History Test 1
______________, _______________, and _____________ decimated the native american population.
small pox; measles; influenza
The founder of germantown was ________________.
francis daniel pastonus
During the slave trade between the 16th and 19th centuries, ________________ were brought to the americas. Most were sold in _________ or in the ___________.
7 million blacks; brazil; caribbean
In southern backcountry between 1685 and 1790, the indian population dropped ____________________.
72%
It is estimated that about __________ africans were taken to the new world as slaves.
10.7 million
by 1670, import duties on tobacco accounted for almost.
100,000
Some ______________ years ago, ______________ substantially reduced the glaciers, allowing _____________________ to pour into the heart of the North American continent.
12,000; global warming; nomadic hunters
The first migrants reached the North American continent some __________ years ago
15 to 20 thousand
The year _________ saw publication of the first bible in english.
1539
During colonial times approximately 50% of the population was under the age of ______________.
16
In the New England colony in the 17th century males who survived infancy has a good chance to reach their ______________ birthday.
17th
One visitor to New Amsterdam (which was later named new york) said he heard ___________ spoken in the city.
18 different languages
After this first voyage of discovery, colombus returned to the New World _____________.
3 or more times
More than _______ languages had evolved in North America before european conquest.
300
In one year with the war with the french the colony of massachusetts enlisted _______________ men out of an adult population of about ____________ men.
5,000; 50,000
Before 1640, the ratio of males to females in the chesapeake region was ___________.
6 to 1
In the early days of the Virginia colony, men outnumbered women by as much as _____________. "Women were scarcer that _________ or ____________ in virginia and ___________________________.
6 to 1; corn; liquor; fetched a higher price
In 1754 new france contained about _________________ inhabitants and the english american colonies contained _________________ inhabitants.
75,000; 1.2 million
Twenty percent of the men of the first generation reached the age of _____.
80
One historian estimates that _______________ of adult white males in massachusetts were eligible to participate in elections.
95%
_________________ envisioned the formation of a grand council, made up of elected delegates from various colonies, to oversee matters of common defense, western expansion and indian affairs.
Albany plan
The ________________, __________________, _________________, and _________________ formed distinct regional identities in colonial america that have survived to the present day.
Chesapeake; new england colonies; middle colonies; southern colonies
Who was the Aztec sun god?
Huitzilopochtli
Roger Williams
a puritan later reformed baptist, proponent of religious freedom and separation from the church and state
Anne Hutchinson
a puritan, important participant in the antinomian controversy
Agricultural Revolution
Shift to basic crops and profoundly altered native american societies
________________ possessed an intuitive sense of how this ________________ could be turned to his own advantage, and he embraced the latest merchandizing techniques.
Whitefield; burgeoning consumer society
Middle ground
a geographical area where two distinct cultures meet and merge with neither holding a clear upper hand
Sir Edmund Andros
a military veteran of tyrannical temperament, he alienated everyone in boston, and enforced navigation acts
Great awakening
a sudden spontaneous, and fervent series of protestant evangelical revivals beginning in the 1730s and through the 1740s and 1750s that occurred throughout the colonies. the great awakening encouraged men and women to take an active role in their salvation and helped connect scatter colonists together with a unifying belief that, with Gods assistance, social and political progress was possible in colonial america
George Calvert
founding of maryland, publicly declared his catholicism and lost his position in government but retained the crown
Because Native Americans died of disease and the migration of indentured servants stopped coming, european planters turned to __________________.
african laborers
the process of established african american tradtions involved an imaginative reshaping of african and european customs into something that was neither african nor european but _______________.
african american
Articles of Capitulation
agreed upon b/w Jean-Baptiste, Kings Lutinient, admiral sir Charles sanders and general George Townshend on behalf of the french and British crowns during the 7-year war
Mayflower Compact
agreement among the pilgrims aboard the mayflower in 1620 to create a civil government at plymouth colony
The aztec ritual of human sacrifice was connected to the _______________________ and the indians believed the ___________ of their victims possessed ____________________________.
agricultural cycle; blood; extraordinary fertility powers
Aztecs
an aggressive war like group of people that swept through the valley of mexico
Becon's rebellion
an armed rebellion in VA. led by nathaniel bacon against the colonies royal gov. sir william berkley
Mercantilism
assumed that the supply of the wealthy was fixed to increase its wealth, a nation needed to export more goods that it imported. favorable trade and protective economic policies and colonial possessions rich in raw material were imported in achieving this balance
A region stretching approximately eight hundred miles from western pennsylvania to georgia was called the __________________.
backcountry
Joint-Stock Company
business enterprise that enabled investors to pool money for commerce and funding for colonies
Protestant Reformation
caused major changes in england during the 16th century
Also during this period Native Americans began to produce ______________, a valuable technology for the storage of grain.
ceramics
Mestizos
children of mixed race
Virgin of Guadalupe
christian reported a vision of the virgin a dark skinned woman of obvious indian ancestry
Twenty thousand years ago the earth's climate was considerably __________ than it is today
colder
The decimation of native american people was an aspect of ecological transformation known as _____________________________.
colombian exchange
Navigation acts
commercial restrictions that regulated colonial commerce to favor englands accumulation of wealth
Although different regions of the colonies were being pulled into englands ___________ orbit, they _________ have much to do with each other.
commerical; did not
The Massachusetts bay colonists gradually came to accept a highly innovative form of church government known as ____________________ in which each village church was independent of outside interference.
congregationalism
The Indians introduced the invaders to plants such as ________ and ______________.
corn; potatoes
Pilgrims
crossed the atlantic on the mayflower in search of religious liberty
The earliest recorded contracts between indians and explorers suggested ________________ and _______________ rather than _______________.
curiosity; surprise; hostility
After 1660, the virginia economy suffered a long _________.
depression
John Calvin
developed calvinism during the protestant reformation
______________ is what ultimately destroyed the cultural integrity of many North American tribes.
disease
Treaty of Tordesillas
divided the entire world along a line located 270 degrees west of the azores
The spanish also brought catholicism to the new world, ______________ and ________________, the two largest religious orders, established Indian missions throughout new spain.
dominicans; franciscans
________________________ incorporated massachusetts, connecticut, rhode island, plymouth, new york, new jersey, and new hamshire under a single appointed royal governor.
dominion of new england
Early American farmers were not _________________; the belief that they were is a popular misconception.
economically sufficient
John Calvin stressed the lord chose some persons for ____________ the gift of salvation while condemning others to __________________.
election; eternal damnation
Lawes and Liberties
enacted in 1648, served as the basis for criminal and civil law
To control the ambitious conquistadors the spanish crown found a particular solution in the _____________________.
encomienda system
An ________________ were intermediary trade and shipping center where bulk cargoes were broken up for inland distribution and where agricultural products were gathered for export.
entrepots
The english crown awarded colonial charters to a wide variety of _______________, ________________, and _________________ who established separate and profoundly different colonies.
entrepreneurs; religious idealists; aristocratic adventures
Unlike new england settlers, the men and women who emigrated to the chesapeake area did not move in ____________________.
family units
The political unification of spain began in 1469 with the marriage of __________________ and ___________________.
ferdinard of aragon; isabella of castile
Renaissance
fostered a more expansive outlook among literate people in the arts and sciences
Captain John Smith
fought the hungarian army against the turks, saved from death by various beautiful women. brought order of anarchy in virginia
William Penn
found Pennsylvania, according to the "inner light", awarded the "penns woods" by the king
On may 18, 1756, the british officially declared war on the french, a conflict call the _______________ in america and the _________________ in europe.
french and indian war; seven years war
____________ were canada's most valuable export.
furrs
The population in the colonies grew at higher rates with ____________ and ____________ immigrants coming in large numbers and so too did ____________________.
german; scots-irish; african slaves
French Kind Francis I sponsored the unsuccessful efforts of ____________________ to find a short water route to china around or through north america.
giovanni de verrazzano
The portuguese journeyed to africa in search of _______ and _____________.
gold; slaves
A sudden, spontaneous series of protestant revivals known as the _________________ had a profound impact on american society and to rethink the basic assumption of church and state.
great awakening
By 1750, more than half of american exports went to _________________.
great britain
___________ was the first institution of higher learning founded in englands mainland colonies.
harvard
Colonists who covered their own transportation costs to america were guaranteed a ________________, 50-acre lot for which they paid only a small annual ___________. Adventures were granted additional ________________ for each ____________ they brought to the colony.
headright; rent; headlights; servant
________________, the first Tudor monarch, brought peace to england after a bitter civil war.
henry VII
The Mayan and Toltec peoples of Central Mexico built vast cities; formed government bureaucracies which developed _________________ as well as an ___________________.
hieroglyphic writing; accurate solar calendar
Martin Luther
important figure in the protestant reformation and rejected some catholic teachings
Backcountry
in the eighteenth century, the edge of settlement extending from western pennsylvania to georgia. this region formed the second frontier as settlers moved west from the atlantic coast into the interior
Dominion of New England
incorporation of the new england colonies under a single appointed royal governor that lasted from 1686-1689
Entrepot
intermediary trade and shipping centers where bulk cargoes were broken up for inland distribution and where agricultural products were gathered for support
The native americans never intended to __________________ themselves completely from european contact.
isolate
The colony of georgia owed its existence to ____________________.
james oglethorpe
Only indians bothered to cultivate tobacco until ________________ a settler who achieved notoriety by marrying pocahontas, realized this local weed might be a valuable ____________.
john rolfe; export
To solve the vast expense to New world settlements was the _____________________ a business organization in which scores of people could invest without fear of bankruptcy.
joint-stock company
metacomet, wampanoag chief the whites call _____________ declared war against the colonists.
king philip
Beringia
land bridge that was created by receding water, it connected asia and north america. it is now submerged beneath the bering sea
By early seventeenth century, the dutch had established themselves as europes most aggressive traders which possessed the worlds _________________________.
largest merchant fleet
the puritans believed in a rule of law and they drew up the ____________________ the first alphabetized code of law printed in english.
lawes and liberties
El Pope
led a major rebellion in 1680 where the native people drove the whites completely out of new mexico
Encomienda
made colonizers more dependent on the king
polygamy
marriage to many spouses
Jamestown
marshy penninsula, americas most unsuccessful villages but the europeans thought it was promising
Quakers
members of radical religious group, formally known as the society of friends, that rejects formal theology and stress each persons "inner light", a spiritual guide to righteousness
Puritans
members of reformed protestant sect. in europe and america that insisted on removing all vestiges of catholicism from religious practice
Conquistadores
men eager for personal glory and material gain; in matters of religion. they are unwavering of the crown
because trading nations were engaged in a fierce competition for the worlds resources one commercial nations success translated directly into a loss for its rivals was called _______________.
mercantilism
Since so few women migrated to the new world, the men often married indians and blacks, unions which produced _____________ and _____________.
mestizos; mulattos
Stability resulting from the agricultural revolution allowed indians from _____________ and ______________________ to structure their societies in more complex ways.
mexico; central america
Great Migration
migration of 16,000 puritans from england to the massachusetts bay colony during the 1630's
In theory, the english constitution contained three distinct parts, the _____________, then the ___________________, and finally the __________________.
monarch; house of lords; house of commons
By 1650, most west africa salves were destined for the __________ rather than the ____________________.
new world; middle east
During the 17th century, the New England colonies attracted neither __________ nor _________.
noblemen; paupers
In the tenth century, scandinavian seafarers known as ___________________ actually established settlements in the new world.
norsemen or vikings
Ministers expected people convicted of capitol crimes to ___________________________ before their own execution.
offer a full public confession of their sins
The first human beings to set on the North American continent were ___________
paleo indians
Since the ______________ did not domesticate animals, not even ___________, they may have avoided the microbes that caused virulent European and African diseases.
paleo indians; horses
The godly family was ruled by a ______________, father to his children, husband to his wife, the source of authority and object of ______________________.
patriarch; unquestioned obedience
What indians desired most was __________________.
peaceful trade
Consumer revolution
period between 1740 and 1770 when english exports to the american colonies increased by 360 percent to satisfy americas demand for consumer goods
Indentured servants
persons who agreed to serve a master for a set number of years in exchange for the cost of transport to america
Enlightenment
philosophical and intellectual movement that began in europe during the 18th century. it stressed the use of reason to solve social and scientific problems
Because of an error in navigation, the ______________ landed not in ____________ but in ________________.
pilgrims; virginia; new england
Albany plan
plan of intercolonial cooperation proposed by prominent colonists including Benjamin Franklin at a conference in Albany, New york, in1754. The plan called for a grand council of elected delegates from the colonies that would have powers to tax and provide for the common defense. although rejected by the colonial and british governments, it was a prototype for colonial union.
Creole
planters who held more blacks and could grow more tobacco, thus acquiring fresh capital needed to purchase additional laborers
In 1746, the new light presbyterians established __________________ university. Other universities included __________________, ________________, and ______________________.
princeton;
The invention of ______________ in the 1440's greatly facilitated the spread of technical knowledge and communication revolution.
printing
Believers in an extreme form of Antinomianism, the _______________ saw no need for a learned ministry, since no one persons interpretation of scripture was as valid as anyone elses.
quakers
Enumerated goods
raw material, such as tobacco, sugar, and rice, that were produced in the british colonies under the navigation acts had to be shipped only to england or its colonies
Antinomianism
religious belief rejecting traditional moral law as unnecessary for Christians who possess saving grace and affirming that a person could experience divine revelation and salvation w/o assistance from clergy
The first germans to come to the new world hoped of finding _______________ but the second wave of german immigrants came to improve ___________________.
religious toleration; their material lives
Glorious revolution
replacement of James II by william III and mary II as english monarchs in 1688, marking the beginning of constitutional monarch in britian
Spectral evidence
reports of dreams and visions in which the accused appeared as the devils agent
King charles took up arms against the supports of parliament and the confrontation between _______________ and ____________________ set off a long and bloody conflict, known as the ______________________.
royalists; parliamentarians; english civil war
French settler ___________________ founded quebec in 1608.
samuel de champiain
The spanish empire in north america included widely dispersed settlements such as ____________________, ____________________, ___________________, _______________________, and ___________________.
san francisco; san diego; santa fe; san antonio; and st. augustine
William byrd encountered highly independent men and women of european descent that he regarded as living no better than _____________ and attributed this uncivilized behavior to a diet of too much ____________________.
savages; pork
Jacob Leisler
seized the fort william and mary. he resented the anglo-dutch, he was not popular among the people
John Rolfe
settler who married pocahontas. found and grew tobacco-then sold it for money
Indentured Servants
single male immigrants who came to the new world in their teens or early 20's
The driving force behind the founding of maryland was __________________ later ___________ which for ____________ later became a sanctuary.
sir george calvert; lord baltimore; cecilius
Children born to a slave women became ________ regardless of their fathers race.
slaves
Royal African Company
slaving company created to meet colonial planters demands for black laborers
Paleo-Indians
small bands of spear throwing indians who lived in the glaciers of the north
Because of the changing weather conditions the Indians developed new food sources, at first ___________, ____________, _______________, _______________, and _____________, and then they discovered how to cultivate _________________
smaller; mammals; fish; nuts; berries; certain plants
Yeomen
southern small landholders who owned no slaves and who lived primarily in the foothills of the appellation and ozark mountains
Hernan Cortes
spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the aztec empire
_____________ is when reports of dreams and visions in which the accused appears as the devils agent.
spectral evidence
Various indian groups who contested the english settlers for control of coastal lands suffered terribly, sometimes from war, but more often from ______________ such as ___________________.
spread of contagious disease; small pox
____________, a patuxt indian, who knew english helped the pilgrims learn about hunting and agriculture to survive in the new england area.
squanto
Sumptuary Laws
statues that limited the wearing of fine apparel to the wealthy and prominent
The most serious slave rebellion of the colonial period was the _________________.
stono uprising
_____________________ limited the wearing of fine apparel to the wealthy and prominent to curb the pretensions of those of lower status.
sumptuary laws
Headright
system of land distribution in which settlers were granted a 50-acre plot of land from the colonial government for each servant encouraged recruitment of a large servile labor force
In 1519, the Aztecs' main ceremonial center, __________________ contained as many as 250,000 people as compared with seville which had _____________.
tenochtitlan; 50,000
English Civil War
the confrontation between royalists and parliamentarians
Columbian Exchange
the decimation of native american peoples was an aspect of ecological transformation
House of Burgesses
the elective representative assembly in colonial virginia
Stono rebellion
the most serious slave rebellion of the colonial period, 150 south carolina blacks
John Gooce, a member of the assembly and an outspoken protestant, formed a group called _________________.
the protestant association
________________ allowed judges in england, scotland, and ireland to send convicted felons to the american colonies.
the transportation act
Itinerant preachers
these charismatic preachers spread revivalism throughout america during the great awakening
In the chesapeake region, the stable crop was ____________.
tobacco
In the chesapeake, the economy was based almost entirely on _____________ which also created a huge demand for ________________ and ________________.
tobacco; indentured servants; black slaves
Peace of paris of 1763
treaty ending the french and indian war by which france ceded canada and britian
The __________________________ (1494) divided the entire world along a line located 270 leagues west of the Azores.
treaty of tordesillas
The population of the english colonies doubled approximately every _______________.
twenty five years
French jesuits seemed especially eager to _____________________________________ of native american women.
undermine the independence
The wealthy planters in the chesapeake worried that ____________ and ______________ would rebel at the slightest provocation.
unhappy servants; impoverished freemen
Angry pueblo indians at taos reportedly fed the hated spanish friars corn tortillas containing ___________________.
urine and mouse meat
The first Portuguese who explored the african coast during the fifteenth century encountered a great ________________________________.
variety of political and religious cultures
In sharp contrast to the english frontier settlement in north america of the 18th century, the spanish outposts grew ______________________.
very slowly
The first permanent european settlement was established in ________________ and named __________________.
what would be come the united states; st. augustine
In Pennsylvania in 1699 the settlement has prospered with its agricultural products, especially its __________.
wheat
Cristoforo Colombo
who gained america from spain
Who was the founder of the Pennsylvania colony?
william penn
In west africa the elder clan leaders made the critical decisions on who would receive land or who might take a wife, where ______________ and ___________ cultivated.
women; children
Seven year war
worldwide conflict that pitted britian against france. with help from the american colonists, the british won the war and eliminated france as a power on the north american continent. also known as the french and indian war.
Hieroglyphics
writing systems created by the myan and toltec people
