to be translated to the right amino acid

What is a gene?

segment of DNA that codes for a protein

Proteins do all of the following except:

serves as the information warehouse

STRs are

short tandem repeats

When chromosomes duplicate, they form

sister chromatids

when making salt water, the salt is the _______ and the water is that______

solute; solvent

Which of the following family histories most strongly suggests a risk of inherited breast or ovarian cancer due to BRCA1 or BRCA1 mutations

some females relatives were diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer at an early age

Population genetics is a field that includes....

study of the genetic material study of how the genetic composition of a population changes over time study of how populations are affected by the genetic drift study of introgression of a gene through gene flow

properties of living things include

the ability to sense and respond to external stimuli and the ability to maintain a stable internal environments

Cytokinesis occurs in animal cells when

the cell membrane pinches to form a cleavage furrow which cuts off the daughter cell

23rd pair of chromosomes determines the ______.

the persons sex

the age of different cells in your body can vary widely, and

the process of replacing them requires new cells made by mitotic division. the process of replacing them depends on the existence of stem cells. some die off whin weeks, like skin cells, while others are never repaired

Relative to one of your liver cells, one of your skill cells has

the same genome, i.e. a copy of the same genetic material a different pattern of gene expression

alleles are alternate versions of ______ genes that have _______ nucleotide sequences.

the same; some difference in their

an allele is

a variant of a gene that has consequences for the progeny of the organism

During which stage of the cell cycle are sister chromatids separated from each other.

Anaphase

Which one is true? A. all mutations cause cancer B.all cancers are caused by mutations in proto-oncogenes C. any mutation in a proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor gene can predispose a person to get cancer

C

___________ is essential in order to replace damaged or worm out cells.

Cell divison

For most cells, they spend most of their lifetime in

G1 phase

Which list represents the cell cycle

G1, S, G2,mitosis, cytokinesis

the O2 released during photosynthesis comes from splitting

H2O2

Which statement is false?

Mitosis hardly ever occurs in out adult bodies

Penicillin weakens bacteria by

Preventing them from making cell walls

How could you distinguish between two different genes and two alleles of the same gene

Sequence their DNA; the DNA sequences of two different alleles would be more similar to each other than the sequence of two different genes

Chromosomes are duplicated during

The S phase

which of the following chromosomes cannot undergo crossing over during meiosis in human males

Y chromosome

what is an example of a mutation in an allele

a base change in the gene coding sequence a substitution leading to a stop codon in the gene coding sequence a deletion of a base within a gene an insertion of a base within a gene

MRSA is caused by....

a drug resistant form of Staphylococcus aureus

a scientific theory is

a hypothesis that has been rigorously tested and never been disproven

which of the following would most likely increase an individual's risk of cancer.

a mutation in a gene for a dna repairing enzyme

which is the central idea of the Lamarckism hypothesis of evolution?

acquisition of adaptations

the term autosome refers to

all chromosomes, except the X, and Y

nutrons

all neurons are found in the valence shell of the atom all neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom

what might a change in its amino acid sequence lead to a change in the way a protein functions

amino acids determine a proteins shape. The wrong shape may not function normally

in the process of digestion, enzymes break down proteins into ___, while carbohydrates are brown down into ____.

amino acids; sugars

What is a transgenic organism?

an organism that contains DNA from another species

mitochondria are found in

animal and plant cells

What is a codon?

transa sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

an example of an incomplete dominance is

wavy hair

An enzyme

works in very small amounts