Biology lesson 2

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embryo sac

female gametophyte within the ovule of a flowering plant

double fertilization

fertilization in angiosperms, in which two distinct fertilization events take place between the male and female gametophytes

anther

flower structure in which haploid male gametophytes are produced

endosperm

food-rich tissue that nourishes a seedling as it grows

gibberellin

growth-promoting substance produced by plants

ovary

a flower structure that contains on or more ovules from which female gametophytes are produced

endosperm

a food-rich tissue that nourishes the seedling as it grows

filament

a long, thin structure that supports an anther

stolon

a long, trailing stem that produces roots when it touches the ground

petals

attract pollinators to flowers

petal

brightly colored structure just inside the sepals; attracts insects and other pollinators to a flower

target cell

cell that has a receptor for particular hormone

herbicide

compound that is toxic to plants

pollen cone

cone in gymnosperms that produces male gametophytes in the form of pollen grains

seed cone

cone that produces female gametophytes

dormancy

during this period, plant embryos are alive but not growing

germination

early growth stage of a plant embryo

anther

in angiosperms, pollen grains are produced within the

pollen cones

in gymnosperms, pollen grains form in

seed cones

in gymnosperms, the female gametophyte is produced by

apical dominance

inhibition of lateral bud growth near stem tips

carpel

innermost part of a flower that produces the female gametophytes

abscission layer

layer of cells at the petiole that seals off a leaf from the vascular system

stamen

male part of the flower; made up of an anther and a filament

lateral bud

meristematic area of the side of a stem that gives rise to side branches

lateral bud

meristematic area on the side of a stem that gives rise to side brahnces

vegetative reproduction

method of asexual reproduction used by many flowering plants

style

narrow stalk of the carpel in the flower

sepal

outermost circle of flower parts that encloses a bud before it opens and protects the flower while it is developing

dormancy

period of time during which a plant embryo is alive but now growing

apical dominance

phenomenon in which the closer a bud is to the stem's tip, the more its growth is inhibited

ethylene

plant hormone that stimulates fruits to ripen

cytokinin

plant hormones that are produced in growing roots and in developing fruits and seeds

gibberellins

plant hormones that increase the overall size of plants

auxins

plant hormones that stimulate cell elongation

phytochrome

plant pigment responsible for photoperiodism

phytochrome

plant pigment that responses to periods of sunlight

epiphyte

plant that is not rooted in soil but instead grow directly on the body of another plant

epiphytes

plants that are not rooted in soil and grow directly on other plants

xerophyte

plants that lives in the desert biome

double fertilization

process in angiosperms produces a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm

budding

process of attaching a bud to a plant to produce a new branch

phototropism

response of a plant to light

photoperiodism

response of a plant to periods of light and darkness

gravitropism

response of a plant to the force of gravity

thigmotropism

response of a plant to touch

tropisms

responses of plants to external stimuli

grafting

stems are used as scions

stigma

sticky portion at the top of the style where pollen grains frequently land

stolons

strawberry plants send out long trailing stems called ________ that produce roots when they touch the ground

pollen tube

structure grown by a pollen grain; contains two haploid sperm nuclei

ovule

structure in seed cones in which female gametophytes develop

hormone

substance produced in one part of an organism that affects another part of the organism

auxin

substance produced in the tip of a seedling that stimulates cell elongation

germination

the early stage of the plant embryo

embryo sac

the female gametophyte of the flowering plant consisting of eight nuclei and the surround membrane

stigma

the sticky portion of the carpel where pollen grains often land

grafting

use of a stem as a scion

pollen tube

when a pollen grain lands on a stigma, it begins to grow a

budding

when buds are used as scions

vegetative reproduction

when flowering plants reproduce asexually


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