Biomechanics exam 2

Which of the following is an immovable joint?

synarthroses

Identify an example of active insufficiency with the function of two-joint muscles.

Finger flexors cannot produce as tight a fist when the wrist is in flexion as when it is in a neutral position.

______ is defined as reduced capacity of muscle fibers to produce force, even in the presence of motor neuron excitation.

Muscle fatigue

True or false: Increased human body temperature results in decreased muscular strength.

False

True or false: Maximum values of force at zero velocity and maximum values of velocity at a minimal load are the same for all types of muscle.

False

True or false: Slow twitch (ST) fibers usually fatigue more quickly than do fast twitch (FT) fibers.

False

True or false: With active stretching, movement can be carried farther beyond the existing range of motion than with passive stretching.

False

Which of the following is activated when an individual touches something and provides information related to pain, temperature, and movement to the CNS?

Mechanoreceptors

Identify the proprioceptors that lie within the fibers of most skeletal muscles.

Muscle spindles

______ is a muscle's ability to exert tension over time.

Muscular endurance

units of measure

Newtons -1kg-force = 9.81N -1Ibs-force = 4.45N •Pounds -1 kg = 2.2 pounds

creating body diagrams

Number of forces act simultaneously in most situations Tennis free body diagram e.g.

_____ refers to the surgical removal of afferent neural pathways associated with movements of interest.

Surgical deafferentation

Match the types of slightly movable joints (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).

Synchondroses In these joints, the articulating bones are held together by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. Symphyses In these joints, a disc of fibrocartilage separates the bones.

Identify examples of articular fibrocartilage. (Check all that apply.)

intervertebral discs the menisci of the knee

One of muscle's characteristic properties, ______, is the ability to respond to a stimulus.

irritability

Pressure (P)

is defined as the force (F) distributed over a given area (A) Common Units of Measure •N/cm2 •Pascal (Pa) •1 Pa = N/m2

The maximum amount of force a muscle can produce under normal static conditions is called the ______.

isometric maximum

Match the properties of bone (in the left column) with the material constituents of bone that are responsible for imparting each property to bone (in the right column).

-Stiffness and comprehensive strength: primary determined by calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate-Flexibility and tensile strength: Provided by a protein call collagen

Rank the following types of motor units, which are activated by the central nervous system in case of progressively increasing movement requirement, in the correct order. (Place the motor unit that is activated first at the top.)

1. type iia, or fog fibers 2. type iib, or fg fibers

Earth gravity

9.8 m/s^2

Force

A push or a pull vector quantity- magnitude, direction, and point of application force = mass x acceleration

Which of the following is true of gender differences in age-related changes in bone structure?

Age-related changes in bone volume and density are much more pronounced in women than in men.

Torque

Also called moment is the counterpart of force in s the tendency of a force to move an object (segment) about an axis - also called the moment T= Fd┴

Match the fluids found in the human eye (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

Aqueous humor It is a clear fluid that fills the chamber between the cornea and lens. Vitreous humor It is a viscous substance that fills the chamber between the lens and the back wall of the eye.

The inflammation of a bursa is known as

Bursitis

Match the types of vision (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

Central vision Detects information only in the middle 2 to 5 degrees of the visual field Peripheral vision Detects information outside the 2 to 5 degrees of foveal vision

Injury or excessive muscular exertion causing hemorrhage or edema within a muscle compartment results in the _____ syndrome.

Compartment

______ contraction occurs when muscular tension produces a torque larger than the resistive torque at a joint.

Concentric

Match the modes in which remodeling occurs in accordance with Wolff's law (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Conservation mode This is characterized by no change in bone mass. Disuse mode This involves a net loss of bone mass characterized by an enlarged marrow cavity and a thinned cortex.

_____ consist of hematomas within the muscle tissue.

Contusion

_____, or muscle bruises, are caused by compressive forces sustained during impacts.

Contusions

Identify the skill performance situation in which the temporal occlusion procedure is especially useful.

Deciding when to cross a busy street

______, arising 24-72 hours after participation in a strenuous bout of exercise, is characterized by pain, swelling, and the same kinds of histological changes that accompany acute inflammation.

Delayed-onset muscle soreness

Individual activity of creating body diagrams

Draw forces using free body diagram •Bat contacting a ball •Kicking a soccer ball

Identify a true statement about the contract-relax-antagonist-contract technique (also referred to as slow-reversal-hold-relax).

Each phase of this process is typically maintained for a duration of 5-10 seconds. The entire sequence is carried out at least four times.

Match the types of sprains (in the left column) with their features (in the right column).

First-degree sprains They are the mildest with symptoms of tenderness and slight swelling but little loss of joint range of motion (ROM) Second-degree sprains More damage to the tissues is present and there is usually swelling, bruising, localized tenderness, moderate pain, and some restriction of joint range of motion (ROM). Third-degree sprains They involve partial to complete tearing of the ligaments, accompanied by swelling, pain, and typically joint instability.

A sensory receptor that inhibits tension development in a muscle and initiates tension development in antagonist muscles is known as a ______.

Golgi tendon organ

The _____ are located in the skeletal muscle near the insertion of the tendons into the muscle.

Golgi-tendon organs

Identify the true statements about the female athlete triad.

It can lead to reduced bone thickness and density. It can result in negative consequences ranging from irreversible bone loss to death.

Identify the features of binocular vision. (Check all that apply.)

It helps in performing interceptive actions in skills such as hitting a moving ball. It provides important information for correcting errors in limb movement.

Which of the following is true of the age-related, progressive decline of bone density and bone strength that is experienced by both men and women?

It involves a progressive diminishment in the mechanical properties and general toughness of bone.

Which of the following is true of articular cartilage?

It is a special type of dense, white connective tissue that provides a protective lubrication.

Which of the following is true of joint range of motion (ROM)?

Joint ROM is measured directionally in units of degrees

______ is a term representing the relative ranges of motion allowed at a joint.

Joint flexibility

______ involves the use of gravitational force, force applied by another body segment, or force applied by another person, to move a body segment to the end of the range of motion.

Passive stretching

______ is a group of stretching procedures involving alternating contraction and relaxation of the muscles being stretched initiation of the stretch reflex.

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

______ refers to a pattern of eccentric contraction of muscles followed immediately by concentric contraction.

Stretch-shortening cycle

Match the types of photoreceptor cells found in the human eye (in the left column) with their location and importance (in the right column).

Rods They are located more on the retina periphery and, therefore, are important for peripheral vision. Cones They are concentrated at the center, which gives them a critical role in central vision and visual acuity.

Match the types of bone fractures (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Simple Bone ends remain within the surrounding soft tissues. Compound One or both bone ends protrude from the skin.

______ is a muscle property enabling tension development by stimulated muscle fibers.

The contractile component

Match the parts of the human eye (in the left column) with their functions (in the right column).

The cornea It is a clear surface that allows light to enter the eye and serves as an important part of the eye's optical system. The pupil It is the opening that lets light into the eye, and its diameter increases and decreases according to the amount of light detected by the eye. The iris It surrounds the pupil and provides the eye its color. The lens It is a transparent structure that is responsible for allowing the eye to focus at various distances.

Match the primary components of the retina (in the left column) with their purpose (in the right column).

The fovea centralis Here, the objects seen in central vision are focused and is therefore responsible for visual acuity. The optic disk Here, the axons of the retina's neurons converge to transmit information to the optic nerve.

Which of the following is true of the porosity of bone?

The more porous the bone, the smaller the proportion of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.

Which of the following provides a nonsurgical technique for investigating deafferented humans?

The observation of movement characteristics of people who have a sensory neuropathy involving a limb

Which of the following makes up 80 percent of the eye and helps maintain its shape and protect its inner structure?

The sclera

Which of the following is true of motor units?

There is only one motor end plate per muscle fiber.

Identify the features of Golgi tendon organs. (Check all that apply.)

They are sensory receptors. They are located in the muscle-tendon junctions and in the tendons at both ends of muscles.

Identify true statements about the neurons that activate slow-twitch motor units. (Check all that apply.)

They generally have low thresholds. They are relatively easy to activate.

Identify an accurate statement about tendons and ligaments.

They will not return to their original length after being stretched beyond their elastic limits.

Identify a mathematical formula that defines net torque generated in a joint.

Tm = Fm × dι

Match the representations associated with the net torque generated at a joint (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

Tm: torque produced by a muscle at a joint Fm: muscle force di: muscle moment arm

True or false: Research shows that increased joint flexibility translates to a lower incidence of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.

True

_____, which conduct nerve impulses very rapidly, are the primary sensory receptors in the muscle spindle.

Type Ia axons

Match the visual systems identified by Goodale and Milner (in the left column) with their functions (in the right column).

Ventral stream Used for fine analysis of the visual scene into form, color, and features Dorsal stream Responsible for the spatial characteristics of what is seen as well as for guiding movement

Identify the fluids found in the human eye. (Check all that apply.)

Vitreous humor Aqueous humor

Work

a force applied against a resistance multiplied by the displacement of the resistance in the direction of the force work = F x D common units of measure: Joules (J) 1 Nm = 1 J

Match the types of fractures (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).

a greenstick fracture an incomplete fracture in which the break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone a fissured fracture an incomplete fracture which involves a longitudinal break a comminuted fracture Choice a complete fracture which fragments the bone

Elevation in human body temperature causes ______.

a shift in the force-velocity curve for muscles

An injury caused by abnormal displacement or twisting of the articulating bones that results in stretching or tearing of ligaments, tendons, and connective tissues crossing a joint is known as ______.

a sprain

Match the types of bone fractures (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). 2

a transverse fracture a complete fracture in which a break occurs at a right angle to a bone's axis an oblique fracture a complete fracture that occurs at an angle other than a right angle to a bone's axis a spiral fracture a complete fracture caused by twisting a bone excessively

A condition occurring when a two-joint muscle cannot shorten enough to cause a full range of motion at both joints it crosses at the same time is referred to as ______.

active insufficiency

Match the types of stretching (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).

active stretching stretching of muscles, tendons, and ligaments produced by active development of tension in the antagonist muscles passive stretching stretching of muscles, tendons, and ligaments produced by a stretching force other than tension in the antagonist muscles

When a muscle contracts and causes movement of a body segment at a joint, it is acting as an ______, or mover.

agonist

Power

amount of mechanical work performed in a given time Power = work/∆time or Power = Force∙velocity (v) Common Units of Measure •Watts (W) •1 W = 1 J/s

Cartilaginous joints that attenuate applied forces and permit more motion of the adjacent bones are known as ______.

amphiarthroses

acute loading

application of a single force of sufficient magnitude to cause injury to a biological tissue

In the context of diarthroses, match the terms (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).

articular cartilage protective layer of dense white connective tissue covering the articulating bone surfaces at diarthrodial joints articular capsule double-layered membrane that surrounds every synovial joint synovial fluid clear, slightly yellow liquid that provides lubrication inside the articular capsule at synovial joints

The soft-tissue discs or menisci that intervene between articulating bones are known as ______.

articular fibrocartilage

When the normal stresses exerted on bone by muscle contractions, weight bearing, or impact forces are reduced, bone tissue ______ through remodeling.

atrophies

Match the types of stretching (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column). 2

ballistic stretching a series of quick, bouncing-type stretches static stretching maintaining a slow, controlled, sustained stretch over time, usually about 30 seconds

The simultaneous application of forces from opposite directions at different points along a structure such as a long bone generates a torque known as a(n) ______.

bending moment

Proprioceptors are sensory neurons located in the muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints that pick up information about _____.

body and limb position and changes in position

When ______ occurs, the amount of calcium contained in a bone diminishes, and both the weight and the strength of the bone decreases.

bone atrophy

An increase in bone mass resulting from a predominance of osteoblast activity in response to regular physical activity is known as ______.

bone hypertrophy

The term given to formation of new bone that is not preceded by resorption of fatigue-damaged older bone is ______.

bone modeling

A feature of surgical deafferentation is that it _____.

can be used to investigate the role of proprioception in the control of movement

Match the subdivisions of the human skeletal system (in the left column) with their components (in the right column).

central skeleton the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs peripheral skeleton the bones composing the body appendages

The single most important factor for preventing or prolonging the onset of osteoporosis is the optimization of peak bone mass during ______.

childhood and adolescence

In the human eye, the lens is held in place by zonular fibers and its shape is controlled by the _____.

ciliary muscles

Identify the joint orientation in which the joint stability is usually greatest.

close-packed position

Match the joint orientations (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).

close-packed position joint orientation for which the contact between the articulating bone surfaces is maximum loose-packed position any joint orientation other than the close-packed position

When assessed through the measurement of maximum torque generated by a muscle group at a joint, muscular strength is a function of the ______.

collective force-generating capability of that muscle group

A contraction involving the shortening of a muscle is known as a ______ contraction.

concentric

In the context of the force-velocity relationship for muscle tissue, when the resistance (force) is negligible, muscle contracts with maximal velocity. As the load progressively increases, ______ contraction velocity slows to zero at isometric maximum. As the load increases further, the muscle lengthens ______.

concentric; eccentrically

The electromechanical delay observed when a muscle is stimulated is needed for the ______.

contractile component of the muscle to stretch the series elastic component

Bone tissue that has 5-30 percent of the bone volume occupied by nonmineralized tissue is known as ______.

cortical bone

Compact mineralized connective tissue with low porosity that is found in the shafts of long bones is known as ______.

cortical bone

Due to bone hypertrophy, the bones of physically active individuals tend to be ______ than those of sedentary individuals of the same age and gender.

denser, more mineralized, and stronger

Research shows that although people can reach and pick up objects when the use of only one eye is available, the accuracy and efficiency of the movement decrease as the distance to the object increases. Such research supports the view that binocular vision is important for _____.

depth perception

A feature of mechanoreceptors is that they _____.

detect skin stretch and joint movement

The ability to ______ is unique to muscle tissue.

develop tension

Displacement of the articulating bones at a joint is termed ______.

dislocation

Stress

distribution of force within a body, quantified as force divide by the area over which the force acts Stress = F/A Common Units of Measure •N/m2 or N/cm2

Identify an application of the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC).

effective development of concentric muscular force in sport activities

The time between the arrival of neural stimulus and tension development by the muscle is referred to as ______.

electromechanical delay

Longitudinal growth of a bone is terminated during or shortly following adolescence when the ______ disappears and the bone fuses.

epiphyseal plate

The growth center of a bone that produces new bone tissue as part of the normal growth process until it closes during adolescence or early adulthood is known as the ______.

epiphysis

In the human eye, the sclera is an attachment site for the _____.

extrinsic eye muscles responsible for eye movement

The _____ are controlled by muscles which have the greatest number of muscle spindles, allowing these body parts to be controlled with great precision.

eyes, hands, and neck

True or false: In the context of the two visual systems identified by Goodale and Milner, a person is generally consciously aware of information detected by the dorsal stream, but not of that detected by the ventral stream.

false

White fibrous connective tissue that surrounds muscles and the bundles of muscle fibers within muscles, providing protection and support, is known as ______.

fascia

Match the types of muscle fibers (in the left column) with their characteristics (in the right column).

fast twitch type the fibers of motor units that contract to reach maximum tension quickly after being stimulated slow twitch type the fibers of motor units that contract to reach maximum tension gradually after being stimulated

As mechanoreceptors, the joint receptors respond to changes in _____.

force and rotation applied to a joint and changes in joint movement angle

Central vision is also known as _____ vision.

foveal

A disruption in the continuity of a bone is known as a(n)

fracture

A ______ is used for measuring joint range of motion (ROM).

goniometer

Identify the treatment options for bursitis. (Check all that apply.)

ice anti-inflammatory medications rest

Bone modeling is the process by which ______.

immature bones grow

Identify the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.

inflammation and thickening of the synovial membranes and breakdown of the articular cartilage

Identify the functions of articular cartilage. (Check all that apply.)

it resists compression and spreads loads at the joint over a wide area it allows movement of the articulating bones at the joint with minimal friction and wear

Several types of proprioceptors are located in the joint capsule and ligaments. These receptors are collectively referred to as _____.

joint receptors

The ability of a joint to resist abnormal displacement of the articulating bones is known as ______.

joint stability

Training for muscular endurance typically involves ______.

large numbers of repetitions against relatively light resistance

Identify the conditions that combine to form the female athlete triad.

low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and diminished bone mineral density

According to Wolff's law, the densities, and to a much lesser extent, the shapes and sizes of the bones of a given human being are a function of the ______.

magnitude and direction of the mechanical stresses that act on the bones

Whats the difference between mass and weight?

mass- quantity of matter in an object weight- amount of gravitational force exerted on a body

In order to evaluate the muscle strength of a muscle group at a joint, the ______ is measured.

maximum torque generated by the muscle group

During circumferential growth, while osteoblast activity occurs in the periosteum, bone is reabsorbed or eliminated around the circumference of the ______, so that its diameter is continually enlarged.

medullary cavity

Match the different types of muscular strains (in the left column) with their symptoms (in the right column).

mild strains a feeling of tightness or tension in the muscle second-degree strains pain, weakness, and some loss of function third-degree strains functional loss and accompanying hemorrhage and swelling

Match the different types of muscular strains (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

mild strains minimal structural damage to the muscle tissue second-degree strains a partial tear in the muscle tissue third-degree strains severe tearing of the muscle

A ___________. _________ refers to a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates.

motor unit

Proprioception is sensory information transmitted to the central nervous system about _____.

movement characteristics such as direction, location in space, velocity, and muscle activation

Match the following terms associated with muscles (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).

muscle fiber threadlike cells of a muscle sarcolemma membrane surrounding a muscle fiber sarcoplasm specialized cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

Type Ia axons wrap around the middle region of intrafusal muscle fibers and detect changes in _____.

muscle length and velocity

Match the types of muscle contraction (in the left column) with the levels of muscle tension development capability (in the right column).

muscle shortening less muscle tension development capability muscle stretching maximum muscle tension development capability

The product of muscular force and the velocity of muscle shortening is known as ______.

muscular power

An electric current or voltage produced by a muscle developing tension is known as

myoelectric activity

The sarcoplasm contains numerous threadlike ______ that are aligned parallel to one another.

myofibrils

Electromyography is used to study ______ function.

neuromuscular

An experiment conducted by Blouin et al. comparing a sensory neuropathy patient with normal participants on a pointing task involving an arm movinga pointer showed that, without visual feedback, a deafferented patient was _____.

not able to reproduce movement accurately to a specific location in space

Identify the symptoms of dislocations. (Check all that apply.)

numbness or tingling visible joint deformity intense pain and swelling

Identify the risk factors for osteoporosis.

older age being female

One of the most important sources of information available to peripheral vision for controlling actions is _____.

optical flow

The moving pattern of rays of light that strikes the retina of the eye from all parts of the environment is referred to as _____.

optical flow

Which of the following is the most common form of arthritis that results in progressive degradation of the biomechanical properties of articular cartilage?

osteoarthritis

A form of epiphyseal injury that involves disruption of blood supply to an epiphysis, with associated tissue necrosis and potential deformation of the epiphysis, is known as ______.

osteochondrosis

Often associated with traumatic avulsions, ______ of an apophysis, is known as apophysitis.

osteochondrosis

Bone mass in children has been shown to be effectively increased through activities involving ______.

osteogenic impact forces

Osteoporosis is a disorder that begins as _________ which is a condition of reduced bone mineral density that predisposes an individual to fractures.

osteopenia

Osteopenia often progresses to ______, which is a disorder involving decreased bone mass and strength with one or more resulting fractures.

osteoporosis

In accordance with Wolff's law, when a bone undergoes a deformation or bending type load, it is subject to strain, new bone is laid down at the strain sites, and the ______.

overall bone mass and density are increased

Muscular power is more generally defined as the ______.

rate of torque production at a joint

Match the components that are involved in the description of the elastic behavior of muscle (in the left column) with their functions (in the right column).

parallel elastic component it supplies resistance when a muscle is passively stretched series elastic component it acts as a spring to store elastic energy when a tensed muscle is stretched

Match the types of muscle fiber arrangements (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).

parallel fiber arrangement The fibers are oriented largely in parallel with the longitudinal axis of a muscle. pennate fiber arrangement The fibers lie at an angle to a muscle's longitudinal axis.

Match the types of muscle fiber arrangements (in the left column) with the consequences of shortening of fibers of these arrangements (in the right column).

parallel fiber arrangement shortening of muscles pennate fiber arrangement rotation about their tendon attachment or attachments

Identify the first step in the in the contract-relax-antagonist-contract technique used when stretching the hamstrings.

passive static stretch of the hamstrings by a partner

Coordination of the eyes and feet while playing football is an example of _____.

perception-action coupling

When the visual perception of an object and the limb movement required to achieve an action goal are "coupled," or coordinated, in a way that enables people to perform eye-hand and eye-foot coordination skills, _____ is said to occur.

perception-action coupling

During circumferential growth of bone, the internal layer of the ______ builds concentric layers of new bone tissue on top of existing ones.

periosteum

The term ______ is used to describe a surface containing cavities and is a characteristic that varies across bones.

porous

Which of the following groups is the most susceptible to osteoporosis?

postmenopausal and elderly women

Identify the characteristics of muscle fatigue. (Check all that apply.)

prolonged relaxation of motor units between recruitment reduction in muscle force production capability

_________ refers to one's sensation and perception of limb, trunk, and head position and movement.

proprioception

The central nervous system receives proprioceptive information from afferent neural pathways that begin in sensory neurons located in the muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints known as

proprioceptors

Mass

quantity of matter in an object Sclar quantity- magnitude

According to Wolff's law, dynamic mechanical loading causes bones to strain, which gets translated into changes in bone shape and strength through a process known as ______.

remodeling

repetitive loading

repeated application of a subacute load that is usually of relatively low magnitude

net force

resultant force derived from the composition of two or more forces

The _____ is a structure that lines the back wall of the eye and is an extension of the brain.

retina

The most debilitating and painful form of arthritis that involves the body's immune system attacking healthy tissues is known as ______.

rheumatoid arthritis

Match the types of photoreceptor cells found in the human eye (in the left column) with their functions (in the right column)

rod: low light cones: bright lights

The absence of pressure release from a muscle compartment results in ______.

severe damage to the neural and vascular structures in the compartment

Match the type of flexibility (in the left column) with the injuries caused (in the right column).

severely limited joint flexibility tearing or rupturing of the collagenous tissues and muscles extremely loose, lax joints displacement-related injuries

When does muscle soreness occur?

some period of time following unaccustomed exercise

The ability to resist the displacement of one bone end with respect to another while preventing injury to the ligaments, muscles, and muscle tendons surrounding the joint refers to the ______ of an articulation.

stability

Match the types of joint flexibility (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).

static flexibility range of motion present when a body segment is passively moved dynamic flexibility range of motion that can be achieved by actively moving a body segment by virtue of muscle contraction

Match the properties of bone (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column).

stiffness ratio of stress to strain in a loaded material compressive strength ability to resist pressing or squeezing force tensile strength ability to resist pulling or stretching force

Diarthroses are also known as ______.

synovial joints

The _____ allows an investigation of the amount of time a person requires to visually detect the environmental context information he or she uses to perform a skill.

temporal occlusion procedure

Match the types of passive tissues (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column).

tendons connect muscles to bones ligaments connect bones to other bones

What are the nominal subdivisions of the human skeletal system?

the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

During the elbow flexion phase of a forearm curl, which of the following acts as a primary agonist?

the brachialis

Which of the following is a particularly strong, prominent tract of fascia that crosses the lateral aspect of the knee and contributes to its stability?

the iliotibial band

During a bending moment, a bone's structure is loaded in tension on one side and in compression on the opposite side. What is most likely to happen next?

the side of the bone loaded in tension will fracture first

Inertia

the tendency of a body to resist a change in its state of motion 1. unitless 2. proportional to mass

Identify an accurate statement about Synarthroses.

they permit little or no movement of the articulating bones

Identify a feature of osteoarthritis.

thickening of the subchondral bone and the formation of bone spurs

For optimal effect, a static stretch of each muscle group should be sequentially repeated ______ times.

three to five

Identify the factors that affect force generation capability of muscles in humans. (Check all that apply.)

time since muscle contraction duration of muscle contraction

The Golgi-tendon organs (GTOs) consist of axons that detect changes in muscle tension, or force. These axons are called _____.

type Ib sensory axons

Vector Quantities

•Magnitude, orientation, direction, and point of application •Examples - forces and moments

Scaler Quantities

•Represent magnitude only •Examples - mass, time, and length