BIOLOGY PG 27-34

Define prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Prokaryotic cells are cells that lack internal membrane bound structures. Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Describe the process of diffusion

When particles in a solution move from an area where they are more concentrated to an where where they are less concentrated

Animal cells do not have

chloroplast and central vacuole

What is the purpose of vesicles?

ship golgi body products around or out of the cell

What is the function of chloroplast?

site of photosynthesis

What is the function of the nucleolus?

site of the production of ribosomes

What is the function of ribosomes?

sites of protein synthesis

The concentration of the solute in the solution is lower than the concentration inside the cell. What type of solution is this?

Hypotonic Solution

When a cell is placed in this solution, water will enter the cell by osmosis causing it to swell. What type of solution is this?

Hypotonic Solution

Why does a plant cell need a large central vacuole? Why doesn't an animal cell have this type of vacuole?

A plant cell's large central vacuole provides the pant flood. The large central vacuole stores water to support the plant. An animal cell doesn't have this type of plant because it doesn't make food for the animal. The animal finds its own food to feed itself.

Explain what makes up a solution (solute being dissolved into a solvent-often H 2 O)

A solution is a mixture of two or more substances. The substances dissolved in the solution are called solutes.

What happens to animal cells if they are put in fresh water?

Animal cells will burst. High concentration outside ~> water will rush in (pure water are high in concentration)

What is the difference between flagella and cilia and describe their function

Both the flagella and cilia are used for movement. Flagella is a long whip like tail. Cilia is a bunch of tiny arms that wiggle.

Distinguish the differences and similarities of endo- and exo- cytosis

Endocytosis is the fusing of substances with the cell membrane that forms a vesicle that can bring large substances into the cell. Exocytosis is used to get rid of cell wastes and for getting important material out of the cell. Both requires energy, but endo moves in and exo moves out.

What process doesn't require energy?

Facilitative Diffusion

Plants take in O2 and release CO2 gas. True or False

False

The cell will shrivel when placed in this type of solution. What type of solution is this?

Hypertonic Solution

The concentration of the solute in the solution is higher than the concentration inside the cell. What type of solution is this?

Hypertonic Solution

Putting a plant in this solution will result in water loss and cause the plant to wilt. What type of solution is this?

Hypertonic Solution (low concentration, high solute ~> water rushes out)

Flagella and cilia are both used for movement. True or Flase

True

Define hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions

Hypotonic solution is when the solute outside is lower than the solute inside. In a hypotonic solution, water will rush in (from high concentration to low concentration). Isotonic solution is when the solute on the outside and inside are the same. Water would rush in and out at the same rate. Hypertonic solution is when the solute on the outside is higher than the solute inside, In a hypertonic solution, water will rush out.

Which solution would have equal levels of solute and solvent both in and out of the cell?

Isotonic

The concentration of the solute in the solution is the same as the concentration inside the cell. What type of solution is this?

Isotonic Solution

When a cell is placed in this type of solution, there will be equal amounts of water moving in and out of the cell at equal rates. What type of solution is this?

Isotonic Solution

When this solution is injected into the body no cell disruption occurs because no net osmosis occurs. What type of solution is this?

Isotonic Solution

Why is the plasma membrane important?

It allows nutrients to enter the cell, stops substances from entering that can be harmful to the cell, removes excess materials and wastes, exports material made inside the cell to an area. By doing all this, the plasma membrane maintains homeostasis.

Connect that fossil fuels come from dead plants

Most of our fossil fuel came from scale tree forests that covered the Earth long ago during the Carboniferous Period.

Describe osmosis and how water will travel (from ↑H 2 O to ↓ H 2 O)

Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Water will move from a highly concentrated region of water to a less concentrated region of water.

Why don't plant cells burst if a lot of water diffuses into them? (Hint: what is the purpose of a vacuole in a plant cell?)

Plant cells won't bust because they have cell walls to prevent the vacuole from growing too large. Animal cells don't have cells walls to do that.

Recall the gas exchange that happens in plants

Plants take in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen.

Identify what protein channels do for the cell transport (what is called for H 2 O)

Protein channels allow larger molecules or polar molecules through. It helps molecules that are too big to cross the membrane on their own.

Locate where ribosomes are in the cell and identify the function

Ribosomes can be found on the rough ER. Ribosomes assemble amino acids into polypeptides (protein chains).

What does the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) do? compare/contrast between the Rough ER and the Smooth ER

The ER creates a network of membranes that carry stuff around the cell. The rough ER helps in the synthesis and packaging of proteins and has ribosomes. The smooth ER acts as a factory warehouse, contains enzymes that help create important lipids, stores ion solution, and detoxifies substances (cell detox).

Why is the cell membrane selectively permeable?

The cell membrane's phospholipid bilayer prevents random things from drifting through the membrane. It only lets certain things go in and out.

Summarize the importance of the cell wall and what it is composed from

The cell wall gives the cell its shape and provides protection. It's composed of cellulose and lignin (not digestible)

Saltwater crabs have the same proportion of salt in their cells as the water that they live in. Considering this, what would happen to the cells of a crab if you put it in fresh water?

The cells would burst because the cell would gain too much water. The crab used to be in saltwater, but is now put into pure water. Water would rush in and cause the cell to swell and burst. This is a hypotonic solution.

Why is the most important plastid in the plant cell the chloroplast?

The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis, which is a process of converting light energy into food for plants.

Why is the membrane considered a fluid mosaic model?

The fatty acid tails move freely in the middle of the membrane. Proteins move among the currents provided by the fatty acids creating a fluid mosaic effect. Proteins also attach the membrane to the internal support structure. This is the key to the flexibility of the plasma membrane.

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic ("fearing water") and which is hydrophilic ("liking water")

The head (polar) is hydrophilic. The tail (non-polar) is hydrophobic.

What is the purpose of the nucleus, nucleolus (and what's chromatin?!)

The nucleus stores the cell's DNA, makes cell laws by using DNA, and uses DNA to build protein. The nucleolus is responsible for creating ribosomes. Chromatin holds DNA and is condensed to chromosomes before cell division.

Solute particles move from the side with a _________________________ of solute to the side of the membrane with __________________________ of solute. The solute particles will continue to diffuse across the membrane until equilibrium is reached.

a higher concentration, a lower concentration

Which cell transport methods require energy and goes from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration?

active transport

Which part of plasma membrane allows glucose to diffuse into the cell?

channel protein

What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

bacteria cell

Define pinocytosis

cell taking in a liquid by the cell membrane forming a vesicle around the liquid

________ are made of cellulose which are ______ made of repeating ______ units.

cell walls, polysaccharides, glucose

Facilitated Diffusion

diffusion using protein channels and requires no energy

What is the function of the nuclear membrane?

controls movement into and out of the nucleus

What is the function of the cell membrane?

controls the movement into and out of the cell

Most chemical reactions take place in the

cytoplasm

the "watery material inside the cell in which many chemical reactions take place and the organelles "float."

cytoplasm floats

Food coloring dropped into a cup of water is an example of?

diffusion

What is the function of cell plate?

during cytokinesis, the new cell wall that begins to form in the middle, dividing the two sides

Which cell transport is NOT passive and does not go from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

endocytosis

What is the active process that allows very large particles to exit the cell?

exocytosis

What is the function of the vacuole?

fluid filled organelles enclosed by a membrane; contains stored food or wastes

What is the function of the cell wall?

gives the cell its shape and provides protection; not found in animal cells

What is the function of flagella?

hairlike structures used for movement

What is the function of cilia?

hairlike structures with the capacity for movement

The heads of the phospholipids are...?

hydrophillic

The tails of phospholipids are...

hydrophobic

Which one of the following solutions would have more solute (like salt) outside the cell?

hypertonic

What is the function of the centrioles?

involved in cell division in animal cells

What is the function of lysosomes?

involved in the digestion of food within the cell

Which phrase best describes passive transport?

it does not require energy

This organelle was once its own organism and has its own DNA. This DNA is passed down generations and has identical DNA of the mother.

mitochondria

When molecules have reached equilibrium across a cell membrane, they...?

move in and out at equal rates

What does prokaryotic cells not contain?

nucleus

Which type of transport requires water to move across a semi-permeable membrane from high to low?

osmosis

Some molecules have no problem going through the cell membrane, directly through the phospholipid bilayers. What are some small and nonpolar molecules that fit this category?

oxygen and carbon dioxide gas

What is the function of golgi apparatus?

packages and secretes the products of the cell

What is the active process that allows the cell to engulf large particles like bacteria?

phagocytosis

What is a cell membrane made of?

phospholipid bilayer

Which part of the plasma membrane allows oxygen to diffuse into the cell?

phospholipids

What is the function of the ER?

serves as a pathway for the transport of materials throughout the cell; also associated with synthesis and storage

What is the function of the nucleus?

serves as the control center for cell metabolism

Which type of active transport uses energy to make molecules go from low to high concentration?

pinocytosis

Function of the Golgi apparatus

process proteins and packing them to be sent wherever they need to go

What is the function of chromosome?

rod-shaped bodies that carry genetic information

What is the property of the plasma membrane that makes it picky about what it allows in and out?

selective permeability

The cell membrane controls what comes in and out of the cell and only permits certain substances to pass through the membrane. The following term is given to the cell membrane do to this.

selective permeable

Define phagocytosis

taking in a solid; "engulfs" by the cell; the cell membrane forming around it and making a vesicle

What is the function of mitochondria?

the powerhouse of the cell (makes energy, ATP)

what is meant by "moves with the flow?"

to move from an area of high concentration to low concentration

The following organelle is responsible for creating turgor pressure in the plant cell which helps the plant maintain structure and not wilt.

vacuole

Explain the function of lysosome

waste management - cell digestion, filled with enzymes, takes cell waste and recycle material

What is the function of cytoplasm?

watery material which contains many of the materials involved in cell metabolism

What are examples of eukaryotic cells?

yeast, plant cells, animal cells