Biology II LAB Practical #2

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A. Renal pyramid (NOT needed for the exam!) B. Renal pelvis (connects to the ureter) C. Ureter D. Renal cortex (outer) E. Renal medulla (inner)

Identify ALL of the labeled parts of the organism in the given image: (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

Define "post-anal tail." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

The extension of the body beyond the anus (particularly speaking for lancelets.)

What type of cuticle are nematodes covered in? (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Nematodes are covered with a proteinaceous cuticle that sheds periodically.

Define "ostia." (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

One way valves (openings) of a mollusc heart.

What does it mean if a body part is "caudal?" (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

"Causal" refers to any part located towards the tail.

Differentiate between "parietal membranes" and "visceral membranes." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

"Parietal membranes" refer to the membrane lining the the wall of the cavities. "Visceral membranes' refer to the epithelial membrane covering the organs.

What is the difference between the terms "proximal" and "distal" when referring to the pig's anatomy? (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

"Proximal" indicates specific features CLOSE to a main region of the body; "distal" refers to a selected part AWAY from the body.

What are "tube feet?" (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

(In an echinoderm) they are each of a large number of small, flexible, hollow appendages protruding through the ambulacra, used either for locomotion or for collecting food and operated by hydraulic pressure within the water-vascular system.

Identify the 4 CORE characteristic features the majority of organisms classified in the "Mollusca" phylum have. (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda) ***IMPORTANT!

1. A hard external shell for protection 2. A thin structure called the "mantle," which secretes the shell 3. A "visceral mass" in which most organs are located 4. A muscular foot used for locomotion

Identify the 3 MAIN types of body forms related to a body cavity's presence and its type. (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

1. Acoelomate: Three layered bodies WITHOUT a body cavity; tissue from the mesoderm fills the space where the cavity might be, causing the tissue layers to be packed close together. 2. Pseudocoelomate: Three layered bodies WITH a body cavity between the endoderm (gut) and mesoderm (muscle.) 3. Coelomate: Three layered bodies with a coelom, or cavity, WITHIN the mesoderm (it is completely surrounded by the mesoderm). This causes the gut to be suspended within the body cavity.

What are the 3 MAIN characteristics (i.e. synapomorphies) of the sub-phylum "Cephalochordata?" (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

1. All 4 characteristics of the "Chordata" phylum exist in this species at the same time as adults. 2. Has an expanded pharyngeal gill basket which leaves little room for muscle development. 3. Contains features including: dorsal fin, muscle, nerve cord, notochord, gill bar, pharynx.

Which two phyla DO NOT have both internal and external segmentation? (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

1. Arthropoda 2. Chordates

What are the 3 MAIN characteristics (i.e. synapomorphies) of the sub-phylum "Craniata" (i.e. Vertebrata) (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

1. Backbone/vertebral column-replaces the notochord, and consist of bone or cartilage. 2. Dorsal projections of the vertebrae enclose the nerve chord and forms a CRANIUM. 3. Pronounced CEPHALIZATION, where the brain is centralized anterior of the body.

List 5 of the MAIN stages that take place in organisms classified as "multicellular." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

1. Begins with the production and fusion of the male and female gametes... 2. ...continues with the development of a multicellular embryo... 3. ...the emergence of larval or juvenile stages... 4. ...growth and maturation until the organism reaches sexual maturity... 5. ...the process of aging, and eventually the death of the organism.

What are the 4 MAIN subphyla of the Arthropoda phylum? (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

1. Chelicerata (Scorpions, spiders, horse-shoe crabs) 2. Myriapoda (Millipedes, centipedes) 3. Crustacea (Crabs, shrimp, crayfish) 4. Hexapoda (insects)

What are the 4 MAIN "tetrapod groups" classified in the sub-phylum "Vertebrata" and the phylum "Chordata?" (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata) ***IMPORTANT!

1. Class Amphibia 2. Class Reptilia 3. Class Aves 4. Class Mammalia

Identify the 3 MAIN phyla most animals are classified into. (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

1. Deuterostomia 2. Lophotrochozoa 3. Ecdysozoa

Identify the 3 MAIN phyla classified in the clade "Deuterostomia." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

1. Echinodermata 2. Chordata 3. Hemichordata

What are 3 MAIN characteristics of "Echinoderms?" ***IMPORTANT! (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

1. Echinoderms release large numbers of gametes into the sea. 2. Fertilization is external. 3. Early development leads to a larval stage that is free-swimming and free-feeding.

Identify the 3 MAIN embryonic germ layers the majority of animals contain. (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

1. Ectoderm 2. Mesoderm 3. Endoderm

What are the 3 MAIN germ layers formed during "gastrulation?" (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

1. Ectoderm (the ectoderm is the most exterior (or distal) layer. It emerges and originates from the outer layer of germ cells.) 2. Mesoderm (the middle layer.) 3. Endoderm (The endoderm is the innermost germ layer and develops into many internal structures, including the linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts, parts of the urinary system, the liver, the pancreas, etc.)

Organisms classified as a part of Chordata's sub phyla "Craniata" (i.e. Vertebrata) ALWAYS contain what 3 MAIN features? (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

1. Endoskeleton of cartilage or bone 2. Head 3. Skull

Identify the 3 MAIN types of support systems animals can contain. (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

1. Endoskeleton: (Covering located INSIDE the epidermis or skin of the animal) 2. Exoskeleton: (Covering located OUTSIDE the body wall) 3. Hydrostatic skeleton: (Animals that have no true skeleton contain a "hydrostatic skeleton," where their body is supported inside and outside by water filled cavities and body chambers.

Identify the 4 most common organs you should see when you cut an incision into the visceral mass correctly. (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

1. Gonads 2. Digestive gland 3. Intestine 4. Stomach

List the 4 MAIN "section" of the fetal pig. (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

1. Head 2. Neck 3. Thorax 4. Abdomen

Identify the 3 MAIN appendages associated with each region of the organism "Cambarus" (crayfish.) (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

1. Head appendages 2. Thoracic appendages 3. Abdominal appendages

What is the purpose of the 4 MAIN incisions during dissection and where do they occur? (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems) ***IMPORTANT!

1. Incision 1 makes a shallow, mid-ventral incision from the base of the throat to the umbilical cord. 2. Incision 2 cuts around the umbilical cord to the medial surface of each leg. 3. Incision 3 cuts through the body laterally just posterior to the diaphragm. 4. Incision 4 cuts lateral at the posterior margin of the abdominal cavity.

Identify the two signifiant body forms present in a vast majority of Cnidarians. (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

1. Medusa 2. Polyp

What are two MAIN types of circulation animals can have? (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

1. Open circulation: (The blood flows through coelomic spaces in the tissue as well as in blood vessels.) 2. Closed circulation: (The blood flows entirely through the vessels.)

Identify the 2 MAIN additional cavities located in the "thoracic cavity." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

1. Pleural cavity (houses the lungs) 2. Pericardial cavity (houses the heart)

Based on the latest molecular evidence, current phylogenetic trees divide the "Metazoa" into which two MAJOR clades? (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

1. Porifera 2. Eumetazoa

What are the two signifiant types of developmental modes in bilaterally symmetrical animals? (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

1. Protostome development 2. Deuterostome development

Identify the 3 MAIN kinds of symmetry. (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

1. Radial Symmetry: (parts arranged around a central axis) 2. Bilateral Symmetry: (right and left halves are mirror images) 3. Asymmetry: (no apparent symmetry)

Define the 5 MAIN parts of the kidney. (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems) ***IMPORTANT!

1. Renal cortex 2. Renal medulla 3. Renal pyramids (NOT needed for exam!) 4. Renal pelvis 5. Ureter

What are the 4 MAIN characteristics (i.e. synapomorphies) of the sub-phylum "Urochordata?" (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

1. SESSILE (attached to substrate and bottom dwelling) 2. Cellulose covering (protections, since most predators cannot digest cellulose.) 3. Inhalan and exhalant siphon. 4. All 4 characteristics of the "Chordata" phylum exist in this species all at the same time only during their larvae stage.

What are the 5 MAIN organisms often used for morphology studies by the scientific community? (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

1. Sea star (Echinoderm) 2. Sea urchin (Echinoderm) 3. Frogs (Amphibian) 4. Salamanders (Amphibian) 5. Chicks

List 4 MAIN examples of "Echinoderms." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

1. Sea stars 2. Sea urchin 3. Sea cucumbers 4. Sea lily

What are the two MAIN organisms observed in the Echinodermata phylum (as mentioned in LAB)? (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

1. Sea stars 2. Sea urchins

Identify 5 significant organisms classified as part of the phylum "Mollusca." (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

1. Snails 2. Slugs 3. Clams 4. Squids 5. Octopuses

What are the 3 MAIN "fish groups" classified in the sub-phylum "Vertebrata" and the phylum "Chordata?" (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata) ***IMPORTANT!

1. Superclass Agnatha 2. Class Chondrichthyes 3. Superclass Osteichthyes

Identify the 7 MAIN groups of organisms (i.e. "classes") classified as a part of the sub-phylum "Vertebrata" and the phylum "Chordata." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata) ***IMPORTANT!

1. Superclass Agnatha 2. Class Chondrichthyes 3. Superclass Osteichthyes 4. Class Amphibia 5. Class Reptilia 6. Class Aves 7. Class Mammalia

Identify the 13 MAIN characteristics studied during the majority of animal dissections. (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

1. Symmetry 2. Tissue organization 3. Body cavity 4. Openings in the digestive tract 5. Circulatory system 6. Habitat 7. Organs for respiration (gas exchange) 8. Organs for excretion 9. Type of locomotion 10. Support systems 11. Segmentation 12. Appendages 13. Type of nervous system

Identify 3 MAIN organisms located within the Platyhelminthes phylum. (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

1. Tapeworms 2. Flukes 3. Flatworms

What are 3 KEY traits that help to identify the differences between animal species? (HINT: innermost body parts) (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

1. The number of embryonic germ layers 2. The type of body cavity (coelom) 3. The embryonic development of the digestive tract

Give 4 KEY characteristics of the sea star. (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

1. They are classified as "Echinoderms." 2. Their symmetry is "radial pentamerous." (5 parts) 3. They are marine mammals with an endoskeleton of small, spiny plates bound together by connective tissue. 4. They, like other echinoderms, have a unique water vascular system.

List 4 KEY characteristics of "Lancelets." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

1. They are marine animals that burrow in sand tidal flats. 2. They feed with their head extended from their burrow. 3. They resemble fish superficially, but their heads are poorly developed and they have unique features not found in other fish or vertebrates. 4. They retain all four characteristics of chordates.

The fetal pig's coelom is comprised of what 2 MAIN areas? (i.e. MUST include scientific names!) (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

1. Thoracic region 2. Abdominal region

What are the two MAIN functions of clam gills? (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

1. To allow proper respiration to take place within the clam. 2. To trap food particles on the gill surface. As water comes into the body, it passes through the gills and allows food to be trapped don the gill surface. The food is then moved anteriorly (toward the mouth) by coordinated ciliary movements.

Identify the 3 MAIN sub-phyla the phyla "Chordata" also contains. (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata) ***IMPORTANT!!!

1. Urochordata (invertebrates!) 2. Cephalochordata (invertebrates!) 3. Craniata (vertebrates!) Also referred to as "Vertebrata."

Define "medusa." (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

A "medusa" is an umbrella-like, free swimming stage that is often attached to a cylindrical and stationary form called a polyp.

Define "body cavity."

A fluid containing space between the digestive tract and the body wall that houses the internal organs and is produced from three embryonic layers.

Why is it important to understand the habitat of an organism when dissecting it? (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

A habitat plays an important role in the features of an organism and how it adapts to its surrounding environment. The knowledge regarding whether an anima is terrestrial (land), aquatic (freshwater) or marine based (sea water) affects its body structure.

Define "liver." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

A large lobed organ (often brown) used for breaking down fats and detoxifying alcohols. Located right by the diaphragm on the abdominal side, it appears to fill the abdominal cavity.

Define "valves." (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

A mollusc valve is each articulating part of the shell of a mollusc. (The two halves of the clam)

Define "stomach." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

A muscular organ, (shaped like a balloon) that is situated between the esophagus and duodenum, producing gastric juice, containing hydrochloric acid, which breaks down proteins.

Define "madreporite." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

A perforated plate by which the entry of seawater into the vascular system of an echinoderm is controlled.

Define "spongin." (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

A proteinaceous substance found occurring in the form of fibers that create the skeleton of certain sponges; it is a supportive material that helps the sponges fit where they live.

Define "ampullae." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

A small fleshy body part that lies along the grooves extending from the central desk into each arm of the sea star. Each ampulla connects with a podium of a tube foot.

Define "cecum." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

A small out-pocketing or finger-like projection from which the ascending colon arises

Define "clitellum." (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

A thickened band of segments that produces a cocoon from which young earthworms hatch. (It is located closer to the mouth than the anus.)

Define "stone canal." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

A tube in many echinoderms that contains calcareous deposits and leads from the "madreporite" to the ring of the water-vascular system surrounding the mouth.

Define "polyp." (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

A tube-shaped body form of a cnidarian in which the mouth and tentacles face upward; unlike the medusa stage, this stage is often cylindrical and stationary.

What does it mean for an organism to have a "tube within a tube?" (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

A type of opening within a digestive tract, it is when the organisms contains an anterior mouth and a posterior anus.

Define "cnidocytes." (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

A unique cell type located on cnidarians that can be referred to as "stinging cells on the end of tentacles used for defense and capturing prey."

Explain the process that assures successful "embalming" of the fetal pigs. (i.e. what must happen to them?) (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

After being embalmed in a formaldehyde or penal-based solution, the fetal pigs are stored in a preservative that usually DOES NOT contain formaldehyde, although the smell of formaldehyde may remain.

Define "gizzard." (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

After it passes through the esophagus, the food moves into the crop where it is stored and then eventually moves into the gizzard. The gizzard uses stones that the earthworm eats to grind the food completely.

Define "choanocyte." (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Also called a "collar cell," it is a unique cell type that lines the central cavity and the channels leading into it. Each collar cell has a flagellum extending from its surface, whose beating allows water to move through the spine body.

Define "abdominal cavity." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

Also called the "peritoneal cavity," it consists of the anus, tail, genial papilla and umbilical areas.

"Branchiostoma" (Amphioxis) is the scenitifc name for WHAT organism? What phylum and sub-phylum is is classified into? (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

Also known as "lancelets," these organisms are a part of the "Chordata" phylum and the "Cephalochordata" sub-phylum.

Define "blastula." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

An animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells.

Define "gastrula." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

An animal embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure having three germ layers of cells.

Define "endoskeleton." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

An internal skeleton that grows within an animal and protects the internal organs, provides support for the body and provides a brace for muscles to pull against.

Define "gonads." (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

An organ that produces gametes; a testis or ovary.

Define "deuterostome." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

An organism that, during and after the development of the cleavage, the anus develops first; in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes, it becomes the mouth.

Define "germ layer." (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

An unspecialized embryonic tissue that gives rise to all other body tissues and adult structures within animals.

What animals are classified as being a part of the clade "Lophotrozoa?" (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Annelids, mollusks, and many other phyla (NOT mentioned in this lab!) IMAGE: Annelid is shown.

Define "hard palate." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

Anterior part of soft palate.

What MAIN feature found in our previously studied phylums (Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda) do clams significantly lack? (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

Appendages!

Define "auricle." (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

At each end of the head of the "Duglesia" is a projecting auricle. It contains a variety of sensory cells, chiefly of touch and chemical sense.

Define "eyespots."

Between the two auricles on the dorsal surface are two pigmented eyespots. These are pigment cups into which retinal cells extend from the brain, with the photosensitive end of the cells inside the cup. Eyespots are sensitive to light intensities and the direction of light sources but can form no images.

Which classified roundworm species has been used to prove the resiliency of the species and survived the famous Columbia Space Shuttle disaster in 2003? (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Caenorhabditis elegeans, or C. elegans.

Define "differentiation." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

Cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types.

Identify the 4 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS of organisms classified into the phylum "Chordata." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata) ***IMPORTANT!!!

Characteristics that all of these organisms have in common despite a wide diversity in shapes and sizes, during some stage of their life cycle are: 1. A stiff, rod-like NOTOCHORD, which serves as an internal skeleton. 2. PHARYNGEAL GILL SLITS, leading from the pharynx to the exterior. 3. A NERVE CORD, which is a hollow, dorsal tube running from head to tail. 4. POST-ANAL TAIL Most organisms also have an ENDOSKELETON (internal skeleton).

Define "chelicerae." (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

Chelicerae are either a pair of appendages in front of the mouth in arachnids and some other arthropods, usually modified as pincer-like claws.

The organism "Lancelets" are officially classified as a part of what phylum? (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

Chordata!

Define "Class Ava." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata) ***IMPORTANT!

Class including birds, whose forelimbs are modified into wings and have modified scales that form feathers. They also contain calcified eggshells for their young.

Define "Class Chondrichthyes." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata) ***IMPORTANT!

Class including cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, skates and rays. Identified by their possession of a cartilaginous skeletons.

Define "Class Amphibia." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata) ***IMPORTANT!

Class including frogs, toads and salamanders, it represents a transitional state between aquatic fishes and terrestrial vertebrates. Characteristics include the ability to lay eggs in water and having them develop into fish-like larvae (i.e. tadpoles) and moist skin, which as adults, can be used as an alternate respiratory organ.

Define "Class Mammalia." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata) ***IMPORTANT!

Class including humans, dogs, tigers, elephants, foxes, whales, platypi, etc. Unique to mammals are hair (in some organisms, but not all) mammary glands and the ability to bear live young (as well as a few egg-laying species.)

Define "Class Reptilia." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata) ***IMPORTANT!

Class including, but not limited to, snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles and alligators. Reptiles represent the completed transition from water to land, aided by an amniotic egg (embryos enclosed in a fluid filled sac and covered by shells), leathery egg shells (in some cases) and a body covered in dry, scaly skin that helps to conserve moisture.

What variety of animals are included in the phylum of "Cnidaria?" (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Cnidarians include corals, sea jellies, jellyfish, sea anemones, and Portugese men-of-war. Most species are marine, but there are a few freshwater species.

Identify the primary purpose of "coelomic epithelial membranes." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

Coelomic epithelium refers to the epithelium (layer) that lines the surface of the body wall and abdominal organs. It constitutes the outermost layer of the male and female gonads, thus forming the germinal epithelium of the female or of the male.

Define "tissue organization." (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Determining whether or not cells are well organized into well defined tissue layers, as well as how many tissue layers are present within an organism and the significance they have.

Where are planarians, such as "Duglesia," often found in nature? (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Duglesia and other free-living flatworms are often found under rocks, leaves, and debris in freshwater ponds and creeks.

How do planarians like "Dugesia" use locomotion? (HINT: How do they move around?) (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Duglesia and other planarians move over surfaces using a combination of muscles in the body wall and cilia on their ventral sides.

Which identified species classified in the "Annedlid" phyla is known to burrow through soils in rich, organic matter and live within a terrestrial lifestyle? (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

Earthworms! (Lumbricus terrestris)

What animals are classified as being a part of the clade "Ecdysozoa?" (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Evidence from ribosomal DNA sequences indicates that roundworms or nematodes, (phylum Nematoda) arthropods (phylum Arthropoda) and several others belong in this clade. IMAGE: Roundworm located inside a cat. (nematode)

TRUE or FALSE: A nematode has circular muscles and a simple collagen cuticle.

FALSE! A nematode contains NO circular muscles and a complex collagen cuticle.

TRUE or FALSE: All organisms in the Chordata phylum have a unique water-vascular system that develops from mesoderm and consist of a series of canals carrying water that enters the body through an out opening. (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

FALSE! All of the organisms classified as "Echinodermata posses this trait.

TRUE or FALSE: Arthropods can only be found in certain habitats that correspond to each, individual anatomy. (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

FALSE! Arthropods first lived on earth over half a billion years ago, and can be found i almost every imaginable habitat: marine waters, fresh water, and almost every terrestrial niche.

TRUE or FALSE: In Annelids, segmentation (the linear repetition of body segments) includes only internal structures for individual systems. (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

FALSE! In annelids, segmentation includes both internal AND external structures of several systems.

TRUE or FALSE: Due to its simple structure, it is easy to observe the nervous system of a clam. (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

FALSE! It is difficult to observe the nervous system of a clam.

TRUE or FALSE: The membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the "visceral membrane." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

FALSE! Membranes lining the organs are called visceral membranes; thus, the membrane lining the abdominal cavity is parietal membranes! (They line the WALLS!)

TRUE or FALSE: Clams have true segmentation.

FALSE! Once dissected, it is clear that clams have no true sign of segmentation.

TRUE or FALSE: The membrane lining the lungs is called the "parietal membranes." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

FALSE! Parietal membranes line the walls of the cavity; thus, the membrane lining the lungs would be visceral, as they only line ORGANS!

TRUE or FALSE: Internal and external segmentation applies to all phyla within the Lophotrochozoa clade. (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

FALSE! Segmentation DOES NOT apply to the following two phyla: 1. Arthropoda 2. Chordates

TRUE or FALSE: The aboral surface contains the "folded stomach," a portion of which can be everted from the dorsal side of the animal. (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

FALSE! The "central dusk" contains the folded stomach, a portion of which can be everted through the mouth on the oral side of the animal.

TRUE or FALSE: The hinge and the umbo are located ventrally, and the valves open dorsally. (HINT: Clam anatomy) (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

FALSE! The "hinge" and the "umbo" are located dorsally, and the valves open ventrally.

TRUE or FALSE: The lancelet is an organism with open circulation throughout the central body. (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

FALSE! The lancelet circulatory system is not visible in lab preparations, and the animal has closed circulation with dorsal and ventral aorta, capillaries, and veins.

TRUE or FALSE: The site of fusion will eventually become the anus of the embryo. (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

FALSE! The site of fusion will eventually become the mouth of the embryo.

TRUE or FALSE: The sub-phylum "Cephalochordata" is the most primitive of the sub-phylums. (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

FALSE! The sub-phyla "Urochordata" is the most primitive.

TRUE or FALSE: When cupping the valves of the clam in your hands in the correct fashion, the valve resting in your right hand is the left valve. (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

FALSE! The valve resting in your RIGHT hand is the RIGHT valve. The valve resting in your LEFT hand is the LEFT valve.

TRUE or FALSE: Like chordates, the sea star is known for having bilateral symmetry. (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

FALSE! While chordates usually have bilateral symmetry, the sea star is known for having radial symmetry.

TRUE or FALSE: During the initial stage of the dissecting lab, you should add a small amount of water to the dissecting pan to ensure that your fetal pig doe not dry out. (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

FALSE! You must add a small amount of "preservative" to the pan, and then place your pig in said pan. Do not allow the pig to dry out at any time, and use preservative, NOT water, to moisten the [open] tissue presented.

In accordance with the lab, where are fetal pigs often obtained? (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

Fetal, or unborn pigs, are obtained from pregnant sows being slaughtered for food.

Define "ganglia." (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

Groups of nerve cell bodies that coordinate incoming and outgoing nerve signals within the clam and other molluscs.

Define "microvilli." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

Hairlike appendages embedded in the cell membrane to increase surface area. (i.e. also referred to as "villi.")

Define "exoskeleton." (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Hard outer coverings of arthropods that provide a framework of support, protect soft body tissues, prevent water loss and provide protection from predators

A. Lungs B. Stomach C. Pancreas D. Large Intestine E. Small Intestine F. Duodenum G. Gallbladder H. Liver This is dissected area is centralized in the "abdominal cavity," as it is divided by the diaphragm.

Identify ALL of the labeled parts of the organism in the given image: Is this the abdominal or thoracic cavity? (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

A. Heart B. Umbilical vein (top!) C. Probe D. Gallbladder E. Lobe of liver F. Duodenum G. Pancreas H. N/A (NOT needed for the exam!) I. Jejuno-ileum J. Rectum K. N/A (NOT needed for the exam!) L. Urinary bladder M. Umbilical vein (bottom!) N. Cecum O. Colon P. Spleen Q. N/A (NOT needed for the exam!) R. Stomach S. Lung Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Genus: Pig

Identify ALL of the labeled parts of the organism in the given image: What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of this organism? (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

A. N/A (Renal pyramid: NOT needed for exam!) B. Renal pelvis C. Ureter D. Renal medula E. Renal cortex

A. Caudal vena cava B. Renal cortex C. Renal pelvis D. Renal medulla E. Ductus deferens F. Urethra G. N/A (NOT needed for exam!) H. N/A (NOT needed for exam!) J. Epididymis

Identify each of the RED labeled parts of the organism in the given image: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and J! (There is no "I") (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

A. Heart B. Umbilical vein (top!) C. Probe D. Gallbladder E. Lobe of liver F. Duodenum Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Genus: Pig

Identify each of the RED labeled parts of the organism in the given image: A, B, C, D, E, and F! What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of this organism? (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

G. Pancreas H. N/A (NOT needed for exam!) I. Jejuno-ileum J. Rectum K. N/A (Not needed for exam!) L. Urinary Bladder Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Genus: Pig

Identify each of the RED labeled parts of the organism in the given image: G, H, I, J, K and L! What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of this organism? (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

K. l. .m N. O. P. Q. R.

Identify each of the RED labeled parts of the organism in the given image: K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R and S! What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of this organism? (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

M. Umbilical vein (bottom!) N. Cecum O. Colon P. Spleen Q. N/A (NOT needed for exam!) R. Stomach S. Lung Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Genus: Pig

Identify each of the RED labeled parts of the organism in the given image: M, N, O, P, Q, R and S! What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of this organism? (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

A. Mouth/Anus B. Tentacles C. Bud D. Gastrovascular Cavity E. Mouth/Anus (again!) F. Basal disc G. Body Column Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria Genus: Hydras (Hydra)

Identify each of the labeled parts of the organism in the given diagram. Identify the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus.

A. Umbilical Cord B. Mammary Papilla C. Genital papilla AND urogenital opening (TWO holes!) This fetal pig is FEMALE! (Has TWO openings!) Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Genus: Pig

Identify each of the labeled parts of the organism in the given image. Is it male OR female? What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of this organism? (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

A. Umbilical Cord B. Urogenital Opening C. Mammary Papilla D. Scrotal Sac (i.e. scrotum) E. Anus This fetal pig is MALE! (look for the "scrotal sac!") Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Genus: Pig

A. Anus B. Madreporite C. Spines D. Arm E. Central disk (i.e. central point) This surface shown is the "aboral surface." Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Genus: Sea star

Identify each of the labeled parts of the organism in the given image. Is this the oral or aboral surface? What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of this organism? (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

A. Ring canal B. Arm C. Podia of tube feet The surface shown is the "aboral surface." Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Genus: Sea star

A. Anus B. Madreporite C. Stomach D. Gonads E. Digestive glands F. Ampullae G. Tube feet The ring shown points out the "central disk." This is the dissected portion of the "aboral surface," solely because the anus is being shown, not the mouth. Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Genus: Sea star

Identify each of the labeled parts of the organism in the given image. What body part of the ring pointing out? Is this the oral or aboral surface? What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of this organism? (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

A. Tail B. Anus C. Genital Papilla D. Knee E. Umbilical Cord F. Elbow G. Auricle H. Tongue I. External Nostril J. Nictitating Membrane Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Genus: Pig

Identify each of the labeled parts of the organism in the given image. What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of this organism?

A. Head B. Neck C. Thorax D. Abdomen Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Genus: Pig

Identify each of the labeled parts of the organism in the given image. What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of this organism? (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

A. Teeth B. Hard Palate C. Soft Palate D. Opening into the nasal chamber E. Esophagus F. Glottis G. Epiglottis H. Tongue with papillae Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Genus: Pig

A. Umbilical Cord B. Umbilical Vein C. Allantoic Stalk D. Umbilical Arteries Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Genus: Pig

A. Tongue B. Epiglottis C. Soft palate D. Hard palate E. "Nares" (i.e. external nostrils) F. Glottis (The "glottis" is the opening in the epiglottis. It is not visible in this photograph.) As this area is the central oral and mouth parts, the collective area refers to the "head" section.

Identify each of the labeled parts of the organism in the given image. What section of the body does this area centralize on? (i.e. head, neck, thorax, or abdomen) (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

Circle #1: Head Circle #2: Thorax Circle #3: Abdomen Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Genus: Crayfish

Identify the 3 labeled body segments of the organism in the given diagram. What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of this species?

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Annelida Genus: Annelid

Identify the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of the animal shown in the following image: (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Molusca Genus: Mollusc(s) or Mollusk

Identify the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of the animal shown in the following image: (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Genus: Flatworm

Identify the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of the animal shown in the following image: (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria Genus: Hydras (Hydra)

Identify the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of the following image:

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Nematoda Genus: Ascaris (roundworms)

Identify the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of the following image:

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes (Planarians) Genus: Dugesia

Identify the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of the following image:

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Porifera Genus: Scypha (marine sponge)

Identify the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of the following image:

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Genus: Clam

Identify the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of the following image: (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Nematoda Genus: Ascaris (roundworms) This organism is FEMALE! (IMPORTANT!!!)

Identify the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of the following image: Is this organism male or female?

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Nematoda Genus: Ascaris (roundworms) This organism is MALE! (IMPORTANT!!!)

Identify the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of the following image: Is this organism male or female?

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Annelida Genus: Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworms)

Identify the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of the organisms shown in the following image: (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Genus: Cambarus (Crayfish)

Identify the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of the organisms shown in the following image: (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

A. Dorsal fin B. Muscles C. Nerve cord D. Notochord E. Gill bars F. Pharynx G. Gill slits (space between gill bars) This organism is an invertebrate! Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Sub-phylum: Cephalochordata Genus: Lancelet

Identify the labeled letters of the organism shown in the given diagram. Is this organism a vertebrate or invertebrate? What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Sub-phylum, and Genus of this organism? (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

A. Nerve cord B. Notochord C. Post-anal tail D. Pharynx with gill slits E. Tentacles This organism is an invertebrate! Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Sub-phylum: Cephalochordata Genus: Lancelet

A. Pharynx B. Gastrovascular Cavity C. Mouth D. Eyespots E. Ganglia F. Central Nerve Cord Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes (Planarians) Genus: Duglesia

Identify the labeled parts of the diagram show in the following image. Identify the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, and Genus.

A. Antenna B. Compound Eye C. Stomach D. Heart E. Intestine (imaginary line beneath the abdomen) F. Digestive Gland G. Mouth H. Esophagus I. Green Gland Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Genus: Crayfish

Identify the labeled parts of the dissected organism in the given diagram. What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of this species?

A. Antenna B. Head (Section #1) C. Thorax (Section #2) D. Carapace E. ? F. Abdomen (Section #3) G. Uropod H. Telson I. Tail J. Swimmerets K. Walking Legs L. Compound Eye M. Cheliped (NOT a pincher!) N. ? Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Genus: Crayfish

Identify the labeled parts of the dissected organism in the given diagram. What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of this species?

A. Anterior Abductor Muscle B. Posterior Abductor Muscle C. Gills D. Heart E. Foot F. Umbo G. Mantle H. Intestine I. Gonads J. Stomach ("hole") Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Genus: Clam

Identify the labeled parts of the dissected organism in the given diagram. What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of this species?

A. Gizzard (after the crop) B. Pharynx C. Mouth ("Anterior End") D. Crop (before the gizzard) E. Esophagus (dark areas) F. Intestine G. Clitellum Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Annelida Genus: Earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris)

Identify the labeled parts of the dissected organism in the given diagram. What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of this species?

A. Head B. Thorax C. Abdomen Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Genus: Cambarus (Crayfish)

Identify the significant parts of the organism's anatomy labeled in the following diagram: Identify the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus. (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

A. Head B. Thorax C. Abdomen D. Spiracles E. Spiracles (again!) Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Genus: Romalea (Grasshoppers)

A. Pharynx B. Esophagus C. Crop D. Gizzard E. Intestine Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Annelida Genus: Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworms)

Red Arrow: Incision 1 Yellow Arrow: Incision 2 Green Arrow: Incision 3 Purple Arrow: Incision 4

Identify which incision each of the colored arrows indicates in the follow image: What is the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum and Genus of this organism? (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

Define "genital papilla." (Is this part central to males OR females?) (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

If the fetal pig is a female, there will be a fleshy protrusion ventral near the anus called the genital papilla. The female's internal reproductive system is located below the kidneys. The two sac-like organs attached to the coil-like fallopian tubes are the ovaries.

Define "urogenital opening." (Regarding BOTH male and female pigs.) (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

If the pig is male, it will have a small urogenital opening immediately behind the umbilical cord. If the pig is female, the urogenital opening will be just behind the anus under the pig's tail. Only the female has TWO openings beneath the tail.

Define "nematocyst." (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

In cnidarians, a capsule that contains a threadlike fiber, the release of which aids in the capture of prey. When stimulated, the nematocyst will evert from the cnidocyte with explosive force, trapping food or stinging predators.

Define "muscular foot." (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

In muscle: Mollusks. ...highly muscular organ called the foot, through which muscle fibres run in all directions. The foot of a gastropod is a flat structure used for crawling. Waves of muscular contraction travel along its length, moving the animal slowly over the ground.

Define "spicules." (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

In sponges they are small, needlelike structures made of calcium carbonate, silica or a protein. They surround the osculum and protrude from the surface of the body. Spicules also provide support and protection of the sponge body and prevent smaller animals from entering it.

#1 is the "aboral surface," also known as the "upper" surface of the sea star that is AWAY from the mouth. #2 is the "oral surface," where the mouth is located.

In the following sea stars shown, identify which numbered image is the "aboral" surface and which is the "oral" surface. What is the main difference between the two? (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

Define "spiracles." (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

Insects, and some other invertebrates, exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between their tissues and the air by a system of air-filled tubes called tracheae. Tracheae open to the outside through small holes called spiracles. In the grasshopper, the first and third segments of the thorax have a spiracle on each side.

Define "Echinoderm." ***IMPORTANT! (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

Invertebrates with hardened plates and spines embedded in the skin or body, and a unique water-vascular system.

Define "glottis." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

It is the space in the beginning of the respiratory passageway.

Name the entire membrane lining the abdominal cavity. (i.e. the scientific name!) (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

It's known as the "parietal peritoneum."

Name the entire membrane covering the organs in the abdominal cavity. (i.e. the scientific name!) (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

It's known as the "visceral peritoneum!"

Animals classified in the domain "Eukarya" are placed in which kingdom and BROAD clade? (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Kingdom: Anamalia Clade: Metazoa

Define "thoracic cavity." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

Located in the thorax, it consists of the upper ventral cavity, lungs, heart and ribs.

Define "scrotal sacs." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems) ***IMPORTANT!!!

Male fetal pigs have an urogenital opening located behind the umbilical cord. The swelling behind the hind legs of the fetal pig is the scrotum. The male's internal reproductive system has two scrotal sacs, which depending on the age of the fetal pig may or may not have developed testes.

Why is important to understand the methods of excretion in organisms? (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Many animals have different ways of ridding their bodies of nitrogenous waste, a majority fo them using diffusion through skin. Others use special structures such as "Malpighian tubules, lateral excretory canals, lateral canals with flame cells, structures called 'nephridia' and kidneys (humans!)"

Identify the differences in organs for respiration between terrestrial organisms, aquatic organisms and insects. (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Many animals use their skin for respiration. Others have special organs, such as gills (aquatic) and lungs (terrestrial). Insects have a unique system for respiration, using structures called "spiracles" and "tracheae."

Identify 5 types of locomotion used by organisms. (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Many organisms have multiple was of getting around, but the most obvious are: 1. Wings (flying) 2. Legs 3. Burrowing in the substrate 4. Cellular structures: cilia, flagellum, pseudopods 5. Crawling on its belly

How should you go about opening the visceral mass during a clam dissection? (HINT: Clam anatomy) (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

Open the visceral mass by making an incision with the scalpel, dividing the mass into right and left halves. Begin this incision just above the foot and cut dorsally.

Define "osmoregulation." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

Osmoregulation is the control of the water balance of the blood, tissue or cytoplasm of a living organism. It also focuses on the elimination of excess salts and urea, a waste product of the metabolism of amino acids.

Define "soft palate." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

Posterior to the hard palate.

What are the prominent features of organisms classified in the subphyla "Chelicerata?" (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

Prominent features are "chelicerae" (either a pair of appendages in front of the mouth in arachnids and some other arthropods, usually modified as pincer-like claws.)

Explain the difference between animals that are "radically symmetrical" and "bilaterally symmetrical." (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Radically symmetrical: Animals whose parts are arranged around a central axis. Bilaterally Symmetrical: Left and right halves are mirror images of each other.

Define "cleavage." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

Rapid cell division (mitosis) and distribution of the zygote's cytoplasm into progressively smaller cells, also identified as the "production of a multicellular blastula."

Define "renal vein." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

Renal vein carries blood AWAY from kidney from the "caudal vena cava."

Define "papillae." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

Rough, bumpy structures on the tongue that contain the taste buds, which in turn contain taste receptors.

What is classified as the most abundant and widely distributed organisms on earth? (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Roundworms!

What are "skin gills?" (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

Small delicate projections of the body cavity that protrude between plates of the endoskeleton to the outside of the body. These projections, covered with epidermis and also called "dermal brachiae," function in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the water bathing the animal's body.

Define "appendages." (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

Structures such as legs or antennae that protrude from the body of an organism. They can be along the length of the body, attached to other organs, or restricted to one area of the organism.

Define "Superclass Osteichthyes." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata) ***IMPORTANT!

Superclass including bony fish, such as the vast majority of modern fish today; solely identified by it's bony skeleton.

Define "Superclass Agnatha." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata) ***IMPORTANT!

Superclass including jawless fish such as lampreys and hagfish, the organisms in this class function as scavengers, animals that eat dead organic matter, or are semi-parasites. Agnathans have long, cylindrical bodies, no limbs, and no jaws; their mouth functions as a "sucker."

TRUE or FALSE: By the time the sea star eggs leave the body of the female, meiosis I and II are completed. (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

TRUE!

TRUE or FALSE: Grasshoppers are the only invertebrates that can fly. (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

TRUE!

TRUE or FALSE: Most preserving solutions (such as formaldehyde) are relatively harmless. (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

TRUE!

TRUE or FALSE: The distal portion of the colon is the rectum, which passes deep into the caudal portion of the abdominal cavity and to the outside of the body to the anus. (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

TRUE!

TRUE or FALSE: The esophagus passes through the diaphragm and enters the upper medal border of the stomach. (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

TRUE!

TRUE or FALSE: The gills of a clam have a pleated appearance. (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

TRUE!

TRUE or FALSE: The opening into the esophagus lies dorsal to the glottis. (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

TRUE!

TRUE or FALSE: The phylum Annelida contains organisms that can range in size from microscopic to several meters in length. (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

TRUE!

TRUE or FALSE: the anus of a sea star is located on the aboral body surface. (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

TRUE!

Define "esophagus." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

The esophagus is the beginning of the digestive tube (alimentary canal) that carries food from the mouth to the stomach.

TRUE or FALSE: When placing the clam in the dissection pan, you must place it on its dorsal side. (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

TRUE! The dorsal side is located by the "umbo," the hump on the valves. Placing the clam as such will allow you to make your cuts with the scalpel bade directed toward the pan bottom and not your hand.

TRUE or FALSE: "Skin gills" are primarily responsible for the passing of nitrogenous waste into outside waters by sea stars. (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

TRUE! These physical features have BOTH respiratory and excretory functions.

TRUE or FALSE: All organisms not classified as a part of the phylum "Chordata" are invertebrates. (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

TRUE! Up until this point, all of the organisms studied in lab hav been invertebrates, a somewhat artificial designation based on the absence of a backbone.

What is the purpose of the "abductor muscles?" (HINT: Clam anatomy) (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

The "abductor muscles" are what hold the two valves (the left valve and the right valve) together.

What is the germ layer at the surface of the embryo called? (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

The "ectoderm layer!"

What is the significance of the "pharynx with gill slits," found in lancelets? (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

The "pharynx with gill slits" is a large sac located just under the rostrum with specialized gill slits, a uniquely chordate structure. Water and food pass from the pharynx into the intestine, which ends at the anus on the ventral side of the animal, several millimeters from the end.

Define "fertilization." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

The action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. (i.e. the union of male and female gametes)

Define "pericardial cavity." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

The additional thoracic cavity that houses the heart.

Define "pleural cavity." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

The additional thoracic cavity that houses the lungs.

Define "mesenchyme cells." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

The amoeboid cells at the leading edge and surrounding archenteron. These cells later detach from the archenteron, proliferate, and form a layer of cells within the old blastocoel, now divided by the archenteron. This layer will eventually become the mesodermal germ layer.

Define "anus." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

The anus is the exterior opening of the digestive system and is surrounded by a muscular sphincter that leads to the interior rectum.

Define "biramous appendages." (LAB Topic 8- Animal Diversity II: Mollusca, Annelida, and Arthropoda)

The appendages of arthropods may be either biramous or uniramous. A uniramous limb comprises a single series of segments attached end-to-end. A biramous limb, however, branches into two, and each branch consists of a series of segments attached end-to-end.

Define "spongocoel." (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

The central cavity in sponges where water passes through after entering the osculum (NOT a mouth!) Water enters the central cavity from pores and channels in the body; it is used as an outlet for water transfer.

What is the "true body cavity" of a sea star? (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

The central cavity that is often filled with coelomic fluid and carries oxygen and absorbed food to various parts of the body. Small delicate protections of the body cavity protrude between the plates of the endoskeleton to the outside of the body.

Define "urogenital canal." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

The chamber formed by the vagina in female pigs.

Define "ring canal." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

The circular water tube that surrounds the esophagus of echinoderms.

What is the name of the clade for animals with bilateral symmetry? (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

The clade is called "Bilateria."

Define "cephalization." (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

The concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain, both during evolution and in the course of an organisms' development.

Define "spleen." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

The dark organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that acts as a blood filtration system and a reservoir for reserves of blood.

What are 3 KEY differences between "protostome development" and "deuterostome development?" (LAB Topic 7- Animal Diversity: Proifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda)

The differences in the following characteristics: 1. Type of cleavage (early divisions of fertilized egg) 2. Manner of coelom (body cavity) formation 3. Origin of the mouth and anus

Define "cell division." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

The division of a cell into two daughter cells containing the same genetic material.

Define "jejuno-ileum." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

The extensive, highly convoluted portion of the small intestine that extends from the duodenum into the colon. Most digested food is absorbed into the walls of the jejuna-ileum.

Define "rectum." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

The final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus.

Define "duodenum." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems) ***IMPORTANT!

The first portion of the small intestine that connects it to the stomach (i.e. the "bridge between the stomach and small intestine.")

Define "epiglottis." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

The flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe; it covers the glottis during the swallowing process.

Define "mammary papilla." (LAB Topic 11: Vertebrate Anatomy I: Tissues and the Digestive and Urogenital Systems)

The fleshy bumps lining the lower abdominal area of the pig that resemble nipples; they are NOT nipples! This feature applies to BOTH male and female fetal pigs; they are located UNDER the urogenital opening in MALE pigs and ABOVE the anal urogenital opening in FEMALE pigs.

Define "blastocoel." (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

The fluid-filled cavity of a blastula.

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Porifera Genus: Scypha (marine sponge)

The following diagram is a clear image of what specific organism (Identify the Domain, Kingdom, Species and Genus.)

This image represents the initial STARTING stage of unfertilization; it is an unfertilized egg with a germinal vesicle.

The following image shown demonstrates which stage of development in sea stars? (LAB Topic 9- Animal Diversity III: Echinodermata and Chordata)

Although not mentioned in the LAB manual, this stage depicts the early formation of the "Blastula," where the cell initially begins dividing into a multicellular organism. This stage is also referred to as the "16 cell stage," where the "morula" is formed.