Biomechanics Chp. 2

Which of the following limb movements occur during "jumping jacks"?

adduction and abduction

Ventral is a synonym for ____________________, which means toward the front of the body.

anterior

Which of the following terms would accurately describe the biceps muscle?

anterior

Abduction takes place around which axis?

anteroposterior

Which of the following motions occurs primarily in the frontal plane?

cartwheel

Which of the following is true regarding circumduction?

combines flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction

Which of the following terms best describes translational motion along a curved line?

curvilinear

What term is used to describe the motion of bringing the foot closer to the lower leg?

dorsiflexion

The cardinal frontal plane divides the body into equal _____.

front and back halves

Abduction occurs in which plane?

frontal

Most human movement falls into which category?

general

Which of the following statements is false?

hip is distal to the knee

During the preparatory phase for an underhand softball pitch, the hand holding the ball is drawn behind the body prior to the forward swing of the arm. When the hand is drawn behind the body, which of the following movements occurs at the shoulder?

hyperextension

Which is true about the Cartesian coordinate system?

-It is a special reference system used by biomechanists. -It can be used to describe two-dimensional or three-dimensional motion.

Which of the following is true regarding horizontal adduction?

-also called horizontal flexion -occurs in the transverse plane

Which of the following is/are examples of superficial muscle(s)?

-biceps -triceps -gastrocnemius

Which of the following could be defined by a movement analyst as a mechanical system?

-entire human body -right arm -projected ball

Which of the following are transverse plane movements at the shoulder?

-horizontal abduction -medial rotation

Which of the following is/are true regarding anatomical reference position?

-palms face forward -erect posture -starting position for describing motion

In anatomical position what is the position of the elbow?

0°

Describe the steps that should be taken when planning a qualitative analysis.

When planning a qualitative analysis, the individual must first understand and define with the question/problem at hand is. Once this has been established, the next step is to determine how this question will be observed in a thorough manner. Afterwards, observations from this chosen experiment design will be collected, followed by a period of interpretation of these said observations. Finally, the observer will communicate with the performer their findings, and move on from there.

The word ______________ refers to a description of quality without the use of numbers.

qualitative

______________ describes motion along a straight line, whereas ______________ describes motion along a curved line.

rectilinear, curvilinear

Which of the following categories of motion is mutually exclusive with each of the others?

rotational motion

Which of the following motions occurs primarily in the sagittal plane?

running

Elbow extension takes place in what plane?

sagittal

In which of the following planes does a forward roll occur?

sagittal

Nodding the head "yes" occurs in which plane?

sagittal

Which imaginary cardinal plane bisects the body into right and left halves?

sagittal

Which of the following is a linear movement in the frontal plane?

shoulder girdle elevation

Which view is best for observing normal human gait?

side view

Foot pronation occurs at which joint?

subtalar

In anatomical position, the forearm is in what position?

supinated

Which of the following describes the knee joint relative to the ankle joint?

proximal

To supplement visual observations, the analyst can often use non-visual information. Describe two examples of auditory information that could be used during a qualitative analysis.

During qualitative analysis, the analyst could start with what kinds of sounds the individual's feet may create from their walking gait. This, when paired with the knowledge of what a traditional, healthy gait should sound like, could help the analyst determine whether or not the performer has a certain abnormality or not to be addressed. In addition, the analyst could also use the kind of sound produced when a tennis player hits the tennis ball during a serve, seeing whether or not their serve was hit in the first place/how much force was used in serving the ball.

What are the two main sources of information for the analyst diagnosing a motor skill?

Of the two main sources, the first is known as kinematics or the kind of technique which is seen through that of the individual performing at hand. The other is that of the performance outcome, both being a crucial part of understanding the fine details of a motor skill.

Name two ways an analyst can increase his/her knowledge about the mechanics of a motor skill and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each.

One method that is relatively simple to follow through on is building upon the knowledge the individual already has by reading updated scientific journals, textbooks, magazines, etc. The advantage in this case would be staying up to date on the latest findings of the motor skill in mind, but the disadvantage would be that the information obtained may be coming from a biased point of view if the wrong article was chosen to have been read (or may have been written from an unreliable source). Another method is reaching out to professors/professionals within the field of study of this specific motor skill. The advantage here would include gaining information from a first-hand source while being able to ask questions and receive answers, but the disadvantage may be that the number of professionals available to speak with the researcher at hand may be limited/hard to reach/unable to reach at all.

Describe three different tools used to collect and analyze kinematic data and provide the strengths and weaknesses of each tool. Include both high tech and low tech examples.

One tool that can be used to collect this kind of data is that of a video camera. When the performer is recorded, technology today allows both the performer and the observer to take a closer look at the finer motions of their movement when the recording is slowed down. A strength here is that the individual performing the action can now see is detail exactly what they're doing and understand how to fix said problem, however the disadvantage here is that the individual may perform differently on camera than they would in a more organic setting (not so staged). Another tool to be utilized would be using another set of eyes when observing the performer and action at hand. This way the advantage can be seen in the idea that if observer #1 misses a detail in the performer's action, there's a higher chance that this could have been caught by observer #2. The disadvantage of this though is that the observers may have conflicting views about what the best approach to a correction may be, and in turn not be able to find a common ground between them that would best benefit the athlete. Finally, the last tool would be through the utilization of reflective joint markers in addition to higher tech infrared/motion-sensitive cameras and very specific lighting. The strength here is that the reflectors on the performer highlight exactly what problems the naked eye might miss during a natural observation, but the disadvantage here is that multiple of these expensive cameras will be needed in order to get the best full-angle view of the action.

Which of the following terms means "farther from the head"?

inferior

In anatomical position, what term describes the radius relative to the ulna?

lateral

Which of the following is not an example of a sagittal plane movement?

lateral flexion

Shaking the head "no" involves which of the following movements?

left and right rotation

Translation is a synonym for ______________ motion.

linear

Movements in the transverse plane occur around which axis?

longitudinal

Internal rotation is synonymous with which of the following?

medial rotation

The ______________ axis is the imaginary line around which sagittal plane motion occurs.

mediolateral

A dancer performs a pirouette in which plane?

transverse

Primarily in which plane does the swinging of a baseball bat occur?

transverse

In two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate systems, what unit is used for the vertical axis?

y

Which of the following units is unique to three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate systems (i.e. do not exist in 2-D systems)?

z