Biology Homework 1
can replace, remove, or add specific genes into the cells of any organism
, genome editing,
Mendelian versus multifactorial traits. (a) Polydactyly—extra fingers and/or toes—is a Mendelian trait (single gene). (b) Hair color is multifactorial, controlled by at least three genes plus environmental influences, such as the bleaching effects of sun exposure.
.
only ----% of our DNA encodes protein
1.5
A human body consists of approximately ------ cells.
30 trillion
the human body contains approximately -------
37 trillion cells
Assuming this piece of DNA was transcribed and translated from start to finish, how many amino acids would it encode: ATGCCACGGAAACCCGGC?
6
A------------ in humans has 23 chromosome pairs.
A somatic cell
A & T join together and their proffessional names are _____--
Adenine and thymine
When is exome sequencing typically used?
After more conventional tests do not explain a person's symptoms
------------ may be dominant (exerting an effect in a single copy) or recessive (requiring two copies for expression).
Alleles
addresses moral issues and controversies that arise in genetics and medicine.
Bioethics
initially centered on informed consent, paternalism, autonomy, allocation of scarce medical resources, justice, and definitions of life and death.
Bioethics
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
____________ compares DNA sequences to establish or rule out identity.
DNA Profiling
------------- compares DNA sequences to establish or rule out identity.
DNA profiling
Changes in allele frequencies in populations is the basis of
Evolution
Humans do not share DNA sequences with other mammals. ToF
False
The combination of alleles in an individual is the individual's gene pool. ToF
False
-------------is a key issue in bioethics because its informational nature affects privacy, yet collecting genetic information from many individuals is required to make discoveries of clinical importance that could affect many
Genetic testing
the study of inherited traits and their variation.
Genetics
The complete set of genetic instructions characteristic of an organism
Genome
Analyzing and comparing genomes, which constitute the field of
Genomics
the comparison and analysis of genomes.
Genomics
An inherited trait that is influenced by only one gene is called a
Mendelian trait
mRNA
Messenger RNA
A ---------------trait is a trait that is influenced by both genes and the environment.
Multifactorial
Things coming from all over the body to create another body.
Pangenesis
Patients with certain types of leukemia are screened for which alleles of the TPMT gene they have prior to receiving thiopurine drugs. Patients with certain alleles need far less of these drugs than other patients, and in fact can become sick if given the standard dose. This is an example of
Pharmacogenetics
The RNA goal is to build up a---
Protein
----------- provide a reserve supply of cells that enable an organ to grow and repair damage.
Stem cells
The DNA Backbone is made up of ------
Sugar Phosphate
Eumelanin
The most abundant type of human melanin, found in brown and black skin and hair;
A type of muscular dystrophy called Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy can occur when the nesprin-2 protein contains the amino acid methionine at a certain location instead of the amino acid threonine. Why does this change in amino acid placement likely occur?
There was a mutation in the gene for nesprin-2. Correct
Turning DNA to RNA
Transcription
RNA to Protein
Translation
Changes in DNA sequences are the basis of diversity in different species. ToF
True
Evolution is the change of allele frequencies in a population ToF
True
In biology, a population is a group of individuals that can have healthy offspring together. ToF
True
The RNA is recognized by the presence of a ----- instead of a T
U
a long DNA molecule wrapped around proteins and wound tightly.
a chromosome
RNA
a copy of DNA that is specific to the needs of a certain group of cells
Metagenomics is...
a field that sequences all of the DNA in a habitat.
a set of biochemical instructions that tell a cell how to manufacture a protein.
a gene
A variant form of a gene is called
allele
the variant types of genes are called
alleles
------- is the building block of protein
amino acid
mendelian traits
are caused by a single gene
A human somatic cell (non-sex cell) has 23 pairs of chromosomes. Twenty-two of these 23 pairs are --------
autosomes
The 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes are called
autosomes
the 22 paits of chromosomes are called
autosomes
discusses instances when genetic testing can threaten privacy.
bioethics
are the basic units of life.
cells
The DNA sequences of the human genome are dispersed among 23 structures called
chromosomes
C & G team together but their proffesiional names are
cytosine and Guanine
The human genome has about 20,325 protein-encoding genes, and these DNA sequences comprise the ----------.
exome
The protein-encoding DNA sequences of the human genome are called the------ and make up about 1.5 percent of the human genome.
exome
What is the term that describes the DNA sequences for protein-encoding genes?
exome
To identify rare diseases, ------------, which determines the order of bases of the parts of the DNA that encodes proteins, can be used.
exome sequencing
To identify rare diseases, ------------which determines the order of bases of the parts of the DNA that encodes proteins, can be used.
exome sequencing,
Which biochemical unit encodes a single protein?
gene
unit of heredity
gene
Johanson coined the following words,--- and ---
gene and genotype
biochemical instructions that tell cells, the basic units of life, how to manufacture certain proteins.
genes
According to ------------, only genes, not the environment, influence inherited traits.
genetic determinism
Environmental effects on gene action counter the idea of "------------," that "we are our genes." This idea may be harmful or helpful.
genetic determinism
environmental effects on gene action counter the idea of
genetic determinism
Traditional animal breeding is not considered-------- because traditional breeding selects for traits within one species.
genetic modification
The complete set of genetic instructions characteristic of an organism, including protein-encoding genes and other DNA sequences, constitutes a
genome
The entire sequence of an organism's genetic material is its
genome
A technique, such as that carried out by the CRISPR-Cas9 system, that is used to add, remove, or replace specific genes to the DNA of any organism is called
genome editing
The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a tool to perform ____________ .
genome editing
A technique, such as that carried out by the CRISPR-Cas9 system, that is used to add, remove, or replace specific genes to the DNA of any organism is called ------------
genome editing.
The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a tool to perform ------
genome editing.
the study of the genome
genomics
the collection of all your traits
genotype
the invisible outcome or results of our genes/traits
genotype
The term ------------ refers to the underlying instructions for a trait, and the term -------------- refers to the visible trait.
genotype,phenotype
chart used to display the chromosome pairs from largest to smallest.
karyotypes
melanocyte
makes melanin
A ecology graduate student takes samples of the water in various parts of a swamp area. She sequences the genomes of all of the organisms present in this environment. This is an example of
metagenomics
The field that analyzes all of the DNA in a particular habitat is ____________ .
metagenomics
The field that analyzes all of the DNA in a particular habitat is ----
metagenomics.
The many microbes that live on and in the human body make up the ____________ .
microbiome
Within precision medicine, --------- can be used to characterize the organisms living in and on the human body.
microbiome identification
Within precision medicine,---------can be used to characterize the organisms living in and on the human body.
microbiome identification
The many microbes that live on and in the human body make up the ----------
microbiome.
the process that causes changes in DNA sequence that distinguish alleles.
mutation
DNA is a ----- type of acid
nucleaic, because it is found in the nucleaus.
the rungs in the ladder of DNA are called
nucleotide
DNA Is built by units called ---
nucleotides
we each have 2 alleles for every gene
one from mom and one from dad
The identification of probable drug reactions based on genetics is an example of ____________ .
pharmacogenomics
The identification of probable drug reactions based on genetics is an example of ----------
pharmacogenomics.
what is the visible outcome of our genes/traits
phenotype
To copy DNA its called
replication
The X and Y chromosomes are known as
sex chromosomes
melanin
the substance that gives hair, skin and eyes their color
Heredity
the transmission of traits and biological information between generations, and genetics is the study of how traits are transmitted.
zygote
when the sperm and the egg come together
In humans, a female has two
x chromosomes
