Biology Post Test (STUDY GUIDE)
An immune response to a usually harmless environmental substance is known as (1) an antigen (2) a vaccination (3) an allergy (4) a mutation
(3) an allergy
Nuclear power plants, which produce electrical energy, use large quantities of water for cooling. Often, small fish, larvae, and fish eggs are sucked in along with the cooling water and destroyed. This example illustrates how (1) industrialization can have positive and negative effects (2) removal of these organisms has no effect on an ecosystem (3) direct harvesting increases the natural fish population (4) energy is generated without producing wastes
Industrailiaztion
An invasive species, the spiny water flea, was recently found in a New York lake. These water fleas eat zooplankton, a food also consumed by native fishes. The fleas spread from lake to lake by attaching to fishing lines, anchor ropes, and boats. Which statement best describes the effect of the water flea on the lake? (1) It will not compete with animals in the local food chain. (2) It will feed on organisms that are important to other species. (3) The number of water fleas will decrease due to a lack of food. (4) There will be no effect on native species in the lake.
It will feed on organisms that are important to other species.
Scientists at Penn State have sequenced the DNA of the extinct woolly mammoth. The data suggested that the woolly mammoth was more closely related to present-day elephants than previously believed. https://www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/u/www/exam/regents/living_environment/pdfs/lenv82018_exam_images/img033_q_20.gif Which statement could account for the similarities between the woolly mammoth and present-day elephants? (1) Common gene mutations were caused by agents such as industrial chemicals and radiation. (2) Present-day species developed from earlier, different species. (3) Selective breeding results in offspring better able to survive. (4) Both animals have identical genetic information.
Present-day species developed from earlier, different species.
Which statement most accurately predicts the result of interfering with populations in the web? https://www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/u/www/exam/regents/living_environment/pdfs/lenv82018_exam_images/img014_q_5.gif (1) Removing the cricket population will have little effect on the balance of the food web. (2) Removing all the mountain lions from the food web will benefit the ecosystem. (3) Removing the cricket and rabbit popula- tions would cause the number of trees to decrease. (4) Removing deer from the food web will affect the rabbit and grass populations.A student designed an experiment to determine if air temperature had an effect on the rate of photosynthesis in corn plants. 31 Which tool is correctly paired with a procedure that could be used during this experiment? (1) an electronic balance to measure the volume of soil in which each corn plant is grown (2) a graduated cylinder to measure 30 mL of water for each plant daily (3) a metric ruler to determine the mass of each plant each week (4) a Celsius thermometer to determine the pH of the soil
Removing deer from the food web will affect the rabbit and grass populations.
Scientists have found a gene that makes a protein called PKG that controls certain behaviors in many types of ants. The soldier ant will help collect food when it has a low level of PKG. When it has a high level of PKG, the soldier ant will protect and defend its colony. Soldier ants that are given PKG are more likely to ignore food sources and attack intruders. Which conclusion can best be made from this information? (1) PKG protein is synthesized only by the soldier ants. (2) Genes control which type of amino acids a cell can make. (3) Eating too much protein makes some organisms very aggressive. (4) The behavior of soldier ants is controlled in part by the PKG protein.
The behavior of soldier ants is controlled in part by the PKG protein.
A student designed an experiment to determine if air temperature had an effect on the rate of photosynthesis in corn plants. Which tool is correctly paired with a procedure that could be used during this experiment? (1) an electronic balance to measure the volume of soil in which each corn plant is grown (2) a graduated cylinder to measure 30 mL of water for each plant daily (3) a metric ruler to determine the mass of each plant each week (4) a Celsius thermometer to determine the pH of the soil
a graduated cylinder to measure 30 mL of water for each plant daily
The ATP molecule above is commonly used to- IMAGE LINK (https://www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/u/www/exam/regents/living_environment/pdfs/lenv82018_exam_images/img027_q_16.gif) (1) actively transport molecules in an organism (2) diffuse water across a membrane (3) move molecules from a high to a low concentration (4) balance the nutrients in an ecosystem
actively transport molecules in an organism
The independent variable in this experiment is the (1) air temperature at which the corn plants were grown (2) amount of carbon dioxide used by the corn plants (3) volume of oxygen produced by the corn plants (4) number of corn plants used
air temperature at which the corn plants were grown
Single-celled organisms are able to maintain homeostasis, even though they lack higher levels of organization such as organs and organ systems, because (1) single-celled organisms do not carry out the same life processes as multicellular organisms (2) multicellular organisms do not rely on tissues or organs to carry out life processes (3) cell structures work together to maintain homeostasis in single-celled organisms (4) single-celled organisms are able to coordinate organ functions to maintain homeostasis
cell structures work together to maintain homeostasis in single-celled organisms
Which two factors could lead to the evolution of a species over time? (1) overproduction of offspring and no variation (2) changes in the genes of body cells and extinction (3) struggle for survival and fossilization (4) changes in the genes of sex cells and survival of the fittest
changes in the genes of sex cells and survival of the fittest
Which system in a multicellular organism functions most like the cytoplasm in a single- celled organism? (1) immune (2) reproductive (3) nervous (4) circulatory
circulatory
Stability within an ecosystem is achieved partially by the presence of organisms that break down important molecules and make them available for other organisms to use. These organisms are (1) plants (2) herbivores (3) scavengers (4) decomposers
decomposers
Which human activity most directly causes a significant increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? a) growing corn for food b) not using products containing plastics c) driving cars long distances d) planting large numbers of trees
driving cars long distances
The organic compounds that scientists use to cut, copy, and move segments of DNA are (1) carbohydrates (3) hormones (2) enzymes (4) starches
enzymes
An immune rresponse is primarliy due to the body's white blood cells recognizing a) a hormone imbalance b) abiotic organisms (3) foreign antigens (4) known antibiotics
foreign antigens
In an effort to reduce the number of deaths due to malaria, scientists have successfully introduced a gene into mosquitoes. The gene makes the mosquitoes unable to support the development of the parasite that causes malaria. The technique used to produce this new variety of mosquito is most likely (1) chromatography (2) genetic engineering (3) electrophoresis of genes (4) selective breeding
genetic engineering
Lobsters are crustaceans related to crayfish, crabs, and shrimp. Most lobsters are a reddish- brown color, but on rare occasions, they can be orange, blue, or even multicolored. These color differences can be caused by (1) genetic variations (2) different numbers of offspring ' (3) overpopulation and excessive resources (4) the instability of the ecosystem
genetic variations
The diagram below represents a feedback mechanism. https://www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/u/www/exam/regents/living_environment/pdfs/lenv82018_exam_images/img045_q_28.gif The hormone referred to in this feedback mechanism is (1) estrogen (2) insulin (3) progesterone (4) testosterone
insulin
Under the supervision of experts, certain areas in a nature preserve are regularly exposed to frequent, low-intensity fires. These controlled fires maintain specific populations of plants by directly (1) increasing the consumption of finite resources (2) decreasing the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere (3) stopping the process of evolution (4) interfering with the process of ecological succession
interfering with the process of ecological succession
Genetic researchers have discovered a number of different gene mutations that have led to the development of cancer. These mutations affect how frequently a cell reproduces. Which process would be directly influenced by these mutations? (1) differentiation of cells in an embryo (2) meiotic cell division (3) division of sperm and egg cells (4) mitotic cell division
mitotic cell division
Fat molecules typically contain long chains of carbon atoms. Animals tend to store fats for use when food resources are scarce. This is an advantage to the animal because (1) much energy can be gained by breaking the bonds between atoms in the fats (2) fats give off carbon dioxide that can be used by the muscles (3) amino acids from fat synthesis are more easily digested than carbohydrates (4) energy can only be created by digesting fats
much energy can be gained by breaking the bonds between atoms in the fats
A stable ecosystem can have high biodiversity because each species in that ecosystem (1) occupies a different niche (2) inhabits a different environment (3) is part of a different community (4) lives in a different biosphere
occupies a different niche
While looking at the bottom surface of a leaf with a compound light microscope, a student notices pairs of cells with openings between them on the surface of the leaf. The main purpose of these openings and the cells that surround them is (1) removing excess sugars (2) synthesis of carbon dioxide (3) regulating gas exchange (4) purification of water
regulating gas exchange
As human red blood cells mature, they lose their nuclei. As a result of this loss, which process would be impossible for mature red blood cells to carry out? (1) excretion (2) respiration (3) reproduction (4) transport
reproduction
Sharks are often followed by smaller fish that eat some of the scraps from the organisms eaten by the shark. These smaller fish are acting as (1) decomposers (2) scavengers (3) producers (4) herbivores
scavengers
A factor not shown in the diagram that provides energy for living organisms is (1) carbon dioxide (2) water (3) the Sun (4) oxygen
the Sun
The photographs below are side-by-side images of twins A and B with identical genetic information. Twin A is a nonsmoker, while twin B is a longtime smoker. https://www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/u/www/exam/regents/living_environment/pdfs/lenv82018_exam_images/img038_q_23.gif The best explanation for the differences in the appearance of the twins is that (1) twin B is older than twin A (2) they each inherited half of their DNA from each parent (3) the expression of genes is influenced by the environment (4) one twin resembles the mother and the other resembles the father
the expression of genes is influenced by the environment
After a lake dried up during a severe drought, a section of undisturbed rock layers was exposed. The layers are represented below. https://www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/u/www/exam/regents/living_environment/pdfs/lenv82018_exam_images/img048_q_29.gif This sequence of rock layers best illustrates the concept that (1) the living and nonliving environment both change over time (2) it is important to preserve the diversity of species and habitats (3) new inheritable characteristics can result from the recombining of genes (4) living organisms have the capacity to produce populations of unlimited size
the living and nonliving environment both change over time
Some organisms in an ecosystem are represented in the pyramid below. https://www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/u/www/exam/regents/living_environment/pdfs/lenv82018_exam_images/img051_q_30.gif In the pyramid, the arrows labeled X represent 1) the loss of organisms due to predation (2) a decrease in photosynthetic organisms (3) the loss of energy in the form of heat (4) a decrease in available oxygen
the loss of energy in the form of heat
Acid rain is a major problem in the Adirondack Mountains. Evidence that acid rain negatively affected the Adirondack ecosystem is that (1) this rain has increased the amount of water in Adirondack lakes (2) there has been a decrease in the variety of fish found in Adirondack lakes (3) the amount of carbon dioxide in the air over the Adirondack Mountains has drastically decreased in recent years (4) the number of heterotrophic organisms in Adirondack lakes has increased
there has been a decrease in the variety of fish found in Adirondack lakes
To clone a mammal, a cloned embryo is often put into an adult female of the same species to continue internal development. The structure in which the embryo will develop is the (1) ovary (2) placenta (3) uterus (4) egg
uterus