Biology II- Final

105. What is a major difference between the endoskeleton and the exoskeleton? a. The endoskeleton is capable of growth. b. The endoskeleton permits movement. c. The endoskeleton contains calcium. d. The endoskeleton is molted more frequently. e. The endoskeleton provides support.

the endoskeleton is capable of growth

101. Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? a. the heart b. adipose tissue c. blood d. bone e. lymph

the heart

49. What makes up most of the mass of an individual mushroom? a. underground ascocarp b. underground mycelium c. above ground ascocarp d. above ground mycelium e. underground fruiting body

underground mycelium

120. Which of the following statements about the speed of impulse conduction in a neuron is true? a. Longer axons can transmit impulses faster than shorter ones. b. Unmyelinated axons transmit impulses faster than myelinated ones. c. Shorter axons can transmit impulses faster than longer ones. d. Nerve impulses travel faster than the speed of light. e. Unmyelinated axons with larger diameters transmit impulses faster than ones with small diameters.

unmyelinated axons with larger diameters transmit impulses faster than ones with small diameters

134. Which nitrogenous waste product would be least toxic to an embryo developing in the aqueous environment found inside a shelled egg? a. ammonia b. urea c. uric acid d. amino acids e. purines

uric acid

95. The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the: a. Hemichordata. b. Hemichordates. c. Cephalochordata. d. Ophiuroidea. e. Urochordates.

urochordates

57. Which one of the following is a mismatch between tissue system and function? a. ground tissue−photosynthesis b. vascular tissue−storage c. dermal tissue−covering of plant body d. ground tissue−storage e. vascular tissue−transport

vascular tissue- storage

94. Which characteristic best describes vertebrates? a. vertebral column b. blood containing hemoglobin c. four-chambered heart d. lungs e. live birth

vertebral column

20. Which was a possible source of high energy on early Earth that likely contributed to the origin of life? a. redox energy b. gamma radiation c. volcanic activity d. infrared radiation e. geothermal energy

volcanic activity

66. Which vascular tissue is responsible for conducting water and dissolved minerals in plants? a. phloem b. xylem c. stems d. roots e. sori

xylem

28. What is the correct format for the scientific name of corn? a. zea Mays b. Zea Mays c. Zea mays d. Zeamays e. zea mays

Zea mays

126. The central nervous system contains: a. all sympathetic nerves. b. all parasympathetic nerves. c. all sensory receptors. d. only the cerebrum and cerebellum. e. a brain and a dorsal tubular spinal cord.

a brain and a dorsal tubular spinal cord

33. The term clade most closely refers to: a. a class. b. the binomial system of classification. c. a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer. d. a subspecies of organisms does not include a subgenus. e. a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor.

a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor

132. Both aquatic and terrestrial organisms must have ____ across which gas exchange can take place. a. a respiratory system b. tracheal tubes c. gills and lungs d. stratified squamous epithelial tissue e. a moist surface

a moist surface

122. What is a characteristic of the all-or-none response? a. If a stimulus is strong enough, all axons in a nerve bundle will fire simultaneously. b. A neuron will only produce an action potential if it has been depolarized to its threshold level. c. All neurons of a nerve bundle discharge impulses at the same frequency. d. A neuron can create an action potential of varying intensities. e. Either all or none of the neurons of a brain region will fire impulses when stimulated.

a neuron will only produce an action potential if it has been depolarized to its threshold level

47. What are Koch's postulates? a. A set of rules on how to treat a disease b. A set of theories that explains how a bacteria can cause a disease c. A set of rules that provide a classification system of disease-causing bacteria d. A set of guidelines to follow in order to isolate a particular bacteria from an infected organism e. A set of guidelines to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms

a set of guidelines to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms

96. The tetrapods include: a. fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. b. lancelets, cartilaginous, and bony fish. c. amphibians and reptiles. d. amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. e. echinoderms and chordates.

amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

128. The portion of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal environment is the: a. telencephalic nervous system. b. autonomic nervous system. c. thalamic nervous system. d. somatic nervous system. e. hypothalamic nervous system.

autonomic nervous sytem

41. Which statement about bacteria is FALSE? a. Some bacteria can photosynthesize. b. Bacteria are important decomposers. c. A small percentage of bacteria are pathogenic. d. Bacteria are not cellular and are sometimes not classified as life forms. e. Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and then nitrates that can be used by plants.

bacteria are not cellular and are sometimes not classified as life forms

131. If mitochondria were deprived of oxygen: a. cellular respiration would cease. b. ATP synthesis would cease. c. cells would eventually die. d. cellular respiration and ATP synthesis would cease. e. cellular respiration and ATP synthesis would cease and the cells would eventually die.

cellular respiration and ATP synthesis would cease and the cells would eventually die

19. Which hypothesis states that life developed from nonliving matter? a. abiotic evolution b. natural selection c. organic evolution d. chemical evolution e. inorganic evolution

chemical evolution

46. A bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a: a. parasite. b. pathogen. c. saprotroph. d. chemoautotroph. e. photoautotroph.

chemoautotroph

63. Which is a characteristic shared between green algae and plants? a. a waxy cuticle b. multicellular gametangia c. chlorophylls a and b in plastids d. stomata in the surface of leaves e. stomata in the surface of stems

chlorophylls a and b in plastids

100. A tissue is a group of ____. a. closely associated, similar cells. b. closely associated, different cells. c. loosely associated, different cells. d. identical cells that split a variety of functions. e. loosely organized, similar cells.

closely associated, similar cells

138. Which group can reproduce asexually? a. amphibians b. insects c. gastropods d. fishes e. cnidarians

cnidarians

24. Which were the first organisms to release oxygen by photosynthesis? a. algae b. cyanobacteria c. gymnosperms d. flowering plants e. green sulfur bacteria

cyanobacteria

26. Amphibians evolved directly from which ancestral organisms? a. fishes b. reptiles c. small mammals d. soft-bodied animals e. marine invertebrates

fishes

48. In a fungus, a complex multicellular reproductive structure is called a(n): a. hypha. b. gametangium. c. fruiting body. d. oogonium. e. antheridium.

fruiting body

40. How are fungi differentiated from plants? a. Fungi are heterotrophic. b. Fungi are photosynthetic. c. Fungi are all multicellular. d. Fungi do not bear roots underground. e. Fungi share characteristics with prokaryotes.

fungi are heterotrophic

84. Sexual reproduction results in: a. the preservation of the parental genotypes. b. low death rates among offspring. c. genetic similarity among offspring. d. genetic diversity among offspring. e. offspring with fitness equal to that of their parents.

genetic diversity among offspring

Which mechanism results in changes in allele frequencies in a population from one generation to another? a. gene flow b. mutation c. genetic drift d. natural selection e. disruptive selection

genetic drift

31. Which of the following taxa would be the least inclusive (most specific)? a. genus b. family c. phylum d. order e. class

genus

53. Lichens are most typically formed by the symbiotic association of an alga or cyanobacterium and a(n): a. zygomycete. b. ascomycete. c. basidiomycete. d. glomeromycete. e. chytridiomycete.

glomeromycete

62. Members of the ____ are thought to have given rise to plants. a. red algae b. diatoms c. euglenoids d. green algae e. dinoflagellates

green algae

56. Which tissue system of the plant body is largely responsible for photosynthesis? a. ground tissue system b. vascular tissue system c. dermal tissue system d. primary tissue system e. secondary tissue system

ground tissue system

72. Which is a basic difference between gymnosperms and flowering plants? a. Gymnosperms produce "naked" ovules, while flowering plants produce "naked" seeds. b. Gymnosperms produce only cones, while flowering plants produce both flowers and cones. c. Gymnosperms produce seeds that are enclosed within a fruit, while flowering plants produce seeds borne naked. d. Gymnosperms produce seeds borne naked, while flowering plants produce seeds enclosed within a fruit. e. Gymnosperms produce flowers that have floral parts arranged in threes, or multiples of threes, while flowering plants have floral parts arranged in fours or in multiples of four.

gymnosperms produce seeds borne naked, while flowering plants produce seeds enclosed within a fruit

32. Suppose a gene is transferred naturally by a bacterium from a plant genome to an insect genome within the same generation. What process does this illustrate? a. restriction b. genome shuffling c. genome switching d. vertical gene transfer e. horizontal gene transfer

horizontal gene transfer

68. Which two plants of the Carboniferous period contributed to the formation of today's coal deposits? a. lichens and true mosses b. hornworts and liverworts c. horsetails and club mosses d. whisk ferns and true mosses e. angiosperms and gymnosperms

horsetails and club mosses

119. Saltatory conduction: a. does not involve voltage-activated potassium ion channels. b. can occur in both myelinated and unmyelinated neurons. c. is slightly slower than continuous conduction. d. is more energy efficient than continuous conduction. e. allows nerve impulses to jump from Schwann cell to Schwann cell.

is more energy efficient than continuous conduction

Why is the Hardy-Weinberg principle useful to biologists? a. It describes most populations. b. It proves that Mendel was correct for populations. c. It explains the existence of variation in populations. d. It explains the existence of a large number of species. e. It identifies those factors that can change allele or genotype frequencies.

it identifies those factors that can change allele or genotype frequencies

74. Most conifers have separate male and female reproductive parts on the same tree. This condition is referred to as: a. deciduous. b. dioecious. c. monoecious. d. homosporous. e. heterosporous.

monoecious

69. What do ferns lack? a. seeds b. rhizomes c. chloroplasts d. vascular tissue e. sexual reproductive cycle

seeds

42. What is a chain of round bacteria called? a. bacilli b. spirilla c. diplococci d. streptococci e. streptobacilli

streptococci

30. The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationships between them is referred to as: a. ecology. b. taxonomy. c. systematics. d. evolutionary biology. e. biological classification.

systematics

110. Skeletal muscles produce movement by pulling on ____, which attach to bones. a. tendons b. ligaments c. joints d. articulations e. sutures

tendons

88. What is the key characteristic that defines the Ecdysozoa clade? a. The animal molts. b. The animal is a deuterostome. c. The animal has motile larvae. d. The animal has bilateral symmetry. e. The animal develops three tissue layers.

the animals molts

106. The components of the pectoral girdle are: a. three fused hipbones. b. the clavicles and the scapula. c. the ribs and the clavicles. d. the ribs and the sternum. e. the ribs and the digits.

the clavicles and the scapula

If a population of 2000 individuals has 120 aa genotypes, what would the genotype frequency of aa be? a. 0.006 b. 0.06 c. 0.6 d. 1.6 e. 16

0.06

In a certain population, the allele causing sickle cell anemia has an allele frequency of 0.2. If the population is in genetic equilibrium for this allele, what fraction of the population would be carriers for the allele (heterozygous individuals)? a. 0.24 b. 0.32 c. 0.42 d. 0.48 e. 0.80

0.32

2. If a population of 1000 individuals has 120 aa genotypes, 460 Aa genotypes, and 420 AA genotypes, what is the allele frequency of the dominant allele (A)? a. 0.16 b. 0.43 c. 0.50 d. 0.65 e. 0.88

0.65

36. In the accompanying figure, the pair of organisms that have the most recent ancestor is: a. 2 and 4. b. 6 and 4. c. 4 and 5. d. 2 and 3. e. 1 and 2.

2 and 3

34. Most biologists recognize __________ domains. a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 e. 12

3

Evidence shows that the earliest life may have existed how long ago? a. 2 billion years ago b. 3.5 billion years ago c. 1.3 billion years ago d. 630 million years ago e. 250 million years ago

3.5 billion years ago

133. Arrange the structures through which air passes upon entering the body in the proper sequence. 1) alveoli 2) bronchi 3) larynx 4) bronchioles 5) pharynx 6) trachea a. 5 → 3 → 6 → 2 → 4 → 1 b. 3 → 5 → 2 → 6 → 1 → 4 c. 2 → 4 → 3 → 5 → 6 → 1 d. 3 → 6 → 5 → 2 → 4 → 1 e. 5 → 6 → 3 → 4 → 2 → 1

5, 3, 6, 2, 4, 1

113. What is the correct order of events that occur during muscle contraction? 1) muscle shortens 2) calcium binds to troponin 3) filaments slide 4) T tubules are depolarized 5) acetylcholine is released 6) ATP molecule is split a. 4 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 3 → 6 b. 4 → 2 → 5 → 6 → 1 → 3 c. 5 → 2 → 4 → 1 → 6 → 3 d. 6 → 2 → 5 → 4 → 3 → 1 e. 5 → 4 → 2 → 6 → 3 → 1

5, 4, 2, 6, 3, 1

121. Refer to the accompanying figure. Depolarization is indicated by the label: a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E

B

123. What event begins the process of repolarization following an action potential? a. K+ channel inactivation gates close. b. K+ channel inactivation gates open. c. Na+ channel activation gates open. d. Na+ channel activation gates close. e. Na+ channel inactivation gates close.

Na+ channel inactivation gates close

55. A main function of a plant's root system is to: a. photosynthesize. b. absorb dissolved nutrients and water. c. absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide. d. capture sunlight. e. bear seed-containing fruits.

absorb dissolved nutrients and water

111. Troponin and tropomyosin regulate: a. calcium storage and release. b. actin and myosin interactions. c. action potential transmission. d. acetylcholine storage and release. e. rate of muscle fiber division.

actin and myosin interactions

15. In the accompanying figure, note the variation in these closely related birds. What does this illustrate? a. hybridization b. macroevolution c. hybrid inviability d. adaptive radiation e. allometric radiation

adaptive radiation

14. Which term describes new ecological opportunities that were not exploited by an ancestral organism? a. hybrid zones b. fusion zones c. stability zones d. adaptive zones e. reinforcement zones

adaptive zones

13. The continued geographic isolation of Kaibab squirrels from Abert squirrels has allowed the animals to evolve into two distinct subspecies. This is an example of: a. hybridization. b. allopolyploidy. c. adaptive radiation. d. allopatric speciation. e. sympatric speciation.

allopatric speciation

124. The nerve net of Hydra: a. contains a central control organ and connected neurons. b. sends electrical signals in only one direction. c. allows the organism to respond to stimuli approaching from any direction. d. produces a signal that intensifies as it radiates from its point of origin. e. cannot coordinate the movement of all tentacles at once.

allows the organism to respond to stimuli approaching from any direction

135. Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste of animals? a. amino acids b. carbon dioxide c. ammonia d. water e. sugars

ammonia

85. Which of the following characteristics about animals is FALSE? a. Animals are consumers. b. Animals have specialized cells. c. Animals cannot respond to stimuli. d. Animals are multicellular eukaryotes. e. Animals have a life cycle of development.

animals cannot respond to stimuli

59. Most protists are: a. aquatic. b. parasitic. c. terrestrial. d. coenocytic. e. thermophiles.

aquatic

52. Which statement about mycorrhizae is FALSE? a. They are symbiotic associations between a fungus and a plant root. b. They increase the uptake of nutrient minerals by the plant. c. Arbuscular mycorrhizae are extracellular. d. Endomycorrhizae are intracellular. e. Members of the Glomeromycota may be involved.

arbuscular mycorrhizae are extracellular

102. Both smooth muscle fibers and cardiac muscle fibers: a. have striations. b. are under involuntary control. c. are multinucleate. d. have a comparable resistance to fatigue. e. have a comparable intermediate speed of contraction.

are under involuntary control

37. An example of homologous structures is the wing of a bat and the: a. arm of a human. b. wing of a beetle. c. tail of a whale. d. leg of a chimpanzee. e. dorsal fin of a shark.

arm of a human

50. The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called: a. asci. b. basidia. c. conidia. d. gemmae. e. conidiophores.

asci

76. Why are bees important to the reproductive success of flowering plants? a. Bees carry pollen to other plants. b. Bees provide honey for the plants. c. Bees transport nutrients to the plant. d. Bees insert pollen into a flower's ovule. e. Bees beating wings scatters pollen to the air.

bees carry pollen on to other plants

89. Which statement about bilateral symmetry is FALSE? a. Bilateral symmetry evolved in cnidarians. b. Bilateral animals tend to have cephalization. c. Bilaterally symmetrical animals has three axes. d. Bilateral symmetry animals have a mesoderm. e. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral surfaces.

bilateral symmetry evolved in cnidarians

45. The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is: a. binary fission. b. transformation. c. transduction. d. conjugation. e. mitosis.

binary fission

25. Which time period of Earth represents when evolution was progressing at the most rapid rate, as evidenced by fossils such as those of the Burgess Shale? a. Silurian period b. Cambrian period c. Devonian period d. Ordovician period e. Carboniferous period

cambrian period

43. Which structure in the accompanying figure is labeled as C? a. capsule b. cell wall c. flagellum d. a ribosome e. plasma membrane

capsule

82. The shape of the bill on the bird in the accompanying figure is most likely the result of: a. coevolution. b. pollination. c. asexual reproduction. d. pseudocopulation. e. inbreeding.

coevolution

127. Development of the cerebellum in an animal correlates to the: a. animal's ability to see. b. size of that animal. c. intelligence of that animal. d. complexity of muscular activity exhibited by that animal. e. animal's ability to smell.

complexity of muscular activity exhibited by that animal

108. What is a characteristic of a hydrostatic skeleton? a. Hydrostatic skeletons effectively thicken one part of the body while thinning another. b. Hydrostatic skeletons permit very precise and delicate movements. c. Contractile cells of the hydrostatic skeleton work in an antagonistic fashion. d. Contractile cells of the hydrostatic skeleton work in an agonistic fashion. e. Hydrostatic skeletons do not facilitate movement.

contractile cells of the hydrostatic skeleton work in an antagonistic fashion

38. Homoplastic structures are a result of ____ evolution. a. derived b. divergent c. convergent d. multiphyletic e. the absence of

convergent

93. Diploblastic animals, such as cnidarians and ____, have only two germ layers, ectoderm and ____. a. sponges; ectoderm b. sponges; mesoderm c. ctenophores; mesoderm d. ctenophores; endoderm e. ctenophores; metaderm

ctenophores; endoderm

60. In primary endosymbiosis, an ancient eukaryotic cell engulfed a(n) ____, which survived and evolved into a chloroplast. a. algae b. virus c. ciliate d. euglenoid e. cyanobacterium

cyanobacterium

73. Which phylum has very few surviving species, and are tropical and subtropical plants with stout, trunk-like stems, and compound leaves that resemble those of palms or tree ferns? a. Cycadophyta b. Pteridophyta c. Gnetophyta d. Anthophyta e. Coniferophyta

cycadophyta

35. A(n) ____ character is a trait that has evolved relatively recently. a. derived b. ancestral c. cladistic d. homologous e. polyphyletic

derived

104. Hair follicles and blood vessels are found in which layer of the skin? a. epidermis b. dermis c. subcutaneous tissue d. stratum basale e. stratum corneum

dermis

61. Members of which group are known to form blooms known as red tides? a. green algae b. red algae c. euglenoids d. dinoflagellates e. brown algae

dinoflagellates

65. Alternation of generations in plants refers to the alternation of: a. meiotic and mitotic stages. b. diploid and haploid stages. c. male and female stages. d. spore and seed stages. e. thallus and leaf stages.

diploid and haploid stages

77. In flowering plants, the ____ generation is dominant. a. haploid gametophyte b. diploid gametophyte c. haploid sporophyte d. diploid sporophyte e. triploid endosperm

diploid sporophyte

29. Which classification level contains the greatest number of species? a. class b. order c. family d. domain e. phylum

domain

16. Which theory states that eukaryotic organelles originated as prokaryotes that survived ingestion by a host cell and ultimately evolved mutualistic relationships with the host cell? a. endosymbiont theory b. heterosymbiont theory c. obligative symbiotic theory d. facultative symbiotic theory e. autotrophic symbiotic theory

endosymbiont theory

99. The four basic animal tissues are: a. connective, digestive, nervous, and respiratory. b. blood, bone, connective, and epithelial. c. epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. d. digestive, nervous, reproductive, and respiratory. e. circulatory, excretory, respiratory, and sensory.

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

103. Which process is a specialized function carried out by epithelial tissue? a. exchange of gases b. production of hormones c. regulation of heart rate d. facilitation of muscle contraction e. insulation of nerve fibers

exchange of gases

86. Which of the following is NOT an adaptation needed for living on land? a. egg shell b. internal fertilization c. skeletal system and muscles d. external respiratory surfaces e. embryo development within the female

external respiratory surfaces

70. Which of the following is a vascular plant? a. moss b. fern c. liverwort d. hornwort e. charophyte

fern

137. Sexual reproduction involves which of the following processes? a. splitting b. budding c. fertilization d. fragmentation e. parthenogenesis

fertilization

79. The union of gametes is called ____ and takes place within the ____ of a flower. a. fertilization; ovary b. fission; anther c. meiosis; receptacle d. mitosis; pistil e. fusion; stamen

fertilization; ovary

22. Amino acids and other organic molecules were formed in the laboratory of Miller and Urey from which of the following? a. hydrogen, methane, water, ammonia, and electrical discharge b. heat, ultraviolet radiation, water, carbon dioxide, and amines c. heat, infrared radiation, water, carbon dioxide, and free nitrogen d. heat, electrical discharge, water, nitric oxide, and carbon dioxide e. ultraviolet radiation, electrical discharge, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and ammonia

hydrogen, methane, water, ammonia, and electrical discharge

54. A ____ is a filament that makes up the vegetative body of most fungi. a. fruiting body b. protonema c. thallus d. hypha e. septum

hypha

125. Which is an evolutionary trend in the development of nervous systems for bilaterally symmetrical animals? a. Loss of cephalization b. Decreased number of interneurons c. Greater resting membrane potential d. Increased presence of ganglia e. Increased size of neuronal cell bodies

increased presence of ganglia

81. Most flowers are pollinated by which method? a. wind b. birds c. bats d. water e. insects

insects

117. Which neural signaling process is correctly paired with its function? a. integration: sort and interpret sensory information b. reception: sort and interpret sensory information c. transmission: sort and interpret sensory information d. integration: detect a stimulus e. transmission: detect a stimulus

integration: sort and interpret sensory information

10. According to the biological species concept, a species consists of one or more populations whose members do not ____ with members of different species. a. hunt b. feed c. migrate d. interbreed e. communicate

interbreed

139. Internal fertilization is more advantageous than external fertilization because: a. internal fertilization permits cross-species fertilization. b. internal fertilization is more open to chance. c. internal fertilization produces a motile egg. d. internal fertilization increases the life span of gametes. e. internal fertilization provides a protective environment for gamete fusion.

internal fertilization provides a protective environment for gamete fusion

109. What is a disadvantage of the exoskeleton? a. It cannot be replaced if damaged. b. It must be shed to accommodate growth. c. It is easily penetrated by predators. d. It requires high ATP levels for continuous growth. e. It does not permit movement of the organism.

it must be shed to accommodate growth

78. Flowering plants appeared in the fossil record in the: a. Tertiary period. b. Cenozoic era. c. Paleozoic era. d. Late Cretaceous period. e. Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous periods.

jurassic and lower cretaceous periods

136. The main osmoregulatory and excretory organ in most vertebrates is the: a. skin. b. gill. c. metanephridium. d. lung. e. kidney.

kidney

115. Accumulation of ____ contributes to muscle fatigue. a. ATP b. creatine phosphate c. glycogen d. lactic acid e. carbon monoxide

lactic acid

64. Which is a differentiating characteristic of land plants from green algae? a. Land plants photosynthesize. b. Land plants have chlorophyll.. c. Land plants have a waxy cuticle. d. Land plants utilize carbon dioxide. e. Land plants's cell walls are made of cellulose.

land plants have a waxy cuticle

Which reproductive isolation mechanism explains why a large dog, such as a Newfoundland, would not normally mate with a small dog, such as a Chihuahua? a. sexual isolation b. gametic isolation c. temporal isolation d. behavioral isolation e. mechanical isolation

mechanical isolation

107. A person with fair skin produces less ____ than a person with dark skin. a. sebum b. keratin c. melanin d. melatonin e. myosin

melanin

92. A true body cavity completely surrounded by ____ is called a coelom. a. ectoderm b. mesoderm c. endoderm d. exoderm e. mesoglea

mesoderm

Evolution that involves changes in allele frequencies over just a few successive generations is referred to as: a. natural selection. b. microevolution. c. macroevolution. d. stabilizing selection. e. directional selection.

microevolution

21. One critical requirement for life to arise on Earth was time for which to occur? a. The salinity of the oceans to stabilize b. The Earth's various climates to stabilize c. Molecules to accumulate and react with one another d. The atmospheric temperature to increase sufficiently e. The ozone layer to form, so that the level of ultraviolet radiation was reduced

molecules to accumulate and react with one another

Taxonomists tend to use the ____ to characterize species for classification. a. morphological species concept b. biological species concept c. evolutionary species concept d. ecological species principle e. genetic species principle

morphological species concept

91. In most protostomes, the blastopore develops into the: a. gut. b. anus. c. nostril. d. mouth. e. coelom.

mouth

Which is the only process that can lead to adaptations and directed genetic change of a population? a. mutation b. migration c. inbreeding d. genetic drift e. natural selection

natural selection

98. Which term can be applied to both monotremes and sharks? a. oviparous b. viviparous c. ovoviviparous d. placental e. eutherial

oviparous

During the __________ epoch, the mammals experienced an explosive adaptive radiation. a. Holocene b. Paleocene c. Pleistocene d. Eocene e. Pliocene

paleocene

27. The greatest mass extinction of all time occurred at the end of the ____ era, in which more than 90% of all existing marine organisms became extinct. a. Archaean b. Paleozoic c. Cenozoic d. Mesozoic e. Proterozoic

paleozoic

114. Which class of bones are part of the appendicular skeletal division? a. skull b. vertebral column c. ribs d. pelvis e. sternum

pelvis

44. Why is penicillin ineffective against gram-negative bacteria? a. Penicillin is not toxic to gram-negative bacteria. b. Penicillin is pushed away from the cell membrane by the fimbriae. c. Gram-negative bacterial do not have receptors for penicillin to attach to. d. Gram-negative bacteria do not have channels or pores in its membrane for penicillin to pass through. e. Penicillin cannot reach the thin peptidoglycan layer easily because it is protected by the bacteria's outer membrane.

penicillin cannot reach the thin peptidoglycan layer easily because it is protected by the bacteria's outer membrane

58. What two tissues transport materials throughout the entire plant body? a. sclerenchyma and xylem b. phloem and xylem c. parenchyma and xylem d. sclerenchyma and collenchyma e. epidermis and xylem

phloem and xylem

A ____ consists of all of the individuals of the same species that inhabit a particular place at the same time. a. family b. genotype c. population d. ecosystem e. community

population

87. Which animal phylum has an asymmetrical body plan? a. Cnidaria b. Porifera c. Annelida d. Ctenophora e. Echinodermata

porifera

23. Which hypothesis suggests that organic molecules formed near Earth's surface in pools of water? a. clay hypothesis b. iron-clay hypothesis c. organic broth hypothesis d. prebiotic soup hypothesis e. iron-sulfur world hypothesis

prebiotic soup hypothesis

90. Determinate cleavage takes place in ____ and is characterized by a pattern of development where the ultimate fate of each cell is ____. a. deuterostomes; not fixed until late in the developmental process b. protostomes; not fixed until late in the developmental process c. deuterostomes; fixed early in the developmental process d. protostomes; fixed early in the developmental process e. coelomates; fixed early in the developmental process

protostomes; fixed early in the developmental process

116. Neural signaling typically involves four processes. What is the correct order of those processes? a. integration, reception, action by effectors, and transmission b. reception, transmission, integration, and action by effectors c. integration, transmission, reception, and action by effectors d. action by effectors, transmission, integration, and reception e. reception, integration, action by effectors, and transmission

reception, transmission, integration, and action by effectors

Which are the mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between two different species whose ranges overlap? a. allopatric isolating mechanisms b. sympatric isolating mechanisms c. equilibrium isolating mechanisms d. preadaptive isolating mechanisms e. reproductive isolating mechanisms

reproductive isolating mechanisms

97. In which group did the amniotic egg first evolve? a. amphibians b. birds c. reptiles d. mammals e. frogs

reptiles

129. The exchange of gases between an organism and its environment is known as: a. exhalation. b. aeration. c. inhalation. d. respiration. e. ventilation.

respiration

112. The basic unit of muscle contraction is known as the: a. sarcoplasmic reticulum. b. transverse tubule. c. sarcomere. d. sarcolemma. e. motor unit.

sarcomere

71. Why are seeds reproductively superior to spores? a. Seeds contain a multicellular young plant. b. Seeds are used as a food source for humans. c. Seeds are protected by a multicellular seed coat. d. Only seeds can survive for an extended period of time. e. Seeds contain a young plant and also are protected by a seed coat.

seeds contain a young plant and also are protected by a seed coat

80. The order of whorls from the flower's periphery to the center is: a. sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. b. carpels, petals, stamens, and sepals. c. petals, carpels, stamens, and sepals. d. sepals, carpels, stamens, and calyx. e. calyx, carpels, stamens, and sepals.

sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

39. Because whales breathe via lungs, have a little hair when born, and nurse their young, these ____ characters allow us to classify them as mammals. a. shared derived b. share ancestral c. polyphyletic d. homoplastic e. homologous

shared derived

75. Angiosperms have ____ in their phloem. a. stalk cells b. sporophylls c. phloem vessels d. generative cells e. sieve tube elements

sieve tube elements

51. Phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are considered ____ because they share a more recent common ancestor with each other than either does with any other group. a. sister taxa b. homoplastic c. homologous d. paraphyletic e. monophyletic

sister taxa

140. An example of a primary sex characteristic in males is: a. growth of facial hair. b. growth of body hair. c. spermatogenesis. d. muscle development. e. increase in length of vocal cords.

spermatogenesis

118. What happens when the membrane potential of a neuron reaches the threshold level? a. Voltage-gated sodium channels open, and sodium diffuses out of the cell. b. Voltage-gated potassium channels open for a very brief period. c. Voltage-gated sodium channels close, so sodium cannot diffuse out of the cell. d. The sodium channel protein changes its shape to open the gates of the channel. e. The membrane potential is more negative than when at rest.

the sodium channel protein changes its shape to open the gates of the channel

67. Why are mosses and liverworts limited in size? a. They lack gametes. b. They lack vascular tissues. c. They lack a reproductive cycle. d. They lack roots to absorb nutrition. e. They lack chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

they lack vascular tissues

130. A respiratory system is needed if an organism is too ____ to rely on the diffusion of gases through the body's tissues. a. small b. long c. thick d. thin e. round

thick

83. Which of the following is a structure adapted for seed dispersal by animals? a. light, feathery plumes b. thick, indigestible seed coats c. air spaces and cork d. turgor pressure within fruits e. winged fruits

thick, indigestible, seed coats