Exam 3
Whole practice
(cartwheel) whole technique is practiced intact
Distributed practice
(regular fall/spring season ) shorter practice sessions more frequent (better for long-term learning)
Massed practice
(summer school) longer practice session less rest (better for performance)
Example of distributed practice
1 hour session four times a week
Example of Massed practice
4 hour practice session once a week
Blocked practice schedule
A x 20, B x 20, C x 20
Repeated blocked practice-
A x 5, B x 5, C x 5) x 4
Serial practice
A, B, C x 20
Maximizing time on task
Adjust rest intervals, equipment substitutions, drill design
Advantages of Repeated blocked practice
Allows learner to make adjustments to each task while still performing several tasks during a practice session
How many times should you observe?
Analysis based on a single performance should be avoided As complexity of task increases, number of observations will increase
Is variable practice better for a new learner or an expert?
Associative stage
Which practice is better for performance?
Constant practice
How to implement variability?
Depends on the nature of the skill and the environment in which it will be performed
Functions of augmented feedback
Error correction, Motivation & Reinforcement
Speed/accuracy tradeoff (Fitts' Law)
Explains the relationship between speed of a movement, size of the target, distance from the target, and the resultant movement time
Internal (intrinsic) feedback
Feedback information that is available to learners through their sensory systems
Where should you observe from?
Focus on entire movement = farther away Focus on eye movement =closer
Example of intrinsic feedback
Gymnast on a balance beam senses she is losing her balance
Part-whole method
Practice each part separately
Progressive part method-
Practice two parts separately, then combine with other part
Example of augmented feedback
Practitioner's comments, Video replay of the learner executing a skill & Distance, time, or score resulting from one's performance
Simplification
Reduce the level of difficulty of the task
Which type of accuracy does Fitts' law mainly apply to?
Spatial accuracy
Should the error always be corrected?
Three questions: Can the learner actually make the correction? How long will it take for the correction to be made? Retry (cognitive) , Refine (associative), Rebuild (autonomous) Is the learner even motivated to make the correction?
Which practice is better for learning?
Variable practice
Most common sources of augmented feedback
Verbal descriptions and demonstrations
Random practice schedule
a,b,c,b,c,a = 60
Using video pros
allows for repetitive viewing simultaneously with the practitioner and the learner can be slowed down & paused it captures movement that occur too rapidly for the human eye to see
Terminal feedback
at the end of the performance (more common)
Spatial accuracy
being able to hit something in an aiming condition so when you speed up the movement, accuracy suffers
Fractionization
breaking skill into part upper body and lower body or left side right side
Low task organization
clapping your hands
no inter-trial variability (no regulatory condition change)
constant regulatory conditions (free throw)
Resolution of comprehension errors
constantly check for understanding, use simple terminology avoid overloading learner with too much information
Identifying critical features (key elements) while observing
critical features or specific body movements that are observable and affect the performance of the skill
Continuous skills
cycling, swimming, running distributed practice may be better
Increase speed leads to
decrease accuracy
Increase the distance from the target leads to
decrease accuracy
Increase accuracy leads to
decrease speed
When to manipulate non regulatory conditions and regulatory conditions
depends on closed or open skills
When to implement variability?
depends on the level of the learner
Planning an observation
different techniques exist and some are better than others
Practice distribution
duration and frequency of the practice session and allocation of time within a single session
Concurrent feedback
during/throughout performance (dance routine,swim strokes)
Should you emphasize speed or accuracy when teaching new learners ballistic skills?
emphasize speed so that the movement pattern isn't constrained
Augmented feedback
external feedback (terminal or concurrent) (KR or KP)
Which CI is better for learning?
high CI
Random practice
high CI (introduce in associative)
Increase the size of the target leads to
increase accuracy
Resolution of response selection errors
increase performers ability to identify and locate critical cues teach critical cues help with response time reduce the number of response alternatives
Resolution of execution errors
increase practice time to establish proper nueromuscular coordination
Constraint errors
individual, environment, task
High task complexity:
jump serve in volleyball
Execution errors
knowing what movement to do but not executing it properly
KP
knowledge of performing (Information regarding specific characteristics of the performance that led to the outcome) ( good for cognitive)
External (augmented) feedback
knowledge of results & knowledge of performing (Information received from an external source)
KR
knowledge of results (provides the learner with information about the outcome of a response) (percentage,number)
Which CI is better for practice?
low CI
Blocked practice
low CI (cognitive stage)
When diagnosing error, most practitioners compare learners' performance to that of an expert, which can be problematic
lower motivation everyone has a different movement pattern there may be several reasons why an error is occurring errors don't always occur because technique is poor
Resolution of constraint errors
lower the goal change the equipment change the structure of task or drill change the environment
Implementing Variability in Open (unstable) skills
manipulate both regulatory and nonregulatory conditions (kicking a soccer ball)
With inter-trial variability (regulatory condition Change)
manipulate regulatory and non-regulatory conditions (putting in golf)
Using video cons
might distract learners might cause learners to alter their performance
Example of simplification
modify equipment, Change the environment's complexity (open to closed)
Feedback
most common form of correcting errors
What things should you consider when implementing part practice
nature of the skill, capability of the learner, part practice techniques, attention cueing
Task complexity
number of subcomponents
Implementing Variability in Closed (stable) skills depends
on inter-trial variability
Low CI
one or two skills and the environment is stable
Task organization
order of subcomponents
Discrete skills
pitching, punting, catching massed practice may be better
Resolution of sensory errors
pracitice in those conditions
Repetitive part method-
practice by adding parts together
Response selection errors
procedural knowledge error, decision making errors, recall errors
Intrinsic response
produced information available through sensory systems
Example of Segmentation
punting
High task organization
putting a golf ball
Low task complexity
putting a golf ball
Practice time is wasted on
resting, waiting in line, listening to excessive verbal instruction, participating in poorly designed drills
Constant practice
same skill same context repetitively
Part practice
segments are practiced separately until they are learned then, the skill is performed in entirely
High CI
several skills in several different contexts
Distribution across sessions
shorter, more frequent meetings are better for learning
Advantages of part practice
simplifies the skill, learners have early success leads to increased motivation, learners can practice on problem areas
Segmentation
skill subcomponents are practiced separately then all together
4 possible demands for a task
speed, accuracy, distance from target, size of target
Example of fractionization
swimming, boxing
Part practice is better for
tasks with high complexity and low organization (tying your shoes)
Whole practice is better for
tasks with low complexity and high organization (putting a golf ball)
When learners are given the option to choose their practice schedule
they tend to switch tasks more frequently (meaning they choose practice schedules with high CI)
Example of Variable practice
throwing a pass to different locations from different distances
Example of Constant practice
throwing the same pass over and over
Temporal accuracy
timing accuracy so when you slow down the movement, it constrains the movement pattern decreasing temporal accuracy
Advantages of whole practice
under certain conditions the whole practice is favored
Comprehension errors
understanding, declarative, rules errors
Variable practice
variety of skills variety context
Sensory errors
vision, hearing, proprioception (Inaccurate sensory feedback) errors
