Biopsychology as neuro
Using different research approaches in such a way that the weaknesses of one approach are compensated for by the strengths of another is known as
(?) converging operations
Thiamine-deficient rats display
-memory deficits -brain damage
the human brain weighs about
1.3 kg (2.9 pounds)
According to the textbook, the science of biopsychology as it is practiced today emerged as a discipline in about
1949
In the U.S. alone, more than __________ psychiatric patients have received a prefrontal lobotomy.
40,000
In psychophysiology, the usual measure of brain activity is the
BOTH EEG and electroencephalogram
the research of a biopsychology working for a drug company would likely to be
BOTH- psychopharmacological AND applied
The *blank* effect refers to the fact that a copulating male that becomes incapable of continuing to copulate with one sex partner can often recommence copulating with a new sex partner
Coolidge
Who was responsible for popularizing the use of the transorbital lobotomy?
Freeman
According to the text, *blank* played a key role in the emergence of the field of biopsychology by writing a book published in 1949
Hebb
· The man who played a key role in the emergence of biopsychology as a discipline by writing "The Organization of Behavior" is
Hebb
Biopsychology developed into a major neuroscientific discipline in
In the 20th century
Who was awarded a Nobel Prize for the development of prefrontal lobotomy as a treatment for psychiatric disorders?
Moniz
__________ won a Nobel Prize for the development of the prefrontal lobotomy as a treatment for mental illness.
Moniz
The principle that precedence should be given to the simplest interpretation of a behavior when more than one interpretation is possible is called
Morgan's Canon
Delgado's claim of a caudate taming center should have been dismissed immediately because it violated __________.
Morgan's canon
The field that focuses on the study of the chemical bases of neural activity is
Neurochemistry
What do Hubel, Sperry, Axelrod, Moniz, Pavlov, and Golgi have in common? They are all
Nobel prize winners
Which subdiscipline of biopsychology is most likely to be identified with the assessment of the memory deficits of patients with damage to the frontal portions of the neocortex?
Psychophysiology
Lester and Gorzalka developed a clever way to control for what confounded variable?
Sexual fatigue of males
the coolidge effect refers to the fact that
a sexually fatigued animal will often resume sexual activity if its current partner is replaced with a new one
This drawing illustrates (through eye sockets)
a transorbital prefrontal lobotomy.
Translational research
aims to translate the findings of pure research into useful applications
Korsakoff's syndrome is most prevalent in chronic __________.
alcoholics
According to the text, creative thinking about biopsychology is thinking
all of the above- in new ways, in productive ways, in ways consistent with the evidence rather than with widely accepted views
Experimental evidence suggests that the brain damage commonly observed in people who consume a lot of alcohol is caused by
all of the above- the direct toxic effects of alcohol on the brain, thiamine deficiency, vitamin B1 deficiency
Hebb based his theory on
all of the above-experiments on humans, animals, & clinical case studies
The advantage of humans over other primates as subjects in biopsychological research is that they
all of the above: are often cheaper, can report their subjective experiences, can follow verbal directions
An advantage of biopsychological research on nonhuman animals as opposed to humans is that
all of the above: brains of nonhumans are simpler, there are fewer ethical constraints in studying nonhumans, research in several species makes it possible to use the comparative approach
Common participants in the conduct of cognitive neuroscientific research are
all of the above: cognitive psychologists, computer experts, biopsychologists, mathematicians
The first prefrontal lobotomy performed on a human was
all of the above: performed by Lima, based on the study of Becky, performed with a leucotome
Which of the following is a major theme of your text
all of the above: thinking creatively about biopsychology, clinical implications, the evolutionary perspective, neuroplasticity
*blank* research is research intended to bring about direct benefit to humankind
applied
Research that is intended to bring about direct benefit to humankind is
applied
Many psychophysiological measures are indicators of the activity of the __________ nervous system, which regulates the body's inner environment.
autonomic
Psychology is the scientific study of
behavior
· Psychology is often defined as the scientific study of
behavior
An experiment that tests a different group of subjects in each of the experimental conditions is said to use a(n)
between-subjects design
• Biopsychology is the scientific study of the
biology of behavior
Which of the following is the youngest scientific discipline
biopsychology
· Psychobiology, behavioral biology, and behavioral neuroscience are all approximate synonyms for
biopsychology
Korsakoff's syndrome is
both- caused in large part by thiamine deficiency AND often associated with chronic alcoholism
Scientists in many fields study the unobservable
by scientific inference
The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the
cerebral hemispheres
Research that tries to discover how pure research can best be applied to the solution of practical human problems is called
check notes
Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the major divisions of biopsychology?
clinical psychology
A term that refers to higher intellectual processes such as thought, memory, and attention is
cognition
The division of biopsychology that makes the greatest use of functional brain imaging is __________.
cognitive neuroscience
Which division of biopsychology relies on functional brain imaging as its major research method?
cognitive neuroscience
_____________________ is a division of biopsychology that investigates the neural bases of human cognition; its major method is functional brain imaging.
cognitive neuroscience
The study of biological processes by comparing different species is known as the
comparative approach
__________________ are biopsychologists who study the genetics, evolution, and adaptiveness of behavior, often by using the comparative approach.
comparative psychologists
According to the text, the division of biopsychology that deals generally with the biology of behavior, rather than specifically with the neural mechanisms of behavior, is
comparative psychology
There is more to biopsychology than the study of the neural mechanisms of behavior. The division of biopsychology that best illustrates this point is __________.
comparative psychology
Donald Hebb developed the first comprehensive theory of how
complex psychological phenomena might be produced by brain activity
which of the following makes it difficult to make causal interpretations of experimental results
confounded variables
Scientific progress is most likely when different approaches are focused on a single problem, particularly when the strengths of one approach compensate for the weaknesses of the others. This is called
converging operations
The largest neural pathway that connects the left and right halves of the brain is called the __________.
corpus callosum
Who reported discovering a caudate taming center?
delgado
In a successful experiment, the independent variable affects the
dependent variable
Many individuals with schizophrenia have
difficulty in the smooth visual tracking of regularly moving objects
· The term "within-subjects design" refers to experiments in which
each subject is exposed to each condition of the experiment
The EEG or *blank* is commonly recorded from the scalp
electroencephalogram
Some comparative psychologists study behavior in the laboratory, whereas others conduct
ethological research
Quasiexperimental studies examine groups of subjects who have been
exposed to the conditions of interest in the real world
Transorbital lobotomies were conducted through the orbits, or __________.
eye sockets
The experiment of Lester and Gorzalka (1988 is significant because it constitutes the first strong evidence of a Coolidge effect) in
females
The major method of cognitive neuroscience is
functional brain imaging
the main difference between human brains and the brains of their mammalian relatives is that human brains tend to be bigger and
have more cortex
A volunteer with curarized eye muscles, who viewed a stationary target, saw the target move
in the same direction as he attempted to move his eye
In a well-designed experiment, there is only one systematic difference between the conditions. This difference is manipulated by the experimenter and is called the
independent variable
The experimenter assigns the subjects to conditions, administers the treatments, and measures the outcome in such a way that there is only one relevant difference between the conditions being compared. This difference between the conditions is called the
independent variable
The posture of lordosis in a female rodent indicates that she
is sexually receptive
A strength of the neuropsychological approach is that ____________________, whereas a weakness of the neuropsychological approach is that ____________________.
it focuses on human rain-damaged patients; its focus on human patients as subjects usually precludes experiments
A major weakness in the scientific case for the prefrontal lobotomy was that
it was based almost entirely on one case study AND the effects of the prefrontal lobotomies were not carefully evaluated
What distinguishes biopsychology from the other subdisciplines of neuroscience
its focus on the study of behavior
• Jimmie G., the man frozen in time, had a severe problem with his
memory
When there are several possible interpretations for a behavioral observation, the rule is to give precedence to the simplest one; this rule is called
morgan's canon
If you were to inject curare into your eye muscles and then try to move your eye, you would see the stationary visual world
move in the same direction as your attempted eye movement.
the corpus callosum is a
neural pathway that connects the left and right hemispheres
the field that focuses on the study of the structure of the nervous system is
neuroanatomy
structure of the nervous system is to function of the nervous system as
neuroanatomy is to neurophysiology
The field that focuses on the study of the functions and activities of the nervous system is
neuroendocrinology
the human brain is composed of various cells, including about 100 billion that are specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. these specialized cells are called
neurons
The study of nervous system disorders is called
neuropathology
which subdiscipline of neuroscience focuses on the study of brain disorders
neuropathology
A biopsychologist who studies the memory deficits of human patients with brain damage would likely identify with the division of biopsychology termed
neuropsychology
the study of the nervous system is called
neuroscience
· Biopsychology is a branch or division of
neuroscience
In 1949, Egas Moniz was awarded the Nobel Prize for
none of the above (He received the Nobel Prize for introducing frontal lobotomy as a treatment for mental illness)
the major method of cognitive neuroscience is
none of the above (bc it's functional brain imaging)
Morgan's canon is
none of these
Under normal conditions, the brain mechanisms responsible for the perception of motion don't consider eye movements per se. Rather, they consider
only those eye movements that are actively produced by neural signals from the brain to the eye muscles.
The division of biopsychology that studies the neural mechanisms of behavior through the direct manipulation of the brains of laboratory animals in controlled experiments is
physiological psychology
Research has now established that the brain is
plastic
Which part of the brain is illustrated (the shaded area) in the accompanying drawing?
prefrontal cortex
Biopsychology is sometimes referred to as
psychobiology
biopsychologists who use drugs to manipulate the brains and behavior of their subjects are called
psychopharmacologists
The research of _____________________ typically involves the direct manipulation or recording of the neural activity of laboratory animals by invasive surgical, electrical, or chemical means.
psychopharmacology
Which subdivision of biopsychology is most likely to be identified with an experiment in which the effects of the drug fluoxetine on the ability of mice to learn a maze is studied?
psychopharmacology
Biopsychologists who study the physiological correlates of psychological processes by recording physiological signals from the surface of the human body are often referred to as
psychophysiologists
Which subdiscipline of biopsychology is identified with the measurement of scalp EEG activity and ANS activity in humans?
psychophysiology
There is a tradition of ___________________ in physiological psychology; the emphasis is usually on research that contributes to the development of theories of the neural control of behavior rather than on research of immediate practical benefit.
pure research
The differences between the brains of humans and those of related species are more ______________ than _________________.
quantitative; qualitative
In some studies, subjects are not assigned to particular conditions; instead subjects are selected because they are already living under these conditions (e.g., alcohol consumers and alcohol nonconsumers). Such studies are
quasiexperiments
which of the following animals are currently the most common subjects of biopsychological research
rats
The visual system bases its perception of motion on a comparison between movement of the image on the
retina and the neural commands sent from the brain to the eye muscles
The empirical method that biopsychologists and other scientists use to study the unobservable is
scientific inference
The general method that scientists use to study unobservable objects and events is called __________.
scientific inference
scientists study past ice ages, evolution, neural inhibition, gravity, evaporation, and thinking by
scientific inference
the primary symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is
severe memory loss
the comparison of brain-behavior relations in different species is called
the comparative approach
· A major shortcoming of case-study research is that
the degree to which the results can be generalized is unclear
The early reports that the prefrontal lobotomy was therapeutically effective were based on the impressions of the individuals who were the least objective:
the physicians who had prescribed the surgery
Which prefrontal lobotomy procedure is illustrated by this drawing?
the procedure introduced by Moniz and Lima
Korsakoff's syndrome is often associated with a __________ deficiency.
thiamine
If an object is moving to the left at a constant speed and you are rotating your eyes to the left at twice the speed, you will see the object moving
to the left
Research that aims to translate the findings of pure research into useful applications for humankind is known as
translational research
A *blank*-subjects design is an experimental design that involves testing a different group of subjects under each condition of the experiment
within