biopsych chapter 6 exam review questions
In contrast to the "where" vs. "what" theory, Goodale and Milner have argued that the respective functions of the dorsal and ventral streams are A) "what" vs. "where." B) "conscious perception" vs. "control of behavior." C) "control of behavior" vs. "conscious perception." D) both A and B E) both A and C
"control of behavior" vs. "conscious perception"
In humans, about __________% of retinal ganglion cell axons become part of the retina-geniculate pathways.
90%
The case of D.F. provides strong support for Goodale and Milner's theory of the functions of the dorsal and ventral streams. D.F. A) could respond accurately to things that she did not consciously see. B) has bilateral damage to her ventral prestriate area. C) has bilateral damage to her posterior parietal cortex. D) both A and B E) both A and C
A & B could respond accurately to things that she did not consciously see has bilateral damage to her ventral prestriate area
According to the retinex theory, the color of an object depends on A) its reflectance. B) the proportion of light of different wavelengths that it reflects. C) the dominant wavelength that it reflects. D) all of the above E) both A and B
A & B its reflectance the proportion of light of different wavelengths that it reflects
Current evidence suggests that some cases of blindsight may be mediated by A) surviving islands of primary visual cortex. B) ascending pathways to secondary visual cortex that do not involve primary visual cortex. C) subjective contours. D) both A and B E) both B and C
A & B surviving islands of primary visual cortex ascending pathways to secondary visual cortex that do not involve primary visual cortex
Hemianopsic patients who focus on the tip of a person's nose sometimes A) experience completion. B) report seeing only half the face contralateral to the damage. C) report seeing the entire face. D) both A and B E) both A and C
A & C experience completion report seeing the entire face
Rattlesnakes can see in A) what for humans would be complete darkness. B) what for snakes is complete darkness. C) infrared light. D) both A and C E) both B and C
A & C: what for humans would be complete darkness/ infrared light
With respect to the visual system, a high degree of neural convergence is to a low degree of neural convergence as A) low acuity is to high acuity. B) high sensitivity is to low sensitivity. C) photopic is to scotopic. D) all of the above E) both A and B
A&B: low acuity is to high acuity high sensitivity is to low sensitivity
Light passes through layers of the retina in which of the following sequences? A) receptor layer, bipolar cell layer, retinal ganglion cell layer B) retinal ganglion cell layer, horizontal cell layer, receptor layer C) retinal ganglion cell layer, amacrine cell layer, receptor layer D) both B and C E) none of the above
B&C: retinal ganglion cell layer, horizontal cell layer, receptor layer retinal ganglion cell layer, amacrine cell layer, receptor layer
Projections to the visual cortex from the lateral geniculate nuclei terminate in cortical layer A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.
IV
A peg-like, cytochrome-oxidase-rich column of dual-opponent color cells is called A) an "on-off" color peg. B) a blob. C) a color field. D) an aggregate color peg. E) a dual-opponent peg.
a blob
A fortification illusion often begins with: A) a headache. B) a seizure. C) a gray area of blindness near the center of the visual field. D) a zigzag pattern of flickering lines. E) thick lines in the periphery that then constrict.
a gray area of blindness near the center of the visual field
How many different specialized visual areas have been identified in the cortex of macaque monkeys? A) 4 B) 7 C) about 12 D) about 30 E) about 65
about 30
Which of the following is accomplished by the ciliary muscles? A) pupil constriction B) accommodation C) tracking D) both A and B E) both B and C
accommodation
The bleaching of rhodopsin by light A) triggers inhibitory effects. B) closes rod sodium channels. C) hyperpolarizes the rods. D) reduces the release of glutamate from rods. E) all of the above
all of the above
The opponent theory appears to provide the best explanation of color coding at the A) bipolar level. B) retinal ganglion cell level. C) cortical level. D) all of the above E) receptor level.
all of the above
When the pupils are constricted, A) the retinal image is usually sharper. B) there is usually greater depth of focus. C) vision is poor in dim illumination. D) all of the above E) both A and C
all of the above
Dual-opponent color cells A) are found in blobs. B) respond best when the center of their receptive field is fully illuminated with one wavelength while the periphery is fully illuminated with another. C) have particularly high concentrations of cytochrome oxidase. D) all of the above E) both A and b
all the above
In comparison to the photopic system, the scotopic system has more A) rods. B) neural convergence. C) receptors in the periphery of the retina. D) sensitivity in dim illumination. E) all of the above
all the above
Prosopagnosics A) can usually recognize a face as a face. B) have difficulty telling one face from another. C) report seeing faces as a jumble of individual parts, rather than as a unitary whole. D) all of the above E) both A and B
all the above
The trichromatic theory of color vision is A) supported by complementary afterimages. B) a version of the opponent-process theory. C) supported by monochromatic colors. D) also known as the opponent theory. E) also known as the component theory
also known as the component theory
The main function of color constancy is to ensure that A) lights of the same wavelength appear to be the same color. B) lights of different wavelengths appear to be different colors. C) lights of the same wavelength appear to be the same color, regardless of their intensity. D) an object appears to be the same color despite changes in the wavelengths of light that it is reflecting. E) complementary colors always look complementary.
an object appears to be the same color despite changes in the wavelengths of light that it is reflecting
Posterior parietal cortex is considered to be A) association cortex. B) secondary visual cortex. C) primary visual cortex. D) primary cortex. E) paleocortex.
association cortex
Mammals without cones tend to A) be blind. B) be nocturnal (active mainly at night). C) eat lots of carrots. D) be totally blind during the night. E) live near the equator.
be nocturnal (active mainly at night)
A nanometer is a: A) tenth of a meter. B) hundredth of a meter. C) thousandth of a meter. D) millionth of a meter. E) billionth of a meter.
billionth of a meter
About half the complex cells in monkey primary visual cortex are __________.
binocular
Many neuropsychological patients with scotomas are unaware of them because of A) completion. B) hindsight. C) hemianopsia. D) binding. E) serial processing
completion
The reaction that transduces light into an electrical signal in rods is the A) bleaching of rhodopsin by light. B) elicitation of action potentials in rods. C) turning red of rhodopsin. D) inhibition of action potentials in rods. E) elicitation of action potentials in cones.
bleaching of rhodopsin by light
Performing visually guided tasks in the absence of conscious awareness of a visual image is called A) blindsight. B) macular sparing. C) macular sight. D) subcortical sight. E) cortical sight.
blindsight
Dual-opponent color cells are found in peg-like columns called __________.
blobs
The photopic spectral sensitivity curve of a person can be determined by having the person report the A) intensity of various wavelengths of light shone on the fovea. B) brightness of various wavelengths of light shone on the fovea. C) intensity of various wavelengths of light shone on the periphery of the retina. D) brightness of various intensities of light shone on the periphery of the retina. E) both B and D
brightness of various wavelengths of light shone on the fovea
The ability of a stationary eye to fill in the gap in its visual field that results from the blind spot is called A) blind spotting. B) completion. C) convergence. D) scotopic vision. E) foveal summation.
completion
The discovery that there are three kinds of cones, each with a different absorption spectrum, supports the __________ or trichromatic theory of color vision.
component
Color perception would be of less survival value if the color of an object A) did not change under different illumination. B) changed under different illumination. C) were not a hue. D) were not chromatic. E) were influenced by its wavelength.
changed under different illumination
Accommodation is controlled by the __________ muscles.
ciliary
The existence of complementary color after images supports the opponent-process theory of __________ vision.
color
With respect to vision, wavelength is to intensity as A) vision is to audition. B) wavelength is to color. C) color is to brightness. D) color is to loudness. E) color is to pattern.
color is to brightness
The component theory and the opponent theory are theories of A) edge perception. B) visual illusions. C) wavelength. D) color vision. E) color mixing.
color vision
The parvocellular neurons are particularly responsive to A) color, fine detail, and stationary objects. B) moving objects, large patterns, and color. C) black and white, stripes, and moving objects. D) color, fast moving objects, and faces. E) large, moving objects.
color, fine detail, and stationary objects.
Pairs of colors that produce white or gray when combined are A) achromatic. B) chromatic. C) complementary. D) opposite. E) antagonistic.
complementary
Animals without __________ tend to be nocturnal (i.e., active only at night).
cones
Depth of focus is usually greater when the pupils are __________.
constricted
Simple images that are stabilized on the retina start to A) vibrate. B) continually disappear and reappear. C) change shape. D) increase in brightness. E) move to the midline.
continually disappear and reappear
Dual-opponent color cells are rich in __________.
cytochrome oxidase
In a classic study, Tranel and Damasio found that prosopagnosics A) were also agnostic. B) displayed appropriate galvanic skin responses to familiar faces they could not consciously recognize. C) did not display galvanic skin responses to faces they could consciously recognize. D) could consciously recognize faces if they were familiar. E) both C and D
displayed appropriate galvanic skin responses to familiar faces they could not consciously recognize.
Some evidence suggests that prosopagnosia may not be specific to faces, that it may be attributable to a general inability to A) distinguish among similar members of complex classes of visual stimuli. B) recognize parts of faces. C) recognize specific names of faces. D) recognize cows and birds. E) distinguish among similar individuals.
distinguish among similar members of complex classes of visual stimuli
According to one theory, the __________ stream controls behavior in the absence of conscious awareness.
dorsal
The dorsal stream flows from primary visual cortex to A) inferotemporal cortex then to prestriate cortex. B) dorsal prestriate cortex then to inferotemporal cortex. C) inferotemporal cortex then to posterior parietal cortex. D) posterior parietal cortex then to inferotemporal cortex. E) dorsal prestriate cortex then to posterior parietal cortex.
dorsal presriate cortex then to posterior parietal cortex
According to Ungerleider and Mishkin, "where" is to "what" as A) dorsal stream is to ventral stream. B) agnosia is to blindsight. C) ventral stream is to dorsal stream. D) visual perception is to spatial perception. E) contrast vision is to color vision.
dorsal stream is to ventral stream
Somehow the visual system compares the wavelengths of light reflected by adjacent areas of a visual display, and on this basis color is perceived. The cells that appear to perform this function are A) cones. B) dual-opponent color cells. C) simple cortical color cells. D) trichromatic color cells. E) complex cortical color cells.
dual-opponent color cells
Saccades are A) connections between the photopic and scotopic systems. B) blind spots. C) eye movements. D) centers of color vision. E) retinal neurons.
eye movements
prior to migraine attacks, sufferers often experience: 1. headaches 2. fortification illusions 3. indigestion 4. amnesia 5. agnosia
fortification illusions
High-acuity vision is mediated by the A) optic disk. B) blind spot. C) fovea. D) choroid. E) sclera.
fovea
The retinal indentation that mediates high-acuity vision is the __________.
fovea
Which of the following is a small indentation? A) optic disk B) fovea C) retina D) amacrine layer E) pupil
fovea
Most of the cones are concentrated in the A) nasal hemiretinas. B) temporal hemiretinas. C) foveas. D) periphery of the retinas. E) blind spot.
foveas
Prosopagnosia has been linked to damage of the A) dorsal stream. B) fusiform face area. C) frontal lobes. D) hippocampus. E) both A and B
fusiform face area
The blind spot is the place where axons of retinal __________ cells leave the eye
ganglion
The first retinal neurons encountered by light entering the eye are the retinal __________ cells
ganglion
Which of the following colors does not exist? A) greenish red B) greenish blue C) greenish yellow D) greenish purple E) greenish tan
greenish red
The major distortion in the retinotopic layout of the primary visual cortex is the disproportionately A) high cortical representation of the fovea. B) low cortical representation of the fovea. C) low cortical representation of color. D) high cortical representation of movement. E) low cortical representation of movement.
high cortical representation of the fovea.
The bleaching of rhodopsin by light A) hyperpolarizes rods. B) depolarizes rods. C) depolarizes cones. D) opens sodium channels. E) opens potassium channels.
hyperpolarizes rods.
In his compelling demonstrations of color constancy, Land showed that a particular area of a Mondrian stayed the same color even though there were major changes in the wavelengths that it was reflecting, provided that the Mondrian was A) illuminated. B) illuminated by at least one wavelength. C) illuminated by at least a low and a high wavelength. D) illuminated by at least a low, a medium, and a high wavelength. E) monochromatic.
illuminated by at least a low, a medium, and a high wavelength
There are more rods A) at the center of the fovea than there are 20° from the center. B) in the nasal hemiretina than in the temporal hemiretina. C) in the temporal hemiretina than in the nasal hemiretina. D) both A and B E) both A and C
in the nasal hemiretina than in the temporal hemiretina
The brightness of a light depends on its A) intensity. B) wavelength. C) color. D) both A and B E) both A and C
intensity/wavelength
Binocular disparity A) is an important depth-perception cue. B) is usually corrected by surgery. C) is usually corrected by glasses. D) results from neural convergence. E) is mediated by the lateral geniculate.
is an important depth-perception cue
According to Land's retinex theory, an object's color depends on A) its reflectance. B) the color of the wavelengths that it reflects. C) the dominant color of the various wavelengths that it reflects. D) the particular wavelengths that it reflects. E) the interactions between complementary receptors.
its reflectance
In humans, all of the visual receptors are in the A) last layer of the retina to be reached by light entering the eye. B) first layer of the retina to be reached by light entering the eye. C) cornea. D) middle neural layer of the retina. E) optic disk.
last layer of the retina to be reached by light entering the eye
The Purkinje effect refers to the fact that A) reds and yellows are brighter than blues and greens. B) reds and yellows are more intense than blues and greens. C) lights in the green-blue portion of the spectrum are brighter than lights in the yellow-red portion of the spectrum when viewed under dim illumination. D) lights in the green-blue portion of the spectrum are brighter than equally intense lights in the yellow-red portion of the spectrum when viewed under dim illumination. E) blue-greens are more intense than yellow-reds at night.
lights in the green-blue portion of the spectrum are brighter than equally intense lights in the yellow-red portion of the spectrum when viewed under dim illumination.
Lashley experienced an interesting completion effect: The face of his friend was replaced by the background wallpaper pattern. This occurred during A) a seizure. B) a migraine attack. C) a flash back. D) blindsight. E) recovery from a brain tumor.
migraine attack
Magnocellular neurons are particularly responsive to A) color. B) detail. C) stationary patterns. D) movement. E) all of the above
movement
The amount of light reaching the retinas is controlled by two donut-shaped bands of contractile tissue called the A) pupils. B) scleras. C) corneas. D) foveas. E) none of the above
none of the above. it's the irises
The closer an object is, the A) less our eyes converge when we focus on it. B) less the disparity between the two retinal images of it. C) smaller are its retinal images. D) all of the above E) none of the above
none of the above. It's actually when there is greater distance between the two images (the closer the object is)
High-acuity, color vision is mediated by the small foveal area of the retina. Nevertheless, we have perceptions of the world that are expansive in both their color and their detail. This is possible because A) our visual systems integrate the foveal images from recent visual fixations to produce the subjective visual perception that we are experiencing at any instant. B) of the optic disks. C) of retinal disparity. D) of the difference between the photopic and scotopic spectral sensitivity curves. E) we have depth perception.
our visual systems integrate the foveal images from recent visual fixations to produce the subjective visual perception that we are experiencing at any instant.
Scotomas are located by A) triangulation. B) perimetry. C) topography. D) scotometry. E) scatology.
perimetry
Scotomas are normally identified and characterized by a __________ test.
perimetry
Most lateral geniculate neurons terminate in A) the primary visual cortex. B) cortical layer IV. C) the contralateral hemisphere. D) both A and B E) both A and C
primary visual cortex cortical layer IV
Blindsight occurs most commonly in people with A) retinal damage. B) collicular damage. C) primary visual cortex damage. D) thalamic damage. E) spinal damage.
primary visual cortex damage
In humans, the axons of retinal ganglion cells whose cell bodies are in the left temporal hemiretina A) project contralaterally. B) project ipsilaterally. C) terminate in the right lateral geniculate nucleus. D) terminate in the right striate cortex. E) both A and C
project ipsilaterally
The belief that __________ is specific to faces has been challenged.
prosopagnosia
The most widely studied form of visual agnosia is A) color agnosia. B) prosopagnosia. C) object agnosia. D) bird watchers' agnosia. E) name agnosia.
prosopagnosia
light enters the human eye through an opening in the iris called the A) cornea. B) fovea. C) pupil. D) retina. E) sclera.
pupil
Evidence indicates that the component theory provides the best explanation of color coding at the A) complex cell level. B) simple cell level. C) receptor level. D) bipolar level. E) retinal ganglion cell level.
receptor level
Connections between various areas of visual cortex are virtually always A) unidirectional. B) excitatory. C) reciprocal. D) inhibitory. E) serial.
reciprocal
Here is an illustration of the retina. The neurons identified by the pointer lines carry signals from the retina to the lateral geniculate nuclei. These neurons are A) lateral geniculate cells. B) bipolar cells. C) retinal ganglion cells. D) horizontal cells. E) amacrine cells.
retinal ganglion cells
According to the __________ theory, the color of an object depends on its relative reflectance of low, medium, and high wavelengths.
retinex
The retina-geniculate-striate system is organized A) from top to bottom. B) from left to right. C) on the basis of wavelength. D) retinotopically. E) ipsilaterally.
retinotopically
The surface of the primary visual cortex is laid out __________.
retinotopically
Involuntary fixational flick-like eye movements are called __________.
saccades
Rod-mediated achromatic vision under dim illumination is called __________ vision.
scotopic
The absorption spectrum of rhodopsin closely corresponds to the A) scotopic spectral sensitivity curve. B) colors of the rainbow. C) absorption spectrum of cones. D) photopic vision of humans. E) photopic vision of fish.
scotopic spectral sensitivity curve.
Posterior parietal cortex is considered to be association cortex because it receives substantial sensory input from the A) primary visual cortex. B) thalamus. C) secondary areas of more than one sensory system. D) primary motor cortex. E) hypothalamus.
secondary areas of more than one sensory system
Prestriate cortex and inferotemporal cortex are considered to be areas of A) primary visual cortex. B) association cortex. C) the parietal lobe. D) secondary visual cortex. E) the occipital lobe.
secondary visual cortex
The parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nuclei get their name from the fact that the neurons in these layers are A) multipolar. B) small. C) monopolar. D) large. E) parvo-like.
small
Parvocellular is to magnocellular as A) 2 is to 4 B) small is to big. C) movement is to fine detail. D) all of the above E) none of the above
small is to big
Investigators have studied the contribution of eye movements to vision by studying the effects of A) visual objects that do not move. B) stabilized retinal images. C) ciliary muscle paralysis. D) neck muscle paralysis. E) accommodation.
stabilized retinal images
Another name for primary visual cortex is A) lateral geniculate cortex. B) retinocortex. C) striate cortex. D) foveal cortex. E) optic cortex.
striate cortex
The retina-geniculate-striate system terminates in the A) striate cortex. B) primary visual cortex. C) neocortex of the parietal lobe. D) both A and B E) both A and C
striate cortex primary visual cortex
A.T. is a woman with selective damage to her dorsal visual stream. She has A) little difficulty making accurate movements under visual control. B) substantial difficulty making accurate movements under visual control. C) substantial difficulty consciously recognizing objects. D) lost all ability to respond to moving images. E) both A and D
substantial difficulty making accurate movements under visual control.
The color and brightness of large unpatterned surfaces are not directly perceived; they are filled in or completed by a process called A) edge extrapolation. B) area extrapolation. C) surface interpolation. D) accommodation. E) binocular rivalry.
surface interpolation
Which of the following can be found at the blind spot? A) fovea B) cones C) the axons of retinal ganglion cells D) the cell bodies of retinal ganglion cells E) amacrine cells
the axons of retinal ganglion cells
The existence of complementary color afterimages supports A) the opponent-process theory. B) the component theory. C) the trichromatic theory. D) a hierarchical model. E) spatial-frequency theory.
the opponent-process theory
The phenomenon of color constancy makes the point that A) the perceived color of an object is not solely determined by the wavelengths of light that it reflects. B) color is trichromatic. C) color perception is trichromatic. D) component and opponent processing are equal. E) color and wavelength are the same thing.
the perceived color of an object is not solely determined by the wavelengths of light that it reflects
Color vision is mediated by A) the photopic system. B) rods. C) the scotopic system. D) rhodopsin. E) duplexity.
the photopic system
High-acuity vision is mediated by A) the photopic system. B) the scotopic system. C) the optic disks. D) rhodopsin. E) both C and D
the photopic system
The parvocellular component of the retina-geniculate-striate system runs through the __________ layers of the lateral geniculate nuclei. A) top 4 B) top 2 C) bottom 4 D) bottom 2 E) middle 2
top 4
Transduction refers to the A) perception of lights. B) disappearance of visual stimuli. C) transmission of sensory signals to the cortex. D) transmission of visual signals to the cortex. E) translation of one form of energy to another.
translation of one form of energy to another
Unlike most other vertebrates, primates have A) eyes that do not converge. B) two eyes. C) color vision. D) two eyes side by side on the front of the head. E) eyes that move.
two eyes side by side on the front of the head
Depth of focus is normally greater A) in dim light. B) when the pupils are dilated. C) when the pupils are constricted. D) when the ciliary muscles are contracted. E) both B and D
when the pupils are constricted
