Biology Mid-Year Review
Which health factor is an individual unable to change?
inherited genes
Look at the diagrams below. They show steps in the sequence of replication. The steps of this sequence happen in what order?
4,1,3,2
The diagram below shows part of a DNA molecule. What could happen if two of the base pairs on this strand of DNA were switched?
A different protein will be made
The process by which cells replicate is very different from the process by which gametes are produced. Which of the following do both processes have in common?
cytokinesis
Where is ATP produced in cells?
mitochondria
A tall pea plant with red flowers has the genotype TtRr. This plant is crossed with another tall pea plant with white flowers, having the genotype Ttrr. What is the probability of getting dwarf plants with red flowers in the F1 progeny?
(8 in total 1 short one) 1/8
The figure below shows an experiment on photosynthesis. Rebecca observed that the part of the leaf outside the bottle showed the presence of starch in it. The part of the leaf inside the bottle did not show the presence of starch. When the same experiment was repeated without potassium hydroxide (KOH) in the bottle, the whole leaf showed the presence of starch. What can Rebecca correctly infer about potassium hydroxide?
absorbs carbon dioxide
Cellular respiration is the process that allows living organisms to extract energy from nutrients. What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
aerobic respiration uses oxygen and anaerobic respiration doesn't
Eliza wants to increase the yield of her herb garden. A friend suggests that Eliza pinch off the tops of the plants as they grow. Which fact about the apical meristem makes this a good suggestion?
auxins produced in the apical meristem inhibit the growth of the lateral buds.
Joy took the notes shown below while learning about cells. Forms boundary between a cell and the outside environment Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell Consists of double layer of phospholipids She forgot to write the name of the cell structure that her class was studying that day. What structure is described in her notes?
cell membrane
Jennie is conducting an investigation in which she observes how water moves through a celery stalk. She adds red food coloring to a beaker of water and observes the celery after twenty minutes. The part of the stalk above the waterline is noticeably redder than it was before Jennie added the food coloring. What property of water is most directly responsible for Jennie's observations?
cohesive behavior
Human p53 is a tumor-suppressor gene located on chromosome 17. The function of this gene is to prevent cells with damaged DNA from undergoing mitosis. What would most likely result if there were a mutation that decreased the function of the p53 gene?
germs cells would undergo only one meiotic division
A biology teacher gives each pair of students in her class a group of 30 newly sprouted bean plants. She tells the class to design and carry out an experiment with these plants. After one month, the students compile the data shown below. Based on this experiment, what can the students infer?
group 1 and group 5 plants show that light impacts plant growth
The diagram below shows a microscopic view of the lower epidermis of a maple leaf. What type of cell is indicated by label B?
guard cell
The purpose of both mitosis and meiosis is to create new cells. Both processes involve the replication of genetic material within the cell, and both take place within a sexually reproducing individual. There is a difference between the processes, however. What is one crucial difference?
mitosis creates an exact replica of the parent cell, meiosis shows genetic diversity
In the seventeenth century, Francesco Redi performed experiments using raw meat placed in jars. · Half of the jars were covered, and half were left open. · Redi noticed that the meat in the sealed jars did not have maggots, but the meat in the open jars did have maggots. · Redi concluded that only flies could make more flies. Which part of the cell theory corresponds to Redi's findings?
new cells arise from existing cells
Biological macromolecules are organized into four major categories. What type of macromolecule contains phosphorus as part of a phosphate group?
nucleic acid
An advertisement for a health supplement for dogs claims to build lean muscle and strengthen tendons and ligaments, as well as provide energy. Which two macromolecules must the supplement contain to provide these benefits?
photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water
Different types of cells can have certain organelles and structures in common. Which types of cells definitely contain cell walls?
plant and prokaryotic cells
Cells are classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic according to differences in their structure. However, these cells also share several traits. Which of the following may be found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
plasma membrane
If a man with type BO blood has a child with a woman that has type AB blood, what is the percent probability that their child will have type AB blood?
25%
The diagram below shows the stages of mitosis. The original cell, X, contains N number of chromosomes. How many chromosomes does cell Y contain?
2N
Jamie is observing three different prepared slides under a light microscope. The pictures below show what she sees. Which of the following can Jamie offer as evidence that supports the cell theory, based on these slides?
All living things are composed of single cells or multiple cells
Taq polymerase is an enzyme used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to replicate fragments of DNA. A study published in 1976 examined the properties of Taq polymerase after the enzyme was isolated from Thermus aquaticus, a thermophilic bacterium that lives in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park. The graph shows one of the results of the study. Which statement about enzyme activity is best supported by this graph?
An enzyme functions best under specific temperature conditions.
In hamsters, black fur (B) and white fur (W) are co-dominant. A scientist finds a record of offspring for a mated pair of hamsters. The record shows 50% of the offspring had black and white fur and 50% of the offspring had white fur. None of the offspring had black fur only. Which parental cross was most likely responsible for the percentages of offspring fur color the scientist found?
BW x WW
Use the chart and your knowledge of biology to help you answer the question below. Which base sequence of a DNA molecule produces a codon on an mRNA molecule that will allow the amino acid valine to be incorporated into a protein?
CAA
Four substances are important for both photosynthesis and cellular respiration: oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide, and water. What is the best explanation for how both processes use these substances?
Produces ATP at some point
A mutation in the code for a trait may not always change the expression of that trait. What advantage does this provide cells?
Some changes in the DNA sequence will not cause a change in the protein produced.
A plant and an animal are both living things. According to the Cell Theory, what can you conclude about these two very different organisms?
They are both made of one or more cells.
Some people choose to have health screenings performed through genetic analysis. What is a direct benefit of this analysis?
Transmission of certain diseases can be prevented
To demonstrate DNA replication, Doug draws a model on construction paper. In order to show replication, Doug should carry out which of the following steps first?
cut the nitrogenous base pairs where they meet
A student performs an investigation to determine if keeping plants in a greenhouse will reduce the amount of water lost to evaporation. The student hypothesizes that if a plant is in a closed, humid environment, then less water will be lost to evaporation. The student places the plants in beakers of water and then sets some beakers inside and some beakers outside of a greenhouse. She then measures the amount of water lost from each beaker. Which table should the student use to collect the data needed to test her hypothesis?
day, greenhouse, plant ,volume
Which could be a potential misuse of the genetic information obtained by sequencing the human genome?
deciding insurance coverage based on an individuals genetic profile
Which of these steps occurs during mitosis and maintains the chromosome number of an organism?
duplicated chromosomes are split into identical cells
Which factor makes enzymes well-suited to the role of catalyst in a biochemical reaction?
enzymes can be reused because they don't permanently bond with substrate.
Which of these presents an ethical issue associated with genetic testing on humans?
genetic testing reveals health risk causing job discrimination
Meiosis is a life process associated with sexual reproduction. Which choice correctly summarizes meiosis into one statement?
homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell separate and produce 4 haploid daughter cells
The leaf cells of green plants usually contain chloroplasts. The root cells of green plants do not usually contain these structures, or contain fewer of them. Which statement best explains why?
leaf cells are the primary site for light dependent reactions.
Various types of plants use different strategies to optimally photosynthesize. A common strategy for plants on the forest floor is to produce large, thin leaves that span over large areas. Which factor of photosynthesis is a reactant that is maximized by this strategy?
light
A botanist is trying to determine the best medium for growing new juvenile orchids. He collected data on the four different types of media that were used to grow the juvenile orchids, as shown in the table below. Based on the data, which medium would be best for growing juvenile orchids
medium 3
In Biology, several different processes make up the cycles for cell division. In which complete process are four new cells created from one original cell?
meiosis
A diagram of meiosis I is shown below. At which stage of meiosis I does the exchange in genetic material between homologous chromosomes result in recombinant chromosomes?
prophase 1
The graph below shows the energy associated with a chemical reaction. The activation energy decreases once a certain type of molecule is added. What type of molecule causes the activation energy to decrease as shown in the graph?
protein
Amino acids have similar structures. What part of an amino acid's molecular formula distinguishes the macromolecule from other amino acids?
r-group
Polar bears use floating pieces of sea ice as feeding platforms when hunting seals. What property of water makes this possible?
solid water is less dense than liquid water
Why is the cell membrane described as selectively permeable?
some substances pass into the cells while others can't
Stem cells can become any type of cell in the human body, making them ideal for many types of therapies. One area of possible use is in brain cell transplants that could help people with spinal cord injuries and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Even though there is great potential for helping people, what is one ethical issue that could arise from the use of stem cells?
source of the cell
A student observes a difference in the activity level of fish at a pet store. The fish in an aquarium near the window are swimming around more quickly than the fish in an aquarium placed in the back of the store. The student forms a hypothesis about the effect of sunlight on fish activity levels and arranges to conduct an experiment. Which variable could be an independent variable in the student's experiment?
temperature of water
The DNA sequences below show DNA segments for four different species. Scientists sometimes use DNA sequences such as these to determine the relatedness of different species. Which of the following is a necessary condition for scientists to use DNA sequences in this way?
the DNA of all organisms contains the same four bases
Why would a scientist use a transmission electron microscope (TEM) instead of a compound microscope to view a tissue sample?
the TEM will produce an image with a higher resolution
The diagram below shows two kinds of cells. A biologist wants to classify protein secretions into groups based on the principal function of the protein. Which cell would the biologist select to study and why?
the cell on the left because it has organelles that secrete proteins.
The diagram below shows part of the cell cycle. Normally, checkpoints exist between each phase that monitor whether a cell is ready to move onto the next phase of the cell cycle. An error at which of the following checkpoints would be most likely to lead to uncontrolled cell division and cancer?
the checkpoint that prevents cells from leaving G2 phase until they're ready
In a breed of dog, the gene for black fur is dominant and the gene for brown fur is recessive. Two dogs with black fur are bred. One of the offspring has brown fur. What is the most likely explanation for the brown fur?
the dog received 2 recessive genes of brown fur
Students observed several prepared slides of a process that occurs in a dividing onion cell. They observed haploid cells in one slide, centromeres that did not separate during anaphase in another slide, and two different cell divisions resulting in four daughter cells in other slides. Which statement is NOT true about the process that was observed?
the observations suggest cellular reproduction and general growth and repair of the body (mitosis)
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific project that determined the sequence of chemical base pairs that make up DNA and mapped the human genes. This allowed researchers to compare sequences of human DNA to sequences of DNA from other organisms. From these comparisons, they could identify similar genes that may have similar functions. Which statement best explains why it is possible to make these types of comparisons of these DNA sequences?
the specific codons that code for a particular amino acid are common to virtually all organisms
The diagram shows the different size of vacuoles between a plant cell and an animal cell. Why is the vacuole in a plant cell larger than a vacuole in an animal cell?
the vacuole in the plant cell maintains pressure
Living organisms include bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. What is one thing that all living things have in common?
they all result from the replication of pre-existing cells
A student wants to view live organisms less than 1 millimeter in size, which are found in a water sample collected from a stream. Which microscope would be best for the student to use while observing these living organisms?
transmission electric microscope
As the atmosphere and Earth's surface materials absorb ultraviolet light, visible light, and infrared energy, they gain thermal energy and their temperatures rise. Which of the following best explains why the dry and sandy areas of deserts are hotter than the water in oases, even when the areas are both at the same latitude and altitude?
waters ability to moderate temperature is greater than that of sand.
A species of jungle chicken is codominant for red and white feathers. What color would be expressed in the offspring represented by the missing square below if R represents the allele for red feathers and W white feathers?
ww, white
