BIOLOGY - UNIT 8: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
parathyroid hormone
(PTH). The hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland which regulates calcium metabolism
eye is composed of three layers
, the sclera, the choroid, and the retina
epilepsy
A brain problem that causes seizures
hormone
A chemical messenger produced in one part of the body which has its effect on another part like insulin and corticoids.
cytokine
A chemical that acts on its local tissue environment
retina
A delicate light-sensitive membrane covering the inside of the eyeball and connected by the optic nerve to the brain
pathogen
A disease-causing organism; a germ.
thyroid gland
A gland in the neck region where thyroxine is produced
thyroid gland
A gland in the neck region which produces the hormone thyroxine which increases the rate of body metabolism
electroencephalogram
A graph showing the brain waves.
allergen
A harmless antigen that stimulates an immune response
vaccine
A harmless form of a disease-causing organism that builds immunity to the disease.
thyroxine
A hormone secreted by the thyroid which regulates the rate of body metabolism, or chemical reactions
thyroxine
A hormone that increases the metabolic rate
cone
A photoreceptor cell which functions best in bright light. It detects color
rod
A photoreceptor cell which is more responsive in dim light. It detects only black and white.
antidiuretic hormone
A posterior pituitary hormone that increases water retention by the kidney
antibody
A protein produced by the body to combat foreign particles.
leprosy
A slowly progressive bacterial infection of skin and nerves
iris
A special part of the choroid layer composed of colorful tissue around the dark pupil of the eye
sclera
A structure composed of fibrous tissue surrounding the eye to give it shape
semicircular canal
A structure in the inner ear composed of three looped tubes at right angles to each other that serves to maintain balance and orientation
antigen
A substance that stimulates the production of an antibody
acetylcholine
A transmitter substance from the nervous system that causes muscle contraction
vitreous humor
A transparent jellylike substance filling the eyeball
aqueous humor
A transparent liquid which is located between the cornea and iris
epinephrine
An adrenal hormone (adrenaline) that stimulates autonomic nerve action. It is responsible for giving a person the ability to respond quickly and with added strength when frightened or angry.
goiter
An enlarged thyroid gland
cholinesterase
An enzyme which neutralizes acetylcholine at the synapse between muscle and nerve, thus stopping contraction
autonomic
Automatic; not needing conscious input
concussion
Blow to the head that disrupts the function of the brain
phagocytosis
Cells eating other cells or substances.
paracrine
Chemical substances acting locally
hyperopia
Farsightedness
parathyroid gland
Four small endocrine glands within the thyroid gland in the neck which produce PTH
parathyroid glands
Four small glands located on the back of the thyroid gland
endocrine gland
Glands which are ductless and secrete their products directly into the circulatory system via blood vessels going through them
corticoid
Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which regulates metabolism, and balances salt and water within the body
cerebrospinal fluid
Liquid surrounding the brain and spinal cord
astigmatism
Localized distortion of light through the cornea is called .
androgen
Male hormone
ciliary muscle
Muscles attached to the lens to change its shape so that it can be focused on objects viewed
myopia
Nearsightedness
parasympathetic
One division of the autonomic nervous system
exocrine
Outward secretion of chemicals through ducts
thalamus
Part of the brain that transmits and modifies nervous impulses
osmotic
Refers to solutions that equalize their concentration of solutes by exchanging water
endocrine
Secretion of hormones into the blood stream to affect distant processes
polarized
Separation of charge in the neurons that prepares them for transmitting an impulse
photoreceptor
Specialized cells located in the retina that receive light images for the purpose of passing the information on to the brain via the optic nerve
blind
The axons of the retinal culminate in the optic nerve which forms a _______ spot on the retina.
tympanic membrane
The ear drum; a thin semitransparent membrane separating the outer ear and the middle ear and transmitting sound waves
glucagon
The hormone secreted by the pancreas which raises the blood sugar level
parathyroid hormone (PTH).
The hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland that regulates calcium metabolism
dermis
The inner layer of skin, which contains many of the structures needed to give skin its important properties
synapse
The junction between two nerve cells
olfactory nerve
The nerve that sends smell messages
auditory nerve
The nerve that transports sound impulses to the cerebral cortex
sympathetic
The other division of the autonomic nervous system
auricle
The outer external ear structure used for catching and directing sound waves
epidermis
The outermost layer of skin
islets of Langerhans
The region within the pancreas which produces insulin
myelin
The substance that sheaths myelinated nerves
glucose
The sugar that serves as the body's chief source of fuel energy
cornea
The transparent front portion of the eye covering the lens
macrophage
White blood cell that eats pathogens and cellular debris
leukocyte
White blood cell.
The pupil of the eye is:
a hole through the center of the anterior choroid
Which of the tastes may be detected at very low concentration?
bitter
beta cells
cells that produce insulin in the islets of Langerhans
adrenal glands
contain two regions, the outer cortex and the inner medulla
corticoids
cortex secretes a whole series of chemically related hormones that are collectively called _______
chronic
degenerative diseases arthritis and atherosclerosis (heart disease and stroke)
physical and environmental issues
examples include injury, drowning, poisoning, radiation and bad weather
Difficulty with seeing objects close to the eye is called:
farsightedness hyperopia
subcutaneous
fat and fat cells within the dermis serve as insulation to keep in body heat
The area of the eye with a concentration of cones is the:
fovea
ganglion
ganglia, Collections of nerve cells
cortex
has three layers of cells
functions of the skin are lost when a patient is burned
insulation cooling water retention infection resistance
A light image formed on the retina is _____
inverted
The portion of the eye that acts as a camera shutter is the:
iris
Psoriasis
is a disease of the skin which results in reddish-brown patches on the skin with scales of dead cells dropping off
The stirrup
is attached directly to a membrane called the oval window
Difficulty with seeing distant objects is called:
nearsightedness myopia
Eustachian tube
needs to open to equalize the pressure in the middle ear
insulin
opposite effect from glucagon
alpha cells
secret hormone called glucagon in the islets of Langerhans
adrenal medulla
secretes a hormone called epinephrine, or adrenaline
Pancreas
serves both as an exocrine gland by secreting digestive juices into the small intestine and as an endocrine gland by secreting directly into the blood stream two hormones that regulate blood
Humans recognize five types of
sweet umami bitter salty sour
Off-center viewing of a dim object at night is helpful because:
the faint object will focus off the fovea
hypothyroidism
thyroid gland does not secrete enough thyroxine.
hyperthyroidism
thyroid gland secrets too much thyroxine
Night blindness can be caused by a deficiency of:
vitamin A
infections
when a living organism invades the body
cancers
when one cell type in the body grows in an uncontrolled fashion