biology final- JCJC-butler
optimal temp for an enzyme is
37 degrees
what properties of water are essential for life
-water has high cohesion -water has high temp regulation -frozen water is less dense than liquid water -water is an excellent solvent
what are the characteristics of life shared by all living things
1.life has a highly ordered structure 2.living organisms respond to their environment 3.capable of energy transformations 4.capable of reproduction, growth, and development 5.exhibit internal regulation 6.represent a long history of evolutionary adaptation
photosynthesis
ENDERgonic
The second set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light.
Light-independent reactions
It is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide.
citric acid cycle
consumes the producer
consumer
heterotroph
consumer
all other organisms
consumers
hypertonic- animal cell
crenation
moving down the concentration gradient
diffusion
particles move from areas of high concentrarion to areas of lower concentration
diffusion
examples of passive transport
diffusion and osmosis
beggining with the most inclusive to the least inclusive
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
It is where the chemical energy of _nadh___ and __fadh2___ is used to make ATP.
electron transport chain
energy is put into the reaction
endergonic
inside the cell
endocytosis
active requires ________
energy
passive does not require
energy
biological catalyst that speed up a chemical reaction
enzymes
which domains of life are eukaryotic
eukarya
reaction releases energy
exergonic
respiration
exergonic
outside the cell
exocytosis
process of breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce atp
fermentation
energy can not be created or destroyed. total amount of energy in a system is constant. energy is converted from one form to another
first law of thermodynamics
when a cell is placed in each of these solutions, which way does water move across the plasma membrane?
from higher concentration to lower
a biochemical pathway in which one six-carbon molecule of glucose is oxidized to produce two three-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid
glycolysis
three major parts of cellular respiration
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain
phosphate head
hydrophillic
phospholipid fatty acid tails
hydrophobic
what are the major componets of cell membranes
hydrophobic hydrophillic
refers to a solution that has the same solute concentration as a solution on the other side of the membrane.
hypertonic
a solution in which there is a higher concentration of water molecules (solvent) outside a cell than inside a cell
hypotonic
chromosomes duplicate
interphase
phases of meiosis
interphase prophase 1 metaphase 1 anaphase 1 telophase+cytokinesis prophase 2 metaphase 2 anaphase 2 telophase 2 and cytokinesis
phases of mitosis
interphase-g1,s1,g2 prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis
occurs in some bacteria and human muscle cells
lactic acid fermentation
two major parts of photosynthesis
light reaction and calvin cycle
hypotonic- animal cell
lysis
what is the ph scale?
measure of how acidic or basic a substance is
what is ph
measures the concentration of hydrogen. change in h by a factor of 10.
all of an organisms chemical reactions
metabolism
align at center
metaphase 1
where does the citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and glycolysis take place in the eukaryotic cell
mitochondria
how does it explain the unity and diversity of life
modifications evolve as species branch from other common ancestors
fungi
mushroom
7
neutral
isotonic
no change
what are nucleic acids composed of
nucleotides
why is evolution the unifying theme in biology?
organisms all descend from a common ancestor
water molecules move across a selectively permeable membrane from areas of high water concentration to areas of lower water concentration until an equilibrium is reached
osmosis
examples of active transport
passing through the cell membrane
enzymes are sensitive to
ph and temp
cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplast
plant
differences in plant and animal cells
plant has cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplast animal has lysosomes
what are the four main groups of eukaryotic organisms that were covered this semester?
plantae, anamalia, fungi, protist
hypertonic-plant cell
plasmolysis
autotroph
producer
produce the energy needed for the consumer
producer
phytoplankton
producers
plants
producers
what is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
prokaryotes are single celled while eukaryotes are multicellular. prokaryotes dont have a nucleas
crossing over occurs
prophase 1
nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle apparatus forms
prophase 2
what biological micromolecules are found in or around cell membranes
proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
g2
replication
with every energy transfer or transformation, some energy becomes available to do work. the entrophy of the universe increases over time.
second law of thermodynamics
g1
single
how do living things use each property to survive
spider walks on water
calvin cycle occurs where
stroma in the chloroplast
ultimate energy source for all living things
sunlight
reaction for photosynthesis
sunlight+6h20+6co2=c6h12o6+6o2
cleavage furrow
tel 1 and cyto
what is biology
the scientific study of life
how do enzymes do work
they lower the activation energy
light reaction occurs where
thylakoids of the chloroplast
dna has
thymine
hypotonic- plant cell
turgor
rna has
uracil
how is ph calculated
x10log
the optimal ph for an enzyme is
7.0
0-6
acid
occurs in yeast and some bacteria
alcoholic
one of the products is carbon dioxide
alcoholic
two major types of fermentation
alcoholic and lactic acid
protist
algae
build complicated molecules from simpler ones
anabolism
consumes energy
anabolism
homologous chromosomes seperate but sister chromatids stay attatched
anaphase 1
lysosomes
animal
which domains of life are prokaryotic
bacteria, archea
what are the three domains of life
bacteria, archea, eukarya
8-14
basic
process for cellular - aerobic- respiration
c6h12o6+6co2=6h2o+6co2+atp
A cyclic set of reactions occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts that fixes the carbon of CO2 into carbohydrate molecules and recycles coenzymes.
calvin cycle
break down complex molecules to simpler compounds
catabolism
releases energy
catabolism
supports, controls what goes in and out of cells
cell membrane function
the most basic fundamental unit of life that can perform all of the characteristics of living things
cells
