race final chapter 12

Health outcomes for Latinos compare favorably with those of other groups on a wide variety of measures. Even though Latinos have, on average, a lower socioeconomic status than whites, they have comparable infant mortality rates. Scholars call this phenomenon the:

Hispanic Paradox

Nuremberg Code

Policy adopted by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1953 under which research subjects have to be informed that participation is voluntary and be provided with information about the nature, duration, and purpose of the research.

Efforts to ensure the right to live in nontoxic neighborhoods, regardless of race is called:

environmental justice

Institutional policies and practices that differentially affect the health outcomes and living conditions of people and communities based on race or color is called:

environmental racism

RESEARCH FOCUS Racial Capitalism: A Fundamental Cause of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Inequities in the United States

racial capitalism fundamentally influences how the disease spreads and reproduces itself.

What does Cecilia Menjivar call women's encounters with poverty, isolation, interpersonal violence, patriarchy, and lack of access to healthcare?

structural violence correct

A framework used to explain the increasing divergence between black and white health outcomes that focuses on how constant exposure to stress accelerates health decline for blacks is called:

weathering hypothesis

environmental justice

Efforts to ensure the right to live in nontoxic neighborhoods, regardless of race.

Conclusion and Discussion

-150 years after the abolition of slavery, White people continue to receive better medical care than Black people. -Outright disregard for people of color informed the decisions made by industry and local leaders in the early twentieth century to place toxic waste facilities in primarily non-White neighborhoods.

RESEARCH FOCUS Race, Disability, and Poverty by Maria Duenas

-A 2017 report by the National Disability Institute showed major disparities between disabled people of color and able-bodied non-Hispanic White people. -For example, prior studies have found that African Americans are more likely to have a disability compared to non-Hispanic Whites and this disparity increases as they age.

The Effects of Individual Racism on Health

-About half of all African American women are obese; the rate for White women, by contrast, is 30 percent. -Overall, Black women talked more about food choices, and White women talked more about body image when asked about their weight-related beliefs.

Life-Course Perspectives

-According to this perspective, Black Americans age more quickly than White people because of the social, economic, and environmental conditions they face. -A recent study found that although African and Mexican Americans have worse health outcomes than White Americans overall, Mexican Americans do not experience cumulative disadvantage or weathering in the same way that African Americans do.

Explaining Health Disparities by Race and Ethnicity Today

-African Americans at every age are more likely than any other racial group to die. -Overall, Black people have a 17 percent higher age-adjusted death rate than White people for all causes and can expect to live about four years less than White people (CDC 2019).

Socioeconomic Status and Health Disparities by Race/Ethnicity

-African Americans do not experience the same health gains as White people do by virtue of an increase in socioeconomic status. -a relationship b/w health and socioeconomic status

Availability of healthy food is one way that segregation can affect health outcomes. A study in New York compared East Harlem, which is _____ white and the Upper East Side, which is ______ white.

6% and 84%

In Fatal Invention, Dorothy Roberts offers poignant reflections on racial disparities in health.

-Black infants are almost three times more likely than white infants to die before their first birthday. -Latinos and blacks are about twice as likely as whites to have diabetes.

Dorceta Taylor argues which of the following are examples of early environmental justice activism:

-Black's fights for lead screening. -Chicano and Filipino struggles against the use of pesticides in agriculture. -Native Americans battle for fishing rights in the 1950s and 60s.

The History of Health Disparities in the United States

-Disparities in life expectancy for Black people and White people in the United States are not new. -It is not difficult to imagine that the lives of people of African descent were devalued in the past, but a look into the history of health disparities and medical care also gives us insight into present-day inequalities.

Segregation and Health

-East Harlem has the highest prevalence of diabetes and obesity in New York City, whereas the Upper East Side has the lowest. -Indians of southern Arizona have the highest rate of type 2 diabetes in the world.

Which of the following is true about Ebb Cade, an African American truck driver who was in a serious accident?

-He was injected with plutonium without his consent to study the effect on the body. -Doctors extracted bone chips and pulled fifteen of his teeth. -Instead of dying like the doctors expected, he recovered

Culture and Health

-Immigrants often have better health than their native-born counterparts. -Foreign-born Black people, Cubans, Mexicans, and Chinese have lower risks for infant mortality and low birthweight than their native-born counterparts.

VOICES The Flint Water Crisis

-In March 2016, the Flint Water Advisory Task Force Report found that the residents of Flint, Michigan, a majority-Black and overwhelmingly poor city, had been exposed to environmental and health hazards due to water-supply decisions made by city officials. -In an effort to save money, Flint city officials began to seek out alternative water sources.

Involuntary Experimentation on African Americans

-In his memoir, Brown describes how he was subjected to medical experimentation in Georgia in the 1820s and 1830s. -The practice of using involuntary Black experimental subjects continued after slavery and involved both live and dead bodies. -One area of research in which Black people were disproportionately affected is the experimental use of radiation.

Genetics, Race, and Health

-In the case of asthma, researchers have found that Puerto Ricans are more susceptible to asthma than Mexicans. -The simple fact that Black people are more likely to have sickle cell disease or end-stage renal disease or that there are genetic variants associated with these diseases does not mean that there is any scientific evidence for genetic variation between racial groups.

Environmental Racism

-Latin American immigrants are also disproportionately exposed to toxins and their concomitant risks. -They further found that rates of estimated cancer risk from air toxins are highest in Latinx destinations; however, they are highest in early new destination counties.

GLOBAL VIEW Health and Structural Violence in Guatemala

-Many clear links exist between stress and health outcomes. -Cecilia Menjivar's (2011) work on structural violence in Guatemala helps us better understand its effects on women's bodies.

VOICES The Holt Family of Dickson, Tennessee

-The Holt family filed a lawsuit against the Dickson City and Dickson County governments, seeking redress for the harm inflicted on their family by the contaminated water and racial discrimination. -The family reached a settlement with the city and county governments for over $5 million.

Environmental Justice

-The movement for environmental justice focuses on the right to live in nontoxic neighborhoods. -Many scholars locate the beginning of the environmental justice movement in the 1980s, when primarily non-White communities began to come together and insist on their right to live in nontoxic neighborhoods. -Many of the residents of Hyde Park interpret their experiences through a racial lens: the failure of the local, state, and federal governments to respond to their need is part of a history of exclusion that African Americans have faced since slavery.

VOICES I'm Sick of Asking the Children of Flint to Be Resilient by Mona Hanna-Attisha

-With over 200 deaths, the county where Flint is has more Covid-19 fatalities than 19 states to date. -The epidemic of gun violence has compounded tragedy upon tragedy.

Which of the following is a black disease?

-sickle cell incorrect -sarcoidosis incorrect -cystic fibrosis

In 1989, construction workers in August, Georgia uncovered nearly _______ human bones and skulls beneath what was once the Medical College of Georgia.

10,000

Overall, Black people have a ______ higher age-adjusted death rate than White people for all causes.

17%

The United States has only 5% of the world's population yet generates ________ of the world's waste.

19%

In the southeastern region of the United States ________ of the largest hazardous waste landfills can be found in majority-black areas.

3 out of 4

Black children are _____ times more likely than white children to have lead poisoning.

5

life-course perspectives

A framework used to explain how health outcomes change over the life course.

weathering hypothesis

A framework used to explain the increasing divergence between Black and White health outcomes that focuses on how constant exposure to stress accelerates health decline for Black people.

cumulative disadvantage perspective

A framework used to explain the increasing divergence between Black and White health outcomes that focuses on how disadvantages accumulate over the life course.

acculturation

A process by which immigrants adopt the behaviors and preferences of the host society.

People of color and poor people are more likely to live close to places that can directly damage their health, EXCEPT:

DDT factories

Which of the following medical experiments was NOT performed on John Brown?

Giving him syphilis to see its effects

Which country eventually accepted the Kian Sea, a ship filled with 15,000 tons of ash that came from Philadelphia?

Haiti

environmental racism

Institutional policies and practices that differentially affect the health outcomes or living conditions of people and communities based on race or color.

Why did the city officials in Flint not add an anticorrosive element to the water that would have made it safer?

It would cost $100 per day correct

By 1970, Japan and Great Britain had similar life expectancies and similar levels of inequality. By 1990, who had the highest life expectancy in the world?

Japan

One hundred and fifty years after the abolition of slavery, which of the following is NOT true:

Most Black communities have access to healthy foods.

What is a policy adopted by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1953 under which research subjects have to be informed that participation is voluntary and be provided with information about the nature, duration, and purpose of the research?

Nuremberg Code

Hispanic Paradox

The observation that even though Latinx people have, on average, a lower socioeconomic status than White people, they have comparable health outcomes to White people.

Black and Latino children are more likely to suffer from ________ than White children

asthma

The environmental justice movement is intimately tied to the fight against:

health disparities

There is a misconception that African Americans are not interested in ___________ and __________.

healthy eating; exercise

Although African Americans have higher levels of most physical ailments, they have lower levels of ____________.

mental illness