Biology the Core 2nd edition Chapter 10
How many of the animal phyla include single-celled animals?
0
Most animals fall into one of how many phyla?
9
Which features are used to identify chordates?
A hollow nerve cord A notochord A tail during embryonic development
What do sharks have in common with goldfish?
A lateral line system
On which continent would you have seen the very earliest members of Homo sapiens?
Africa
What is the main difference between amphibians and reptiles?
Amphibians are tied to water for reproduction, while reptiles have amniotic eggs that can survive on dry land.
Serial repetition of segments is a defining characteristic of which worm phylum?
Annelids
Which phylum of worms includes the leeches?
Annelids
To which group do orangutans belong?
Anthropoid apes
What defines radial symmetry?
Any plane of symmetry passing through the center of the organism splits it into equal halves.
Which arthropod subgroup includes the spiders?
Arachnids
Which of the following is human's closest living relative?
Chimpanzees
How might an early primate's environment lead to the evolution of a large brain in relation to body size?
Early primates lived in trees, and to live in a tree requires excellent hand-eye coordination, agility, and balance. These traits require increased brain power to function optimally.
Humans belong to which subgroup of mammals?
Eutherians
Parasites have often been described incorrectly as having "devolved" from a more highly evolved organism. Why would it be more accurate to say that they are just as evolved as any other organism?
Evolution does not have an end goal. Every organism has evolved to perfectly fit its particular environment. A person could not live in another organism's intestine or liver, but a parasite can. To say that one organism is more or less evolved, or that it has somehow evolved backwards, is a subjective statement based one's perspective of value.
Which type of worm lacks a complete digestive tract?
Flatworms
Which evolved first, plants or animals? What evidence exists for your answer? Explain your reasoning as to why one would have evolved 100 million years prior to the other.
Fossil and DNA evidence supports the hypothesis that animals evolved around 600 million years ago and that plants evolved 500 million years ago. Despite the increased complexity of an animal over a plant, the animals had a head start because they evolved in the water and plants evolved on land.
Which one of the following is a defining characteristic of animals but not of plants?
Heterotrophic
Which arthropod subgroup includes those with six legs?
Insects
Which group of fishes evolved first?
Jawless fishes
Although exceptions do exist, which is a distinctively amphibian trait?
Juveniles have gills, and adults have lungs. Respiration occurs through the skin. Skin is smooth with no scales, feathers, or hair.
Which is most closely related to the hagfish?
Lamprey
Which are primates?
Lemurs Apes Monkeys
What characterizes terrestrial tetrapods?
Lives on land, has four limbs
Which group of fishes gave rise to the amphibians?
Lobe-finned fishes
Which subgroup of mammals raises their young in pouches?
Marsupials
What do sponges and cnidarians differ?
Organization of cells into tissues Mobility Symmetry
Which body form of the cnidarians is sessile?
Polyp
What is the function of a fish's operculum?
Protects the gills
Which phylum is most closely related to the arthropods?
Roundworms
What are the key characteristics of arthropods?
Segmented bodies, tough exoskeleton, and jointed appendages
Which chordate trait evolved first?
Skull and backbone
Which of the following phyla is the most diverse and numerous?
The arthropods
Many, though not all, mollusks have a shell. What secretes the shell?
The mantle
In terms of food collection, what is an advantage of radial and bilateral symmetry? Include examples of both forms of symmetry in your answer.
The radial symmetry of cnidarians and echinoderms allows them to move equally well in all directions to respond to stimuli and to feed or capture prey. The bilateral symmetry of arthropods, annelids, and chordates (to name a few) allows them to specialize food capture and movement in one direction.
Compared to mammals and reptiles, what characteristic prevents amphibians from surviving far from water?
Their eggs do not have an amnion which prevents them from drying out.
What happened during the Cambrian explosion?
There was a rapid diversification of animal forms.
Which of the following best describes sponges?
They are asymmetrical, lack tissues, and do not move.
Which of the following best describes mollusks?
They are bilaterally symmetrical and have a soft body sometimes covered with a shell.
Which of the following best describes cnidarians?
They have radial body symmetry, tissues, and stinging cells.
Birds are a type of reptile.
True
Roundworms are more closely related to arthropods than to flatworms.
True
How do bony fish regulate buoyancy?
With an air-filled swim bladder
If you traveled back in time and met a living hominin, which clues might tell you that your new friend was in the genus Australopithecus and not Homo?
You had traveled 3.5 million years into the past.
All vertebrates have ________.
a skull and a backbone
tworms are most closely related to the ________.
annelids
The echinoderms are most closely related to the ________.
chordates
The first animals evolved from ________.
colonies of protists
The radial symmetry of adult echinoderms could best be described as ________.
fivefold symmetrical
All mammals ________.
have mammary glands
Some restaurants serve seafood platters that contain oysters, mussels, and clams. Such platters therefore consist of ________.
mollusks
Sponges are found ________.
mostly in seawater
Being a heterotroph means ________.
obtaining your food by eating other organisms
Gastropods are the most numerous group of mollusks and include the ________.
snails and slugs
Worms all appear to be closely related but have distinct evolutionary histories, resulting in the classification of worms into ________ phyla.
three
Most chordates are ________.
vertebrates
