Biology History of Darwin's Theory of Evolution (7.1)-Part 2

Populations Four items that define a population

1.Same species of organism. 2.In the same place. 3.At the same time. 4.And showing signs of reproduction. Young are visible within the group.

When and where does Darwin have a working manuscript on his Theory of Natural selection

1840 London

Population

A group of individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area. A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time

Endemic

Native, local; natural, specific to, or confined to a particular place

Molecular Homologies

Refers to DNA nucleotide sequences being exact in order and function

Where did Darwin go to school?

University of Edinburgh

1844

Year Darwin's manuscript is completed

gene pool

all the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time

fitness

how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

Embryological Homologies

immature stages of related organisms resemble one another (ex= embryos of vertebrates look very similar) many organisms develop in the same way

allele frequency

number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of alleles in that pool for the same gene

Vestigial organs

organs that serve no useful purpose for the organism; these suggest that sometime in the past they were useful

Fossil

preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms

Natural selection

process by which organisms that are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

Artificial selection

selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring

reproductive isolation

separation of a species or population so that they no longer interbreed; then they evolve into two separate species

vestigial structure

structure that is inherited from ancestors but has lost much or all of its original function; ex.) the tailbone (coccyx) in humans, the appendix in humans, dewclaws in dogs, etc.

Homologous structure

structures that are similar in different species of common ancestry; ex.) the wings of a bird and the front legs of a dog

Biogeography

study of past and present distribution of organisms around the globe, i.e. where they live(d)

single-gene trait

trait controlled by one gene that has two alleles

polygenic trait

trait controlled by two or more genes

Nov 24, 1859

Charles Darwin publishes "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection"

Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin, FRS was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory. was born on February 12, 1809.

Biogeography

Dealing with the geographical distribution of animals and plants Geographic distribution of species.

Analogous structure

body parts that share a common function, but not structure; ex.) the wings of a fly vs. the wings of a bird

evolution

change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

Adaptation

heritable characteristic that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in an environment

Convergent Evolution

evolution in which distantly related organisms evolve similar traits; occurs when unrelated species occupy similar environments The process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment

Temporal isolation

form of reproductive isolation in which two or more species reproduces at different times

geographic isolation

form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water, leading to the formation of two separate subspecies

behavioral isolation

form of reproductive isolation in which two populations develop differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors that prevent them from breeding

speciation

formation of a new species