BIOPSYCH- ch. 13
Charlie is riding a bike to work. On the way, Charlie notices a shop with a dilapidated exterior but forgets about it soon after. Charlie's fleeting impression of the shop is part of ___________
iconic memory
A type of learning in which a relationship is formed between two stimuli or between a stimulus and a response is called ____________ learning.
associative
Identify the true statement about priming a. It is impaired by damage to the basal ganglia. b. It requires declarative memory of the stimulus. c. It appears to be at least partly a function of the cortex. d. It is a subtype of declarative memory
c
Scientists have studied the sea slug Aplysia to understand the concept of habituation. Based on these studies, which of the following causes the short-term habituation in Aplysia? a. It is due to a retraction of some synaptic terminals. b. It occurs due to a reduction in the number of synapses between the sensory cell and the motor neuron. c. It results because the sensory neurons release less transmitter. d. It results because the response of the slug to the stimulus increases day by day.
c
Which of the following is a difference between skill learning and priming? a. Skill learning is supported by the cerebellum, whereas priming is supported by the basal ganglia. b. Skill learning is a type of declarative memory, whereas priming is a type of procedural memory. c. Skill learning is impaired by damage to the basal ganglia, whereas priming is impaired by damage to the cortex. d. Skill learning does not require declarative memory of a stimulus, whereas priming requires declarative memory of a stimulus.
c
Which of the following types of memory was profoundly impaired by Henry's surgery? a. Procedural memory b. Implicit memory c. Declarative memory d. Nondeclarative memory
c
Which of the following was responsible for the severe disruption of new declarative memories in Henry Molaison? a. Damage to the amygdala b. Damage to the entorhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortices alone c. Damage to the hippocampus alone d. Damage to both the hippocampus and to nearby cortex
d
A teacher gives their students extra credit whenever they submit an assignment a day before the deadline. As a result of this, the students have started submitting their assignments early, as they have come to relate early submissions with extra credit. This scenario exemplifies _____________
instrumental coding
The return of a memory trace to stable long-term storage after it has been temporarily made changeable during the process of recall is called _______________
reconsolidation
(TRUE/FALSE) Bilateral hippocampal damage accounts for Patient K.C.'s anterograde declarative amnesia but cannot account for his selective loss of nearly all his autobiographical memory.
true
(TRUE/FALSE) Long-term potentiation involves active changes on both sides of a synapse
true
Fast-acting ionotropic glutamate receptors that also bind the glutamate agonist AMPA are called __________ receptors.
AMPA
A researcher is performing a classical conditioning experiment to examine whether the sound of a whistle alone can lead a dog to salivate. Before conditioning, the dog salivates only at the sight of food. During training, the researcher whistles once and then presents the food to the dog. Eventually, the dog begins to salivate at the sound of the whistle alone. In this scenario, which of the following is the conditioned stimulus? a. The sound of the whistle b. The researcher c. Food d. Salivation at the sight of food
a
In the context of the brain structures essential for memories, which of the following conclusions can be drawn from research experiments with monkeys and from Henry's case? a. At least one intact medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, is required to make new declarative memories. b. The amygdala is crucial for performance on tests of declarative memory. c. Lesions of entorhinal, parahippocampal, and perirhinal cortices have no effect on declarative memory. d. The medial temporal cortex is only essential for making nondeclarative memories.
a
Kent Cochrane knew his name and recognized his family, but he could not remember any particular past events with those people. In this case, which of the following was responsible for Kent's retrograde declarative amnesia? a. Extensive damage to the left frontoparietal and the right parieto-occipital cerebral cortex b. Extensive damage to the amygdala and nearby cortex c. Severe shrinkage of the mamillary bodies and the dorsomedial thalamus d. Severe shrinkage of both right and left hippocampus and nearby cortex
a
Identify the true statements about people with Korsakoff's syndrome. (Select all that apply.) a. People with Korsakoff's syndrome often fill a gap in memory with a falsification that they seem to accept as true. b. People with Korsakoff's syndrome have damage in the mammillary bodies and dorsomedial thalamus. c. People with Korsakoff's syndrome often fail to recognize or sense any familiarity with some items, even those presented repeatedly. d. People with Korsakoff's syndrome have damage in temporal lobe structures such as the hippocampus
a, b, c
Which of the following findings support the idea that long-term potentiation (LTP) is a kind of synaptic plasticity that underlies or is very similar to certain forms of learning and memory? (Select all that apply.) a. Several successful examples of behavioral LTP have been reported in which training an animal in a memory task induces LTP somewhere in the brain. b. The time course of LTP bears strong similarity to the time course of memory formation. c. Pharmacological treatments that interfere with LTP also tend to impair learning. d. Mice engineered to overexpress NMDA receptors in the hippocampus have enhanced LTP but poor long-term memory.
a, b, c
In standard studies of environmental enrichment, rats are randomly assigned to one of three housing conditions. In this context, which of the following differences have been observed between animals brought up in the impoverished condition (IC) and animals brought up in the enriched condition (EC)? (Select all that apply.) a. Compared with IC animals, EC animals show enhanced recovery from brain damage. b. Compared with IC animals, EC animals have more neurons in the hippocampus. c. Compared with IC animals, EC animals have a heavier, thicker cortex. d. Compared with IC animals, EC animals have more dendritic branches on cortical neurons.
a, b, c, d
Which of the following statements are true of synaptic changes that may store information? (Select all that apply.) a. They can be measured physiologically. b. They can be presynaptic, postsynaptic, or both. c. They can include modifications in the number or sensitivity of the postsynaptic receptors. d. They can include modifications in the amount of neurotransmitter released
a, b, c, d
Which of the following support the fact that the hippocampus is crucial for spatial learning? (Select all that apply.) a. Bird species that hide food in many locations have a larger hippocampus than other birds have. b. The rat hippocampus contains many neurons that become active when the animal is in or moving toward a particular location. c. Some rat hippocampal neurons act like "grid cells," likened to a latitude and longitude in a maze. d. Place cell activity indicates that the hippocampus of a rat remaps if the animal is moved to a new location.
a, b, c, d
Identify the various types of nondeclarative memory. (Select all that apply.) a. Priming b. Skill learning c. Classical conditioning d. Spatial memory e. Nonassociative learning
a, b, c, d, e
Identify the true statements about nondeclarative memory. (Select all that apply.) a. It is the type of memory used to solve "how" problems. b. It is often, but not always, nonverbal. c. It is measured using the delayed non-matching-to-sample task. d. It is memory about perceptual or motor procedures.
a, b, d
Which of the following statements are true of long-term memory (LTM)? (Select all that apply.) a. It is subject to distortion or alteration. b. It has a very large capacity. c. It has two subtypes, iconic memory and working memory. d. It is possible to forget long-term memories.
a, b, d
In which of the following cases is habituation considered genuine? (Select all that apply.) a. When the decreased response to a stimulus is not due to failure of the sensory system to detect the stimulus b. When the decreased response to a stimulus is not due to repeated presentations of the stimulus c. When the decreased response to a stimulus is not due to an inability of the motor system to respond to the stimulus d. When the decreased response to a stimulus is not due to desensitization to the stimulus
a, c
Identify the main processes involved in the memory system. (Select all that apply.) a. Consolidation b. Confabulation c. Retrieval d. Encoding
a, c, d
Identify the true statements about classical conditioning. (Select all that apply.) a. It is a type of associative learning. b. In classical conditioning, an association is formed between a behavior and its consequences. c. In classical conditioning, an initially neutral stimulus comes to predict an event. d. It is also called Pavlovian conditioning
a, c, d
Identify the ways in which the intracellular enzymes that are activated by the large influx of calcium ions at NMDA receptors affect AMPA receptors. (Select all that apply.) a. More AMPA receptors are produced and inserted into the postsynaptic membrane. b. The synaptic response of the AMPA receptors to glutamate is weakened. c. The enzymes cause existing nearby AMPA receptors to move to the active synapse. d. The enzymes modify the AMPA receptors to increase their conductance of sodium and potassium ions
a, c, d
Which of the following statements are true of a retrograde transmitter? (Select all that apply.) a. It is often a diffusible gas, such as nitric oxide. b. It weakens the synaptic response to glutamate. c. It is released by the postsynaptic neuron. d. It induces the presynaptic terminal to release more glutamate than earlier.
a, c, d
Why does the possibility of planting false memories cloud the issue of "recovered memories" of childhood sexual or physical abuse? (Select all that apply.) a. Because controversial therapeutic methods such as hypnosis, in which a person is encouraged to imagine hypothetical abuse scenarios, can inadvertently plant false memories b. Because the process of repeated retrieval is followed by the process of repeated reconsolidation, which improves memories of past events c. Because false memories can be created by asking leading questions to have people retrieve memories d. Because the process of retrieving information from long-term memory causes the memories to become temporarily unstable and susceptible to disruption before undergoing reconsolidation and returning to stable status
a, c, d
Damage to which of the following brain structures rendered Patient N.A. unable to encode new declarative memories? (Select all that apply.) a. The mammillary bodies b. The medial temporal lobes c. The amygdala d. The dorsomedial thalamus
a, d
If a student asks about the causes of amnesia in cases such as Patient H.M. and Patient N.A., which of the following responses is the professor most likely to give? (Select all that apply.) a. Damage to the hippocampus and the surrounding cortex is likely to cause an inability to form new declarative memories. b. Damage to the frontal and parietal cortex is likely to lead to anterograde declarative amnesia. c. Damage to the amygdala is likely to prevent the formation of any new declarative memories without loss of previously formed memories. d. Damage to several limbic system structures in the medial diencephalon that have connections to the hippocampus is likely to cause anterograde amnesia.
a, d
In the context of the housing conditions to which rats are assigned in standard studies of environmental enrichment, identify the true statements about the enriched condition (EC). (Select all that apply.) a. It provides enhanced opportunities for learning perceptual and motor skills. b. It is the typical environment for laboratory animals. c. Animals are housed in small groups in standard lab cages. d. Animals are housed in large social groups in special cages containing many interesting features
a, d
In the context of the impact of environmental enrichment on the brain, which of the following differences is a researcher likely to observe after comparing the brains of animals brought up in the impoverished condition (IC) with the brains of animals brought up in the enriched condition (EC)? (Select all that apply.) a. EC animals have larger cortical synapses than IC animals. b. Compared with IC animals, EC animals have less dendritic branches on cortical neurons. c. EC animals have a thinner cortex, especially in somatosensory and visual cortical areas, than IC animals. d. Compared with IC animals, EC animals show enhanced cholinergic activity throughout the cortex.
a, d
How did Henry Molaison's case provide clear evidence that short-term memory differs from long-term memory? a. Henry could not form declarative memories, which are short-term memories, but he could form procedural memories, which are long-term memories. b. Henry could repeat a series of six or seven digits immediately after hearing them without error, but he could not repeat a list of words when tested on them after being distracted by another task. c. Henry's memory was normal over the long term, but he could not form short-term memories. d. Henry had difficulty recollecting any events that took place before his surgery, but he could easily retain and recall new information and events that occurred after the surgery.
b
Jules, a pianist, had an accident that damaged the hippocampus and the surrounding cortex in the brain. After surgery, Jules was able to recall implicit information such as how to play the piano and was able to learn new skills such as reading mirror-reversed text. However, Jules was unable to retain new information for more than a few minutes. Which of the following types of memory was most likely affected by Jules's accident? a. Nondeclarative memory b. Declarative memory c. Spatial memory d. Procedural memory
b
To determine the brain structures that are essential for declarative memories, researchers selectively removed different portions of the temporal lobe from both sides of the brain of monkeys and tested for declarative memories using the delayed non-matching-to-sample task. Which of the following did the researchers find? a. Lesions of the hippocampus alone significantly impaired declarative memory. b. Lesions of the hippocampus paired with nearby cortex profoundly impaired the formation of new declarative memories. c. Lesions of the entorhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortices had no effect on declarative memories. d. Lesions of the amygdala significantly affected declarative memories.
b
Which of the following could be a strategy to prevent the formation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? a. Blocking the effects of propranolol, a blocker of beta-adrenergic receptors, in the amygdala of PTSD victims b. Blocking the effects of epinephrine in the amygdala by treating victims with antiadrenergic drugs either shortly before a traumatic experience or as quickly as possible after it c. Increasing the effects of epinephrine in the amygdala by injecting victims of traumatic experiences with epinephrine either shortly before a traumatic experience or as quickly as possible after it d. Enhancing the levels of adrenaline in the blood of victims of traumatic experiences
b
Which of the following statements are true of declarative memory? (Select all that apply.) a. It is shown by performance rather than by conscious recollection. b. It is memory that a person is aware of accessing. c. It is the type of memory used to answer "what" questions. d. It is memory about perceptual or motor procedures.
b, c
Identify the true statements about the brain regions involved in the memory system. (Select all that apply.) a. The perirhinal cortex is needed to retrieve information from short-term memory. b. The medial temporal lobe is required for moving information from short-term memory into long-term memory. c. The parahippocampal cortex and entorhinal cortex are needed to encode sensory information into short-term memory. d. The hippocampus is required to consolidate declarative short-term memories into long-term memories.
b, d
The hippocampal formation has at least three different pathways that display LTP. Which of the following statements are true of the most studied form of LTP? (Select all that apply.) a. The most studied form of LTP uses the excitatory neurotransmitter serotonin. b. The most studied form of LTP uses the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. c. The most studied form of LTP is solely dependent on AMPA receptors. d. The most studied form of LTP is critically dependent on NMDA receptors. Check My Answer
b, d
Imaging studies have found that learning sensorimotor skills, perceptual skills, and cognitive skills is impaired in people with damage to the ______________
basal ganglia
Researchers have found that the ___________ is necessary for eye-blink conditioning
cerebellum
People with Korsakoff's syndrome often _____________, which means that they fill a gap in memory with a falsification that they seem to accept as true.
confabulate
Andy is a chronic alcoholic. His wife takes him to a doctor when he starts forgetting conversations and invents information to fill the gaps in memory. The doctor conducts several tests and brain scans, which reveal a thiamine deficiency and damage to mammillary bodies and the dorsomedial thalamus. Which of the following diagnoses is the doctor most likely to make? a. Huntington's disease b. Tardive dyskinesia c. Tourette's syndrome d. Korsakoff's syndrome
d
In the context of the roles of NMDA receptors and AMPA receptors in long-term potentiation (LTP), which of the following occurs during weak electrical stimulation of the presynaptic neuron? a. The AMPA receptors depolarize the postsynaptic neuron and drive the Mg2+ plug out of the NMDA channel. b. The glutamate released from the axon terminal binds to both AMPA and NMDA receptors but only activates the NMDA receptors. c. Calcium ions enter the cell, resulting in a slight depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron. d. Sodium ions enter the postsynaptic cell, resulting in a slight depolarization of that neuron.
d
In which of the following cases are NMDA receptors fully active? a. NMDA receptors are fully active only when low quantities of glutamate are released from the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron. b. NMDA receptors are fully active only when AMPA receptors polarize the postsynaptic membrane to the extent that the Mg2+ plug is repulsed from the NMDA receptor's channel. c. NMDA receptors are fully active only when there is weak electrical stimulation of the presynaptic neuron. d. NMDA receptors are fully active only when "gated" by a combination of strong depolarization via AMPA receptors and the ligand glutamate.
d
Which of the following supports the fact that Henry Molaison's memory deficit was in declarative memory and not in nondeclarative memory? a. Henry excelled in tests that required specific information such as those with multiple-choice, fact-based questions. b. Henry excelled in tests that required him to respond to the unfamiliar object in a pair of objects. c. Henry was unable to learn the skill of reading mirror-reversed text, which is a verbal task. d. Henry's performance in the mirror-tracing task, which is a test of motor skill, progressively improved over successive days.
d
A way to measure declarative memory in monkeys and other animals is the ___________ , a test of object recognition that requires monkeys to respond to the unfamiliar stimulus in a pair of stimuli.
delayed non-matching-to-sample task
The ___________ is a strip of gray matter in the hippocampal formation.
dentate gyrus
An environment for laboratory rodents in which each animal is housed individually in a small cage without complex stimuli is called the ______________ condition
impoverished
Sam learned about the fight-or-flight response last week in biology class. If Sam remembers the concepts, including details of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems that play a role in the response, it can be said that this information is now part of Sam's _____________
long-term memory
The ability to learn and neurally encode information, consolidate the information for long-term storage, and retrieve or reactivate the consolidated information at a later time is called ____________
memory
The term ___________ refers to the record laid down in memory by a learning experience
memory trace
The usual environment for laboratory rodents with a few animals in a cage and adequate food and water but no complex stimulation is called the ____________ condition.
standard