Biology - Unit 8: Human Anatomy and Physiology

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pneumococcus

A bacterium that causes infections, most commonly in the lungs

thromboplastin

A chemical found in platelets and cell tissue needed to clot blood

fibrin

A chemical involved in blood clotting, produced from fibrinogen

fibrinogen

A chemical involved in blood clotting, which is converted to fibrin

prothrombin

A chemical involved in the clotting process of blood which is converted to thrombin

thrombin

A chemical involved in the process of blood clotting produced from prothrombin

hormone

A chemical messenger produced in one part of the body which has its effect on another part such as insulin and corticoids.

jaundice

A condition resulting from bile in the blood, in which a patient's skin has a yellow color

loop of Henle

A descending and ascending limb of the kidney tubules

filariasis

A disease caused by roundworms blocking lymphatic channels

electrocardiogram

A graph detecting the electrical changes in the heart as it beats

hemophilia

A hereditary disease in which the victim's blood does not clot well

sickle cell anemia

A hereditary disease which causes red blood cells to deform into a curved shape

insulin

A hormone secreted by the pancreas which lowers the level of the blood sugar.

albumin

A protein found in the blood serum similar to that in the white of an egg

antibody

A protein produced by the body to combat foreign substances

enzyme

A protein that induces chemical changes in other substances

erythrocyte

A red blood cell

hemoglobin

A red pigment which allows the erythrocytes to pick up and drop off oxygen molecules

urinary bladder

A sac which temporarily stores urine until it is excreted

urinary bladder

A sac which temporarily stores urine until it is excreted.

surfactant

A substance that lines alveoli and prevents them from collapsing

antigen

A substance that stimulates the production of an antibody

capillary

A tiny vessel through which diffusion takes place between the blood and the body tissues

bronchiole

A very tiny tube that dead ends in an alveolus within the lungs

leukocyte

A white blood cell

appendix

A worm-like organ attached to the junction of the small and large intestine.

epiglottis

An elastic cartilage located at the root of the tongue that folds over the windpipe to prevent food from entering during swallowing

methane

An inflammable gas produced by bacteria in the large bowel

spleen

An organ concerned with the filtering of blood, the destruction of old cells, and the production of lymphocytes

pancreas

An organ just beneath the stomach that produces digestive enzymes and insulin

renal artery

Arteries taking blood into the kidneys

intestinal flora

Bacteria within the large intestine which help break down digested food material

lymph node

Beadlike structures within the lymphatic system that filter the lymph

hypertension

Blood pressure that is too high

artery

Blood vessel leaving the heart

leukemia

Cancer of the leukocytes, a disease more common in children

atrioventricular node

Conducts the signal from the sinoatrial node to the rest of the heart

myocardial infarction

Death of heart muscle due to absent blood supply

albumen

Egg white

buboes

Greatly enlarged lymph nodes as a result of infection

artery

Heavy walled vessels which carry blood away from the heart

lymph

Interstitial liquid, the liquid between cells, not in the blood or the cells

borborygmi

Intestinal gurgling sounds

elephantiasis

Massive elephant-like swelling of the lower parts of the body due to filariasis, a tropical infectious disease

atrium

One of the two thin-walled chambers that receive blood into the heart from the veins

endocrine

Pertaining to hormones

coronary

Refers to the arteries that supply blood to the heart

integument

Refers to the skin and its accessory structures

cilia

Short filaments which wave in a coordinated fashion to move mucus

dehydration

Significant loss of body water

arteriole

Small artery

bronchial tube

Smaller branches of the bronchi within the lungs

feces

Solid waste from the large bowel

salivary glands

Structures in the head and neck that secrete saliva

edema

Swelling of part of the body due to accumulated interstitial fluid

absorption

Taking in nutrients through the small intestine

larynx

The "voice box" in the neck, which contains the vocal cords

pharynx

The back part of the mouth and nasal cavity

edema

The back-up of liquid in the body, causing swelling

bubonic plague

The black death, a recurrent epidemic disease during the Middle Ages

abdominal cavity

The cavity that lies between the thorax and the pelvis

platelet

The cellular element within the blood that is important in clotting

ileum

The distal half of the small bowel

respiration

The exchange and chemical conversion of gases between your body and the environment

duodenum

The first piece of the small bowel, into which empties the bile and pancreatic juices

nephron

The functioning unit of the kidney that produces urine

myocardium

The heart muscle

medulla

The innermost layer of a body organ like the kidney or adrenal gland

plasma

The liquid portion of the blood

serum

The liquid portion of the blood with the clotting factors removed

interstitial fluid

The liquid that surrounds the cells in the body, lymph

anus

The lower opening of the intestinal tract

jejunum

The middle part of the small bowel

bicuspid valve

The mitral valve

cortex

The outer part of an organ, like the adrenal gland, cerebrum, or kidney

Bowman's capsule

The part of the nephron in the kidney that receives the wastes from the blood in the glomerulus.

excretion

The passage of waste material out of the body

phagocytosis

The process of a cell engulfing its food, literally "cell eating"

dialysis

The process of artificially filtering wastes from blood

filtration

The process the kidneys perform to remove waste from the blood.

diastole

The relaxation and dilation of the heart chambers that allows them to fill with blood

physiology

The study of the function of living organisms

metabolism

The sum of all body chemistry

ureter

The tube connecting the kidney to the urinary bladder

urethra

The tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside

bronchi

The two tubes into which the trachea divide to go into each lung

pylorus

The valve at the lower end of the stomach

mitral valve

The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle

aortic valve

The valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

endocardium

Thick, fibrous inner layer of the heart

epicardium

Thin filmy tissue surrounding the heart

capillary

Tiny blood vessels between arterioles and venules

glomerulus

Tiny groups of blood capillaries and urinary tubes that filter blood

alveoli

Tiny sacs within the lungs which increase the surface available for gas exchange

macrophages

White blood cells that eat pathogens and cellular debris

lymph

lymphatic, Interstitial fluid that is transported in lymphatic vessels


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