BIOLOGY - UNIT 8: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

parathyroid hormone

(PTH). The hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland which regulates calcium metabolism

eye is composed of three layers

, the sclera, the choroid, and the retina

epilepsy

A brain problem that causes seizures

hormone

A chemical messenger produced in one part of the body which has its effect on another part like insulin and corticoids.

cytokine

A chemical that acts on its local tissue environment

retina

A delicate light-sensitive membrane covering the inside of the eyeball and connected by the optic nerve to the brain

pathogen

A disease-causing organism; a germ.

thyroid gland

A gland in the neck region where thyroxine is produced

thyroid gland

A gland in the neck region which produces the hormone thyroxine which increases the rate of body metabolism

electroencephalogram

A graph showing the brain waves.

allergen

A harmless antigen that stimulates an immune response

vaccine

A harmless form of a disease-causing organism that builds immunity to the disease.

thyroxine

A hormone secreted by the thyroid which regulates the rate of body metabolism, or chemical reactions

thyroxine

A hormone that increases the metabolic rate

cone

A photoreceptor cell which functions best in bright light. It detects color

rod

A photoreceptor cell which is more responsive in dim light. It detects only black and white.

antidiuretic hormone

A posterior pituitary hormone that increases water retention by the kidney

antibody

A protein produced by the body to combat foreign particles.

leprosy

A slowly progressive bacterial infection of skin and nerves

iris

A special part of the choroid layer composed of colorful tissue around the dark pupil of the eye

sclera

A structure composed of fibrous tissue surrounding the eye to give it shape

semicircular canal

A structure in the inner ear composed of three looped tubes at right angles to each other that serves to maintain balance and orientation

antigen

A substance that stimulates the production of an antibody

acetylcholine

A transmitter substance from the nervous system that causes muscle contraction

vitreous humor

A transparent jellylike substance filling the eyeball

aqueous humor

A transparent liquid which is located between the cornea and iris

epinephrine

An adrenal hormone (adrenaline) that stimulates autonomic nerve action. It is responsible for giving a person the ability to respond quickly and with added strength when frightened or angry.

goiter

An enlarged thyroid gland

cholinesterase

An enzyme which neutralizes acetylcholine at the synapse between muscle and nerve, thus stopping contraction

autonomic

Automatic; not needing conscious input

concussion

Blow to the head that disrupts the function of the brain

phagocytosis

Cells eating other cells or substances.

paracrine

Chemical substances acting locally

hyperopia

Farsightedness

parathyroid gland

Four small endocrine glands within the thyroid gland in the neck which produce PTH

parathyroid glands

Four small glands located on the back of the thyroid gland

endocrine gland

Glands which are ductless and secrete their products directly into the circulatory system via blood vessels going through them

corticoid

Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which regulates metabolism, and balances salt and water within the body

cerebrospinal fluid

Liquid surrounding the brain and spinal cord

astigmatism

Localized distortion of light through the cornea is called .

androgen

Male hormone

ciliary muscle

Muscles attached to the lens to change its shape so that it can be focused on objects viewed

myopia

Nearsightedness

parasympathetic

One division of the autonomic nervous system

exocrine

Outward secretion of chemicals through ducts

thalamus

Part of the brain that transmits and modifies nervous impulses

osmotic

Refers to solutions that equalize their concentration of solutes by exchanging water

endocrine

Secretion of hormones into the blood stream to affect distant processes

polarized

Separation of charge in the neurons that prepares them for transmitting an impulse

photoreceptor

Specialized cells located in the retina that receive light images for the purpose of passing the information on to the brain via the optic nerve

blind

The axons of the retinal culminate in the optic nerve which forms a _______ spot on the retina.

tympanic membrane

The ear drum; a thin semitransparent membrane separating the outer ear and the middle ear and transmitting sound waves

glucagon

The hormone secreted by the pancreas which raises the blood sugar level

parathyroid hormone (PTH).

The hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland that regulates calcium metabolism

dermis

The inner layer of skin, which contains many of the structures needed to give skin its important properties

synapse

The junction between two nerve cells

olfactory nerve

The nerve that sends smell messages

auditory nerve

The nerve that transports sound impulses to the cerebral cortex

sympathetic

The other division of the autonomic nervous system

auricle

The outer external ear structure used for catching and directing sound waves

epidermis

The outermost layer of skin

islets of Langerhans

The region within the pancreas which produces insulin

myelin

The substance that sheaths myelinated nerves

glucose

The sugar that serves as the body's chief source of fuel energy

cornea

The transparent front portion of the eye covering the lens

macrophage

White blood cell that eats pathogens and cellular debris

leukocyte

White blood cell.

The pupil of the eye is:

a hole through the center of the anterior choroid

Which of the tastes may be detected at very low concentration?

bitter

beta cells

cells that produce insulin in the islets of Langerhans

adrenal glands

contain two regions, the outer cortex and the inner medulla

corticoids

cortex secretes a whole series of chemically related hormones that are collectively called _______

chronic

degenerative diseases arthritis and atherosclerosis (heart disease and stroke)

physical and environmental issues

examples include injury, drowning, poisoning, radiation and bad weather

Difficulty with seeing objects close to the eye is called:

farsightedness hyperopia

subcutaneous

fat and fat cells within the dermis serve as insulation to keep in body heat

The area of the eye with a concentration of cones is the:

fovea

ganglion

ganglia, Collections of nerve cells

cortex

has three layers of cells

functions of the skin are lost when a patient is burned

insulation cooling water retention infection resistance

A light image formed on the retina is _____

inverted

The portion of the eye that acts as a camera shutter is the:

iris

Psoriasis

is a disease of the skin which results in reddish-brown patches on the skin with scales of dead cells dropping off

The stirrup

is attached directly to a membrane called the oval window

Difficulty with seeing distant objects is called:

nearsightedness myopia

Eustachian tube

needs to open to equalize the pressure in the middle ear

insulin

opposite effect from glucagon

alpha cells

secret hormone called glucagon in the islets of Langerhans

adrenal medulla

secretes a hormone called epinephrine, or adrenaline

Pancreas

serves both as an exocrine gland by secreting digestive juices into the small intestine and as an endocrine gland by secreting directly into the blood stream two hormones that regulate blood

Humans recognize five types of

sweet umami bitter salty sour

Off-center viewing of a dim object at night is helpful because:

the faint object will focus off the fovea

hypothyroidism

thyroid gland does not secrete enough thyroxine.

hyperthyroidism

thyroid gland secrets too much thyroxine

Night blindness can be caused by a deficiency of:

vitamin A

infections

when a living organism invades the body

cancers

when one cell type in the body grows in an uncontrolled fashion