Biology Nutrition

What are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins called?

Amino Acid

Complete the table that describes the four classes of large biological molecules. A) Carbohydrates B) Proteins C) Lipids D) Nucleic acids Function Example

A) Carbohydrates- Cellulose and Glucose- acts as energy. B) Proteins- Hexokinase and Keratin- helps derive chemical reactions and function in cells. C) lipids- Coconut oil and cholesterol- storage chemical messengers D) Nucleic Acid- DNA and RNA- Heredity material and messenger from DNA to the cells.

What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common? A) (a) Moderate polarity. B) (b) Low solubility in water. C) (c) They occur in membranes. D) Both (a) and (c). E) Both (b) and (c).

B) (b) Low solubility in water.

Why are all living organisms based on molecules that contain carbon? A) Carbon and oxygen atoms can combine to form functional groups of organic molecules. B) Carbon atoms can form bonds with up to four other atoms. C) Carbon atoms will dissolve in water. D) Carbon atoms cannot form unhealthy trans unsaturated lipids.

B) Carbon atoms can form bonds with up to four other atoms.

Which three statements are supported by the data in the food label? A) You could consume seven cookies without exceeding the recommended Daily Value of saturated fat. B) Over 40% of the calories in each cookie are from fat. C) Over half of each cookie is made up of carbohydrates. D) More than half of the total fat in a cookie is saturated fat. E)If you ate all of the cookies in the container, you would consume over 1,000 calories.

B) Over 40% of the calories in each cookie are from fat. C) Over half of each cookie is made up of carbohydrates. E) If you ate all of the cookies in the container, you would consume over 1,000 calories.

Which of the following best describes a hypothesis-driven controlled experiment? A) Testing the hypothesis by changing a variable and running the experiment only collecting data from that group B) Testing a hypothesis using groups that differ only by the one variable under consideration C) Testing a hypothesis by carefully observing what is naturally happening D) Testing a hypothesis when the researchers and test subjects are both blind to the conditions

B) Testing a hypothesis using groups that differ only by the one variable under consideration

What will be accomplished by lowering the activation energy of a reaction? A) The reaction will reverse. B) The reaction will proceed more quickly. C) The reaction will stop completely. D) The reaction will proceed more slowly.

B) The reaction will proceed more quickly.

Absorption of food monomers occurs primarily in the _____. A) lining of the oral cavity and the esophagus B) small intestine C) stomach D) large intestine

B) small intestine

List three recommendations from the USDA for a healthy lifestyle

Be physically active, eat right, drink water.

Chyme enters the small intestine from the stomach. At this point, _____. A) most absorption is complete, but mechanical processing is still required B) digestion and absorption are complete; the next step is elimination C) mechanical digestion is essentially complete, but the other processes are ongoing or have not yet begun D) the only remaining steps are absorption of excess water and elimination

C) mechanical digestion is essentially complete, but the other processes are ongoing or have not yet begun

The atomic number corresponds to the number of ________ in a specific element, while the atomic weight corresponds to the number of ________ in a specific element. A) neutrons; protons B) protons and neutrons; neutrons C) protons; protons and neutrons D) protons; neutrons

C) protons; protons and neutrons

What is meant by the term carbon skeleton, and how can carbon skeletons vary?

Carbon skeletons are in every organic compound. They vary in length and pattern.

List the various lipids discussed in this module.

Cholesterol, Triglyceride, Steroid

Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say? A) You have it backwards. Fats help phospholipids to travel. B) Not so. Fats are small enough to travel easily without help. C) Right. Fats are too polar to travel alone in water. D) Sorry, Dr. Haxton! Help comes from cholesterol, not phospholipids. E) Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water.

E) Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water. Good choice! Water rejects nonpolar molecules such as fats, so fats travel inside particles that are coated with polar parts of phospholipids and proteins.

Answer the following as you read the module: 1. _________________ are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by _______________ reactions.

Elements Chemical

List the four stages of food processing in order from beginning to end.

Ingestion Digestion Absorption Elimination

If you change the shape of an enzyme, what else do you change for that enzyme? ________________

Its function.

Briefly explain how the digestive system and circulatory system work together to provide your body energy.

The digestive system absorbs the nutrients from the food and the circulatory system carries the nutrients throughout your body.

What is the role of the digestive system?

The digestive system provides nutrition for the body

Together, the villi and microvilli of the small intestine work to ________________________________.

To absorb nutrients

True or False: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires that food labels contain the amounts of each nutrient per serving as a percentage of a daily value based on a 2,000 Calorie diet. If false, please correct the statement.

True

True or false: Cholesterol is used within the cell to help maintain the structure of the cell's membrane.

True

According to the USDA, protein should make up roughly what percent of your daily food choices?

around 25%

The element ___________________ is essential to an organic compound

carbon

If you have a diet lacking in fiber and you are inactive, you are at risk for what ailment?

constipation

__________________________ are substances that the cells of your body cannot make themselves.

essential nutrients

An unsaturated fat can be turned into a solid or semisolid state by __________________________ and it is called a(n) _________________.

hydrogeneration Trans fat

The one feature common to all lipids is that they are __________________________.

hydrophobic

____________is having a _________ that is too high, which is a ratio of your weight to height.

obesity BMI

Complete the following diagram, which illustrates the accessory organs and their functions.

1. Salivary Glands break down starch. 2. Liver secretes bile into the small intestine which digests fat. 3. Gallbladder secretes and stores bile from the liver. Secretes it into the small intestines. 4. Pancreas neutralizes stomach acid in the small intestine and continues the chemical digestion.

Complete the following table, which compares the different organ malfunctions that can occur in the digestive tract. Gallstones Ulcer Acid reflux

1. gallstones- crystals of bile obstruct the gallbladder. 2. Ulcer- damages the lining of the stomach so the acid erodes the lining. 3. Acid reflux- backflow into the esophagus.

There are two types of problems that can occur with the digestive system. Name both.

1. malfunctioning or diseased digestive organs 2. improper diet.

A proper diet serves you in which two ways?

1. provides the building materials needed for the body's structure. 2. provides energy needed to maintain the bodies functions.

Use the double cheeseburger nutrition label from the first page of the nutrition module (page 2) to answer questions 2 and 3 How many double cheeseburgers would a person need to eat in order to meet and/or exceed his or her daily requirement for total cholesterol?

4 cheeseburgers would exceed you at 112%

Match the following terms with their correct definitions: matter, atom, molecule, element, and compound. A) The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of that specific type of matter: ___________________ B) A substance that cannot be broken into another substance by a chemical reaction: __________________________________ C) Anything that occupies space and takes up mass: ___________________________________ D) Substances with two or more elements in a fixed ratio: ______________________________ E) Atoms that are bonded to one another: _______________________________

A) Atom B) element C) Matter D) compound E) Molecules

Polymers that contain sugars ... A) (a) may store hereditary information. B) (b) may store energy. C) (c) may protect cells. D) Both (b) and (c). E) (a), (b), and (c).

E) (a), (b), and (c).

A) _______ is anything that occupies space and/or has any substance. B) The scientific study of matter is called _______. C) H2SO4, sulfuric acid, contains three different types of atoms: hydrogen (H), sulfur (S), and oxygen (O). Each of these atoms represents a different _______. Since the three types are combined in a fixed ratio, this means that H2SO4 is a(n) _______ . D) Within a plant, water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be combined (using the energy of sunlight) to produce glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2). If you were to write out this chemical reaction, water and carbon dioxide are each an example of a(n) ______ while glucose and oxygen are each an example of a(n) _______. E) The smallest unit of matter that retain all of the physical properties of that type of matter is a(n) ______. F) If two or more atoms are bonded together, they form a(n) ______.

A) Matter B) chemistry C) element; compound D) reactant; product E) atom F) molecule

List the three particles that make up atoms and their charges. A) B) C)

A) Protons determines the chemical element. Inside the nucleus. Positive. B) Neutrons are neutral charge inside the nucleus. Determine the isotope. C) Electrons are negative charge orbit in the electron shell outside the nucleus. Determine the ion state and bonding.

Food processors are phasing out the use of which types of fats, because research has shown them to be particularly unhealthy? A) Saturated fats and trans fats B) Fats containing omega-3 fatty acids C) Unsaturated fats D) Vegetable and fish oils

A) Saturated fats and trans fats

The chemical reaction shown here, in which a large molecule is broken down into the smaller parts that make it up, is called a __________ reaction. A) hydrolysis B) dehydration synthesis C) hydroactive D) metabolic

A) hydrolysis Hydrolysis reactions involve using a molecule of water to break large polymer molecules into the smaller monomers that make them up.

Most mechanical processing of food occurs in the _____. A) oral cavity and stomach B) oral cavity and small intestine C) stomach and small intestine D) small intestine and large intestine

A) oral cavity and stomach

Several important enzymes and other secretions aid in digestion as food moves down the alimentary canal, as follows: A) in the oral cavity, salivary amylase helps break down _____; B) in the stomach, pepsin helps break down _____; C) and in the small intestine, bile helps break down _____.

A) starches; B) proteins; C) fats and oils

A protein that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the _________________________ is called a (n) __________________.

Activation Energy Enzyme

The long, hollow tube of your digestive system is called the .

Alimentary Canal

What percentage of the total grams of carbohydrate in the cookie are sugars? A) 6% B) 10% C) 36% D) 55%

D) 55% There are 18 grams of total carbohydrates, which includes 10 grams of sugars. Dividing 10 by 18 is 0.55, which is equal to 55%.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of carbohydrates? A) Energy source for animals B) Building blocks are monosaccharides C) Structural component in plants D) All of the above are characteristics of carbohydrates.

D) All of the above are characteristics of carbohydrates.

What might happen if a protein has a change in one amino acid? A) The protein can no longer function properly. B) The amino acid chain folds incorrectly. C) The protein has a new shape. D) All of these may happen.

D) All of these may happen.

Clinical trials are controlled human experiments designed to determine if a medical intervention is effective or not. When researchers are designing the trial, several elements can help increase confidence in the answer. In a trial to determine if a new drug is effective, which of the following elements should be included for highest confidence in the results? Select all that apply. A) Give participants younger than age 30 a placebo, and give participants older than age 30 the new drug B) Inform participants if they are in a control group not receiving the drug, so they can find other treatments during the trial C) Put all participants into the group receiving the new drug to maximize the number of people in that group D) Do not tell participants or the researchers collecting data which group participants are in E) Give some participants the new drug and some participants a placebo drug

D) Do not tell participants or the researchers collecting data which group participants are in E) Give some participants the new drug and some participants a placebo drug

Which of the following is an example of an observational study? A) Researchers interested in dog longevity establish two groups: in one group dogs receive a pharmaceutical drug, and in the other group, dogs receive a placebo. Researchers then measure the dogs' life spans. B) Researchers split people into three groups, and told one group to not exercise, one group to exercise 30 minutes a day, and one group to exercise 60 minutes a day. Researchers then determine if exercise affects the participant's lung capacities. C) Researchers modify rice seeds to be flood resistant. Then, they plant the new seeds in multiple fields; some fields receive normal water, and some fields are flooded for twice as long. Researchers then measure the growth of rice plants in both fields. D) Researchers ask people how long they normally sleep every night. Researchers then determine if fewer hours of sleep at night is associated with an increased likelihood of being overweight.

D) Researchers ask people how long they normally sleep every night. Researchers then determine if fewer hours of sleep at night is associated with an increased likelihood of being overweight.

Follicle cells in your scalp assemble proteins to build new hair. This most likely involves __________ reactions. A) peptide B) hydrolysis C) enzymatic D) dehydration synthesis

D) dehydration synthesis The word "dehydration" means "removal of water" and "synthesis" means "to build". Such reactions involving the use of water to build larger molecules from small ones are used by many cells of the body to produce new structures.

Which lists the major segments of the alimentary canal in the correct order? A) oral cavity, stomach, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine B) esophagus, oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine C) oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine D)oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

D)oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Two monosaccharides joined by a dehydration synthesis would form a(n) ____________________________. List two examples of a disaccharide

Disaccharides Lactose, Maltose,Sacrose

True or false: Correlation implies causation. If false, please correct the statement.

False correlation does not imply causation.

Proteins serve many functions within your body. List three functions served by proteins in your body. Additionally, list a specific protein which performs that function.

Hemoglobin-Transport Antibodies-Defense Keratin-Structure Lactase-Enzyme that breaks down Actin-Movement

_____________________ is the total of all chemical reactions that take place in your cells.

Metabolism

Complete the following table, which illustrates the different essential substances required by our bodies. Minerals Vitamins Essential fatty acids Essential amino acids Description Example

Minerals- Iron and magnisum. Iron builds hemoglobin in red blood cells. Vitamins- C and B. build connective tissue. Essential fatty acids- Omega 3 maintains the bodies metabolism and reduces inflammation. Essential amino acids- proteins needed for body processes.

The monomers (building blocks) of carbohydrates are _____________________________.

Monosaccharides

Place the following organs in order with respect to their location along your digestive tract: pharynx, anus, stomach, mouth, small intestine, esophagus, and large intestine.

Mouth Pharynx esophagus stomach small intestines large intestines anus

Is H2O (water) an element? If not, briefly explain your answer.

No because it is a compound element.

Use the double cheeseburger nutrition label from the first page of the nutrition module (page 2) to answer questions 2 and 3 Would you exceed your daily allowed amount of saturated fat if you ate a single double cheeseburger? If not, how much of your daily saturated fat would you consume?

No, you would be at 55%

An _________________________________ study is one where researchers look for answers without manipulating the test subjects.

Observational

______________is the rhythmic contractions of the alimentary canal that moves food to your stomach.

Peristalsis

Which fatty acid tail from the following diagram is saturated? Which one is unsaturated? Briefly explain your answers by comparing the two types of triglycerides.

Saturated is straight. Unsaturated is crooked.

A protein's __________________ determines its function.

Shape

What elements are in the compound NaCl (table salt)?

Sodium and Chlorine

List the common polysaccharides.

Starch Cellulose Glycogen Chitan