Biomechanics Exam Questions
During the execution phase of a wide pronated grip barbell shoulder press, what is the movement of the scapula? (MA)
Upward rotation
If you are trying to use the reciprocal inhibition to increase a stretch, you should
contract the opposing (antagonistic) muscle to the one you are trying to stretch prior to stretching it
Which of the following muscles is not involved during the exection phase (support and push off) of walking on level ground?
gluteus maximus
Duing the recovery phase of a dead lift, the active muscles at the hip joint would be (MA)
gluteus medius posterior fibers semitendinosus gluteus maximus
Which muscles act to abduct the hip joint when you are performing a jumping jack? (MA)
gluteus minimus
During the recovery phase of a supine fly, the movement at the GH joint is
horizontal abduction
During the recovery phase of a supine fly, the movement at the glenohumeral joint is
horizontal abduction
flex knee / extend hip
increase contribution to hip
When doing dumbbell lateral raises if the arms are slightly adducted in the transverse plane so that the movement is performed anterior to the midfrontal plane, the contribution of the anterior deltoid
increases
Which of the following makes it difficult for a runner to change either his speed or direction?
inertia
During a concentric muscle action
internal force > external force
Which of the following defines the center of gravity of the body?
intersection of all 3 cardinal planes
Which of the following defines the line of gravity of the body?
intersection of cardinal saggital and frontal planes and vertical line passing though center of gravity
during a bent knee sit up the rectus abdominus (ROM)
is a mover for the first 1/3 of ROM
Which of the following is not true regarding the force arm of a lever?
is determined by multiplying the distance from the axis by the force
Which of the following illustrates motion in the frontal plane?
jumping jacks
The best position to stretch the gastronemius would be with the
knee extended and ankle dorsiflexed
During the preparatory (recovery) phase, a drop (depth) jump will result in an eccentric contraction of the (MA):
knee extensors hip extensors ankle plantarflexors
The best position to stretch the soleus owuld be a combination of
knee flexion ankle dorsiflexion knee flexion
The sartorius is a (MA)
knee flexor hip flexor
Under normal circumstances (non-injury producing) rotation on the knee joint is only possible when the (MA)
knee is flexed
Of the following which would be the best exercise for improving the strength of the short head of your biceps femoris (MA)
leg curl
What is the relationship between the angular and linear velocities of a lever?
linear velocity is equal to the angular velocity times the length of the lever
When someone is in a supine position they are
lying on their back
The weight of a body is defined as a quantification of the force of gravity acting on which aspect of the body?
mass
Upon what does the force necessary to overcome the inertia of a projected object depend?
mass of object and its velocity
What is weight?
mass times acceleration due to gravity
What muscles are responsible for abduction of the scapula (MA)
pectoralis minor subclavius serratus anterior
What is the true effort arm (movement arm) of a lever in the body?
perpendicular distance from the line of pull of muscle to axis
Which of the following illustrates concentric muscle contraction?
stepping up on a bench
Doing a narrow neutral grip seated chest press instead of a wide grip seated chest press results in a decreased contribution of the
sternal pectoralis major
In which of the following activities do the biceps brachii function as antagonists?
straightening the elbow during a push-up
Flex hip with knee extended
stretch at 1 increases contribution at another
What is the most effective forearm position for increasing strength in the biceps brachii
supinated
What is the most effective forearm position for increasing strength in the biceps brachii?
supinated
Tina Triceps is doing a triceps pull down. During the recovery phase the muscles involved in the movement is(are) _____? (MA)
-triceps brachii -anconeous
During a barbell shoulder press, the muscle(s) involved in producing movement at the elbow during the execution phase is(are): (MA)
-triceps brachii -anconeus
Paul Pecs is doing a dip. During the execution phase, what muscle(s) is(are) serving as agonists at the elbow for the movement? (MA)
-triceps brachii -anconeus
Degrees of flexion
0 to 130
Degrees of adduction
0 to 30
Degrees of extension
0 to 30
Degrees of abduction
0 to 35
Degrees of internal rotation
0 to 45
Degrees of external rotation
0 to 50
If initial height and landing height are the same, the angle of projection that would maximize horizontal displacement is _____ degrees
45
If a person has a mass of 80 kg, what is their weight? (MA)
784.8 Newtons 176 pounds
Which of the following is Newton's Law of Inertia?
A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on upon another force
When a two joint muscles is shortened at one joint, its contribution to movement at the second joint will be
Decreased
Iliopsas muscle movements
-hip flexion (prime) -external rotation -abductor
The active muscles for external rotation
-infraspinatus -teres minor -posterior deltoid
The sartorius is a (MA)
-knee flexor -hip flexor
Sartorius muscle
-largest muscle in the body -hip flexor/knee flexor -knee extended- hip=external rotation -anterior pelvic rotator -abduction of hip
Tensor Fasciae Latae
-lateral -abduct -little anterior (hip flexor) -diagonal/horizontal abduction
Which of the following muscles would be used for extension of the GH joint?
-latissimus dorsi -posterior deltoid -pectoralis major (sternal head) -teres major -subscapularis -triceps brachii (long head)
Gracilis
-medial -group w/ adductors -flexor -2 joint -hip flexor/knee flexor
When doing a wide grip flat bench press what are the agonistic muscles at the GH joint?
-pectoralis major (clavicular head) -biceps brachii (short head) -pectoralis major (sternal head) -coracobrachialis -Anterior deltoid
If you are losing to Dr. O during an arm wrestling match, what are the contributing muscles at the GH joint?
-pectoralis major (sternal head) -latissimus dorsi -teres major -anterior deltoid -subscapularis
Six deep external rotators
-piriformis -obturator externus -obturator internus -gemellus superior -gemellus inferior -quadratus femoris
When doing a bent over fly, during the execution phase, which muscles are involved in the movement of the GH joint?
-post. deltoid -latissimus dorsi -infraspinatus -teres minor -post. middle deltoid
The adductors of the glenohumeral joint are
-posterior deltoid (lower fibers) -teres major -pectoralis major (sternal head) -latissimus dorsi
With resistance, starting from a neutral position, the pronator(s) of the RU joint is (are):
-pronator teres -pronator quadratus
Movements that occur as the result of an external force are (MA)
-resisted by muscles -correspond to eccentric contractions
What muscles are responsible for the adduction of the scapula (MA)
-rhomboids -trapezius middle -trapezius lower -levator scapulae
Gluteus Maximus
-strong flexors of hip -needs resistence -good external rotator -adduction (lower fibers) -horizontal abductor
What muscles are responsible for abduction of the scapula? (MA)
-subclavius -pectoralis minor -serratus anterior
When doing extensions of the GH joint from 180-90 degress of flexion the movers of the scapula are: (MA)
-subclavius -pectoralis minor -trapezius lower -rhomboids -levator scapulae
When you are executing a frontal raise the movers of the scapula would be (MA)
-subclavius -pectoralis minor -trapezius middle -serratus anterior -trapezius lower
With resistance, from a pronated position, the supinator(s) of the RU joint is(are): (MA)
-supinator -biceps brachii -brachioradialis
When doing the execution phase of a lateral raise, what muscles are responsible for the movement of the scapula? (MA)
-trapezius lower -serratus anterior -trapezius middle
What are the mechanical advantages the parallel muscle fiber arrangements?
Range of motion
Which of the following muscles are part of the rotator cuff?
S - subscapularis I - infraspinatus T - teres minor S - supraspinatus
Rectus Femoris
-2 joint -hip flexor/knee extensor -anterior pelvic rotator
Gluteus Medius
-Anterior: flexes/ internally rotates -Posterior: extends/ externally rotates
During the exection phase of a narrow supinated grip lat pull down, what is the movement of the scapula? (full range of motion 180 degrees to 0 degrees of flexion) (MA)
-Depression -Downward rotation -Adduction
The lower fibers of the Trapezius cause(s) _____ of the shoulder girdle (MA)
-Depression -Upward rotation -Adduction
Hip flexors
-Gracilis and Sartorious (flex hip / flex knee) -TFL and rectus femoris (flex hip/ extend knee)
What muscles are responsible for abduction of the scapula (MA)
-Pectoralis minor -subclavius -serratus anterior
Hamstrings
-Semitendinosous -Semimembronosous -Biceps Femoris All extend hip/ flex knee
Pectineus muscle
-adductor: good position to externally rotate -internal rotation -very most - externally rotate @ very beginning
Gluteus minimus
-anterior: flexes/ internally rotates -posterior: extends/ externally rotates
Which is (are) the active muscle(s) at the elbow during the recovery phase of a pull-up (MA)
-biceps brachii -pronator teres -brachioradialis
The pectoralis minor causes _____ of the shoulder girdle (MA)
-depression -downward rotation -abduction
The rhomboids cause _____ of the shoulder girdle (MA)
-elevation -downward rotation -adduction
A decline press is a combination of what movements at the GH joint? (MA)
-extension -horizontal adduction
Movements of the elbow joint include
-flexion -extension
Movements of the elbow joint include (MA)
-flexion -extension
The primary movements produced by the clavicular pectoralis major include
-flexion -horizontal adduction -internal rotation
Adductor Magnus
-hip extension -adduction of hip -external rotator (as hip adducts)
What might an athlete do in order to move straight forward quickly? 1. rise up on the toes 2. shift the weight back 3. lift one foot off the ground 4. lean forward 5. drop lower to the ground
1,3,4
If a person runs up a flight of 70 steps in 28 seconds. If each step is 20 cm and the person weight 176 lbs how much mechanical work was done?
1120 J
A perpendicular force of 300 N is applied to a door 0.5 m from the hinges. What is the torque?
150 Nm
Which of the following actions increase torque? 1. apply greater force 2. apply force at an angle closer to 90 3.lengthen perpendicular distance between axis and point of application of force 4. shorten the force arm
2 and 3
Which of the following is not true regarding the stretch-shortening cycle?
A concentric contraction is followed by an eccentric contraction
Which of the following would have the largest vertical force component?
A force of 600 N applied to a soccer ball at an angle of 70 degrees from the horizontal
During the execution phase of a supine fly what is the movement of the scapula? (MA)
Abduction
When you are winning during an arm wrestling match, what is the movement of the scapula? (MA)
Abduction
Based on the principles of levers, which of the following levers is most efficient in overcoming a resistance of 20 lbs?
EA= 10; RA= 5
Which of the following does not describe a way in which machines function?
Enhances force in an attempt to increase total force needed to overcome a resistance
During the recovery phase of a supine fly, the movement at the glenohumeral joint is:
Horizontal abduction
Which of the following types of machine is most common in the musculoskeletal system arrangements of the human body
Levers
Which is acting as a neutralizer for the flexion created by the anterior deltoid during a supine fly? (MA)
Pectoralis major (sternal head)
The long head of the biceps femoris crosses hip
The short head of the biceps femoris does not flex hip
Which of the following is the Law of Acceleration?
a change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it
Which of the following represents a scalar quantity?
a mass of 70 kilograms
Mass is (MA)
a measure of inertia the quantity of matter contained in an object inversely proportional to acceleration
Which of the following represents a vector quantity?
a velocity of 15 m/s
When you are winning an arm wrestling match, what is the movement of the scapula? (MA)
abduction
Which is true when applying Newton's 3rd law of action/reaction to dribbling a basketball?
action:ball hits floor; reaction: floor pushes ball
the hip flexors include (MA)
adductor brevis sartorius rectus femoris iliopsoas gracilis pectineus
A muscle directly involved in causing a segment to move is called what?
agonist
Which of the following could be done to reduce the amount of force needed to move a lever?
all of the above
During a Zottman Curl which of the following muscle(s) is not utilized -biceps brachii -pronator teres -pronator quadratus -biceps brachii -supinator
all of the listed muscles are utilized
During a Zottman Curl which of the following muscle(s) is(are) not utilized
all of the listed muscles are utilized
What type of motion is exhibited by the leg segments of a sprinter running a 100 meter dash?
angular
When you jump off a wall, the landing results in an eccentric muscle action of the: (MA)
ankle plantiflexors knee extensors hip extensors
During the down (recovery) phase of a standing bicep curl exercise, what role does the triceps play?
antagonist
When you sit down which muscles are not active? (MA)
bicep femoris (short head) gluteus medius (anterior fibers) pectineus
In reference to elbow flexion, which of the following is (are) not directly affected by supination and pronation?
brachialis
What does the center of gravity of an object represent?
cent of mass of body
The point at which all of the body's mass and weight is equally balanced or equally distributed in all directions is the _____
center of gravity
What is the difference in muscle involvement at the hip if you change from a flexed knee raise to an extended knee raise? (MA)
deceased contribution of the rectus femoris
The pectoralis minor ____ the humerus
does not affect
The pectoralis minor _____ the humerus. -extends -horizontally flexes -flexes -Both a & b -does not affect
does not affect
The pectoralis minor _____ the humerus
does not effect
When you perform 10 reps through a full range of motion doing a dumbbell bicep curl, you are doing a (an) _______ exercise.
dynamic constant external resistance
During the recovery phase of a pull-up, what type of muscular action is being used?
eccentric
What type of muscle action is employed by the elbow flexors when slowly lowering your backpack to your desk?
eccentric
Which type of muscle action is it when the muscle lengthens?
eccentric
What is meant by torque
effective force producing rotary motion at an axis
When a muscle contracts it always pulls
equally on both attachments
How would you increase the contribution of the biceps brachii while doing a seated biceps curl
extend the glenohumeral joint
To increase the contribution of the gastrocnemius in plantarflexion you should (MA):
extend the knee
knee flexed position
extending backwards for more work on glutes
Against resistance, during which action of the shoulder joint is the teres major most active?
extension
An increase in a joint angle between two bones is termed
extension
An increase in a joint angle between two bones is termed:
extension
During the execution phase of a narrow supinated lat pull down, what movement is occurring at the GH joint?
extension
During the recovery phase of a pull-up, what is the movement of the elbow
extension
The muscles involved in ankle dorsiflexion are the (MA)
extensor digitorum longus peronueus terious tibialis anterior extensor hallicus longus
The movement which occurs during the recovery phase of a push-up is caused by a(n)
external force
The movement which occurs during the revocery phase of a push-up is caused by a(n)
external force
Which would be the most efficient manner in which to lift a heavy box?
face box with elbow bent and arms close to body
Due to a favorable angle of pull the decline dumbbell press is able to increase recruitment of the calvicular pectoralis major
false
Due to a favorable angle of pull, the decline dumbbell press is able to increase recruitment of the clavicular pectoralis major
false
How would you increase the contribution of the long head of the triceps brachii to movement at the elbow
flex the glenohumeral joint
To increase the contribution of the gluteus maximus while performing extension the the hip you should
flex the knee
The contribution of the rectus femoris to hip joint movement may be increased by
flexing the knee
The anterior deltoid produces which of the following movements?
flexion
Tina Triceps is doing a triceps pull down. During the recovery phase the movement at the elbow is
flexion
The primary movements produced by the clavicular pectoralis major include:
flexion Horizontal adduction Internal rotation
Which pattern of joint motion most clearly typifies push-pull patterns?
flexion-extension
The muscles which contribute to ankle plantar flexion include (MA)
flexor hallicus longus flexor digitorum longus soleus gastrocnemius tibilais posterior
Which of the following is true about second class levers? (MA)
force arm is always longer have a mechanical advantage that favors force production
Which of the following is not a part of kinematics?
force producing motion
Mechanical work involves a ____ and the ___ that it moves through
force, distance
A scott curl occurs around the ___ axis
frontal
A scott curl occurs around the _____ axis
frontal
A scott curl occurs around the ______ axis
frontal
Which of the following muscles causes flexion of the knee joint? (MA)
gastrocnemius semimebranous gracilis sartorius
Which of the following muscles causes flexion of the knee joint? (MA)
gatrocnemius semimebranous gracilis sartorius
If you are using a rep max weight, an overhead triceps extension is ________ effective than the triceps kickback in strengthening the long head of the triceps
more
Which is an example of linear motion in sport?
movement of the center of gravity of a putted golf ball
The best forearm position for strengthening the brachioradialis is
neutral
The best forearm position for strengthening the brachioradialis is:
neutral
During a Hammer Curl, the biceps brachii is
neutralizer
During a concentration curl the supinator would be considered a(n)
neutralizer
What is a muscle that eliminates undesired muscle action called?
neutralizer
When you are doing a supine fly the sternal pectoralis major acts as an agonist and a(n) _____ of the anterior deltoid:
neutralizer
How much work is done if you hold a tennis racquet in your hand without moving it?
none
How would you increase the contribution of the biceps brachii while doing a seated bicep curl? -flex GH joint -internally rotate GH joint -pronate RU joint
none of the above
How would you increase the contribution of the medial head of the triceps brachii in producing movement at the GH? -flex the elbow joint -extend the elbow joint -pronate the RU joint -none of the above
none of the above
How would you increase the contribution of the medial head of the triceps brachii in producing movement at the glenohumeral
none of the above
How would you increase the contribution of the medial head of the triceps bracii in producing movement at the glenohumeral?
none of the above
The brachialis causes _____ at the GH joint -flexion -extension -abduction -2 of the above -none of the above
none of the above
Which of the following statements is false regarding forces?
none, they are all true
The lateral head of the triceps contribution to extension at the elbow is
not affected by supination or pronation
The triceps contribution to extension at the elbow is
not affected by supination or pronation
For two objects in contact with each other which of the following would result in the greatest amount of friction?
one object sitting stationary on the other
The proximal attachment of a muscle is termed
origin
Paul Pecs is doing a bench dip. During the execution phase, what is the forearm position?
pronated
The best forearm position for strengthening the brachioradialis is
pronated
Which of the following does not cause flexion at the elbow? -pronator quadratus -biceps brachii -brachialis -brachioradialis
pronator quadratus
Which of the following muscles act as agonists during flexion of the hip?
rectus femoris
A seated leg press decreases the contribution of the ____ in extending the knee (MA)
rectus femoris TFL
Knees flexed increase contribution at
rectus femoris / TFL
What is inertia?
resistance to change in motion
Which of the following muscles will contract to produce the trunk rotation the the left that is necessary for a right handed overarm throw? (MA)
right external oblique left internal oblique
Which type of motion is produced by any force that is not through the axis of rotation?
rotary
Knee extension occurs in the _____ plane
saggital
What plane does the movement occur for the pitch in slow pitch softball?
saggital
What plane does the movement occur for pitch in slow pitch softball?
sagittal
Which plane divides the body into right and left halves?
sagittal
Which would be the best exercise to increase the strength of the soleus?
seated heel raise
Which exercise gets less of a contribution from the sternal pectoralis major?
seated row
During a concentration curl the pronator teres would be considered a(n)
secondary mover
During ta concentration curl the pronator teres would be considered a(n)
secondary mover
Which muscles are active at the hip when you bow?
semitendinousus gluteus maximus gluteus medius posterior fibers
The ____ the time it takes to move a given distance, the greater the power.
shorter
The _______ the time it takes to move a given distance, the greater is the power.
shorter
Why lift a heavy weight by flexing and then extending the knees rather than flexing at the hips and then lifting the trunk?
shorter resistance arm
In which of the following does the latissimus dorsi act as a prime mover?
shoulder extension
An individual is expecting to be pushed from the left side. What would be the best standing position to assume in order to absorb the force without losing one's balance?
side stride stance, line of gravity towards left edge of base of support
Which of the following muscles act as agonists during inversion of the foot? (MA)
soleus flexor digitorum longus gastrocnemius tibialis posterior tibialis posterior extensor hallucis longus
What does a machine with a resistance arm greater than a force arm favor?
speed
During the execution of a pull-up when the chin is over the bar, which force exerted by the biceps brachii is greatest at the elbow?
the dislocating force
Which of the following is true about active insufficiency?
the muscle is unable to contract enough for full range of motion at two joints the muscle is weak
Why is it more difficult to perform a sit-up when the hands are clasped behind the head than when the arms are kept at the side?
the resistance arm is greater
Force is defined as any influence tending to ___ motion
three of the above
When performing the execution phase of a vertical jump, the muscles involved in porducing movement (prime movers and assistors) at the ankle are: (MA)
tibiallis posterior gastrocmenius soleus peroneus brevis
When performing the recovery (preparatory) phase of a vertical jump, the active muscles of the ankle would be (MA)
tibilais posterior gastrocnemius soleus
An important function of the rotator cuff muscles is
to stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
How does a muscle always contract?
towards its center
Shoulder joint movement during a supine fly occurs in what plane?
transverse
Ball A is the same mass as Ball B. IF Ball A is hit with twice as much force as Ball B, Ball A's acceleration will be _______ that of Ball B.
twice
To take a step one must become ___ and then ___ so you move from one place to another
unstable, stable
Which of the following is not true about PNF stretching
uses the stretch reflex to increase a stretch
When performing the execution phase of a standing broad jump, the movers of the knee are: (MA)
vastus laterialis vastus intermdius TFL vastus medialis rectus femoris
What is the acceleration when the velocity of an object is constant?
zero
