Exam 3

Whole practice

(cartwheel) whole technique is practiced intact

Distributed practice

(regular fall/spring season ) shorter practice sessions more frequent (better for long-term learning)

Massed practice

(summer school) longer practice session less rest (better for performance)

Example of distributed practice

1 hour session four times a week

Example of Massed practice

4 hour practice session once a week

Blocked practice schedule

A x 20, B x 20, C x 20

Repeated blocked practice-

A x 5, B x 5, C x 5) x 4

Serial practice

A, B, C x 20

Maximizing time on task

Adjust rest intervals, equipment substitutions, drill design

Advantages of Repeated blocked practice

Allows learner to make adjustments to each task while still performing several tasks during a practice session

How many times should you observe?

Analysis based on a single performance should be avoided As complexity of task increases, number of observations will increase

Is variable practice better for a new learner or an expert?

Associative stage

Which practice is better for performance?

Constant practice

How to implement variability?

Depends on the nature of the skill and the environment in which it will be performed

Functions of augmented feedback

Error correction, Motivation & Reinforcement

Speed/accuracy tradeoff (Fitts' Law)

Explains the relationship between speed of a movement, size of the target, distance from the target, and the resultant movement time

Internal (intrinsic) feedback

Feedback information that is available to learners through their sensory systems

Where should you observe from?

Focus on entire movement = farther away Focus on eye movement =closer

Example of intrinsic feedback

Gymnast on a balance beam senses she is losing her balance

Part-whole method

Practice each part separately

Progressive part method-

Practice two parts separately, then combine with other part

Example of augmented feedback

Practitioner's comments, Video replay of the learner executing a skill & Distance, time, or score resulting from one's performance

Simplification

Reduce the level of difficulty of the task

Which type of accuracy does Fitts' law mainly apply to?

Spatial accuracy

Should the error always be corrected?

Three questions: Can the learner actually make the correction? How long will it take for the correction to be made? Retry (cognitive) , Refine (associative), Rebuild (autonomous) Is the learner even motivated to make the correction?

Which practice is better for learning?

Variable practice

Most common sources of augmented feedback

Verbal descriptions and demonstrations

Random practice schedule

a,b,c,b,c,a = 60

Using video pros

allows for repetitive viewing simultaneously with the practitioner and the learner can be slowed down & paused it captures movement that occur too rapidly for the human eye to see

Terminal feedback

at the end of the performance (more common)

Spatial accuracy

being able to hit something in an aiming condition so when you speed up the movement, accuracy suffers

Fractionization

breaking skill into part upper body and lower body or left side right side

Low task organization

clapping your hands

no inter-trial variability (no regulatory condition change)

constant regulatory conditions (free throw)

Resolution of comprehension errors

constantly check for understanding, use simple terminology avoid overloading learner with too much information

Identifying critical features (key elements) while observing

critical features or specific body movements that are observable and affect the performance of the skill

Continuous skills

cycling, swimming, running distributed practice may be better

Increase speed leads to

decrease accuracy

Increase the distance from the target leads to

decrease accuracy

Increase accuracy leads to

decrease speed

When to manipulate non regulatory conditions and regulatory conditions

depends on closed or open skills

When to implement variability?

depends on the level of the learner

Planning an observation

different techniques exist and some are better than others

Practice distribution

duration and frequency of the practice session and allocation of time within a single session

Concurrent feedback

during/throughout performance (dance routine,swim strokes)

Should you emphasize speed or accuracy when teaching new learners ballistic skills?

emphasize speed so that the movement pattern isn't constrained

Augmented feedback

external feedback (terminal or concurrent) (KR or KP)

Which CI is better for learning?

high CI

Random practice

high CI (introduce in associative)

Increase the size of the target leads to

increase accuracy

Resolution of response selection errors

increase performers ability to identify and locate critical cues teach critical cues help with response time reduce the number of response alternatives

Resolution of execution errors

increase practice time to establish proper nueromuscular coordination

Constraint errors

individual, environment, task

High task complexity:

jump serve in volleyball

Execution errors

knowing what movement to do but not executing it properly

KP

knowledge of performing (Information regarding specific characteristics of the performance that led to the outcome) ( good for cognitive)

External (augmented) feedback

knowledge of results & knowledge of performing (Information received from an external source)

KR

knowledge of results (provides the learner with information about the outcome of a response) (percentage,number)

Which CI is better for practice?

low CI

Blocked practice

low CI (cognitive stage)

When diagnosing error, most practitioners compare learners' performance to that of an expert, which can be problematic

lower motivation everyone has a different movement pattern there may be several reasons why an error is occurring errors don't always occur because technique is poor

Resolution of constraint errors

lower the goal change the equipment change the structure of task or drill change the environment

Implementing Variability in Open (unstable) skills

manipulate both regulatory and nonregulatory conditions (kicking a soccer ball)

With inter-trial variability (regulatory condition Change)

manipulate regulatory and non-regulatory conditions (putting in golf)

Using video cons

might distract learners might cause learners to alter their performance

Example of simplification

modify equipment, Change the environment's complexity (open to closed)

Feedback

most common form of correcting errors

What things should you consider when implementing part practice

nature of the skill, capability of the learner, part practice techniques, attention cueing

Task complexity

number of subcomponents

Implementing Variability in Closed (stable) skills depends

on inter-trial variability

Low CI

one or two skills and the environment is stable

Task organization

order of subcomponents

Discrete skills

pitching, punting, catching massed practice may be better

Resolution of sensory errors

pracitice in those conditions

Repetitive part method-

practice by adding parts together

Response selection errors

procedural knowledge error, decision making errors, recall errors

Intrinsic response

produced information available through sensory systems

Example of Segmentation

punting

High task organization

putting a golf ball

Low task complexity

putting a golf ball

Practice time is wasted on

resting, waiting in line, listening to excessive verbal instruction, participating in poorly designed drills

Constant practice

same skill same context repetitively

Part practice

segments are practiced separately until they are learned then, the skill is performed in entirely

High CI

several skills in several different contexts

Distribution across sessions

shorter, more frequent meetings are better for learning

Advantages of part practice

simplifies the skill, learners have early success leads to increased motivation, learners can practice on problem areas

Segmentation

skill subcomponents are practiced separately then all together

4 possible demands for a task

speed, accuracy, distance from target, size of target

Example of fractionization

swimming, boxing

Part practice is better for

tasks with high complexity and low organization (tying your shoes)

Whole practice is better for

tasks with low complexity and high organization (putting a golf ball)

When learners are given the option to choose their practice schedule

they tend to switch tasks more frequently (meaning they choose practice schedules with high CI)

Example of Variable practice

throwing a pass to different locations from different distances

Example of Constant practice

throwing the same pass over and over

Temporal accuracy

timing accuracy so when you slow down the movement, it constrains the movement pattern decreasing temporal accuracy

Advantages of whole practice

under certain conditions the whole practice is favored

Comprehension errors

understanding, declarative, rules errors

Variable practice

variety of skills variety context

Sensory errors

vision, hearing, proprioception (Inaccurate sensory feedback) errors