BioTech Exam 2

Alginate produced during bacterial infections contributes to the viscosity of mucus in airways. Treatment of the bacterial biofilm in those infections by antibiotics is efficient but alginate lyase in addition can contribute to decreased treatment efficiency.

False

Aptamers are short nucleic acid sequences, either RNA or DNA, that fold into a unique tertiary structure and bind loosely to proteins, amino acids, drugs, or other molecules.

False

Bispecific antibodies consist of dual-variable antibody domains in their structure and can be specific against two different antigens.

False

CRISPR-Cas is an ineffective delivery system for therapeutic nucleic acids.

False

Cancer stem cells rely on the ability of receptor proteins on the cell surface to seed new tumors but can't be inhibited by monoclonal antibody directed against the surface protein.

False

Combinational therapy against various human diseases is only as effective as regular forms of common therapy procedures but is sometimes a need.

False

Due to extensive variability in human microsatellite DNA sequences, DNA bands from microsatellite DNA can't be used as forensic DNA fingerprints.

False

Engineered monoclonal antibody that is trisepcific in nature for targeting cancer cells by binding to a tumor cell surface receptor protein and a couple of T-cell surface receptor proteins simultaneously is a myth.

False

Genetic immunizations for delivery of DNA vaccines would be inefficient with plasmid DNA binding to the positively charged microparticles.

False

Introducing a linker to two monomers of a fusion protein that naturally occurs in dimeric form, like Interleukin-10, unstabilizes the protein due to limited orientation in three dimensional space.

False

Masking of nonhuman epitopes by performing modifications of a nonhuman enzyme can lead to immunogenic responses when introduced in patients that lack a sufficient level of the human version of that enzyme. You Answered

False

Microbial biosensors for detection of estrogenic substances in the environment by measuring bioluminescent signal using engineered yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are a perfect model to generate optimal results.

False

Nucleic acids are more important than proteins in therapeutics.

False

Protection of oligonuleotides from degradation by nucleases is not as important as the delivery mechanism.

False

Random mutagenesis of the Fc region of a monoclonal antibody is used to generate more stable forms of the monoclonal antibody and is preferred over directed mutagenesis.

False

Some bacterial cells, like E. coli, can't be targeted on their surface proteins due to the complexity of their cell wall and membrane structure with multiple layers of protection.

False

Use of nanopatch for microprojections-based delivery of vaccines is very ineffective and requires a dosage on the higher side.

False

When working with peptide vaccines, a single epitope is usually sufficiently immunogenic.

False

While using recombinant technology, it is important to keep the coding sequences under the influence of the gene's natural promoter region to ensure enhanced transcription.

False

With the naturally evolving viral components acting as antigens, the effectiveness of the vaccine significantly increases.

False

Anticancer antibodies are conjugated to a toxin molecule to kill the tumor cell after the antibody binds to specific cell surface receptor protein that is synthesized by induction from a chemotherapeutic molecule.

True

Aptamers are short nucleic acid sequences, either RNA or DNA, that fold into a unique tertiary structure and bind very tightly to proteins, amino acids, drugs, or other molecules.

True

Bioluminescence from genetically engineered bacteria harboring lux genes in the chromosomal DNA are used in an assay to identify presence of certain pollutants.

True

CRISPR-Cas system can be used for the prime-editing technique to avoid unintended changes to a genome by inserting the desired changes to the genome into the DNA itself instead of relying on the cell's repair system.

True

Cascades form a network of proteins in the human body. One example is the human blood coagulation cascade that depends on activation of a protein downstream in the cascade by an already activated protein

True

Dendrimers are biocompatible, non-immunogenic, water‐soluble nanoparticles that possess terminal modifiable functional groups as sensors.

True

Despite the ability of many naturally occurring microorganisms to degrade a number of different xenobiotic chemicals, there are limitations to the biological treatment of these waste materials, such as high concentrations of some organic compounds can inhibit the activity or growth of degradative microorganisms.

True

Electroporation is one of the DNA vaccine delivery technique that involves the formation of transient openings in the cell membrane with the application of an electric field to enhance DNA uptake.

True

Fluorescent proteins can be used as reporters for environmental signals that can bind to the modified promoter regions in order to activate transcription of the reporter gene.

True

For microorganisms to be able to efficiently synthesize a large number of different organic compounds, it is essential that these strains are able to tolerate relatively high concentrations of these organic solvent-like compounds, which might otherwise be toxic to the producing cells.

True

Hybrid human-mouse monoclonal antibodies are genetically engineered to contain only CDR regions from the mouse monoclonal antibody to replace CDRs of the gene for human antibody resulting in a humanized antibody.

True

In addition to producing new antibiotics, genetic manipulation can be used to rapidly and inexpensively enhance yields and thereby lower the production costs of existing antibiotics.

True

In an attempt to release cytoplasmic recombinant leptin from L. reuteri, the leptin gene is introduced in to the bacterial chromosomal DNA where its produced in large amounts inside the bacterial cytoplasm and as the bacteria transit the gastrointestinal tract, the prophages with required coding sequences on the bacterial chromosome are induced to enter the lytic cycle to lyse the bacteria and release the leptin protein from the cytoplasm.

True

Inactivated virus by heat or chemical treatment to kill the virus is one type of traditional vaccine.

True

Incineration and chemical treatment have been used to break down many toxic chemicals, but these methods are costly and often create new environmental difficulties which is why microbial degradation of xenobiotic compounds might provide an economical and effective means of disposing off toxic chemical wastes.

True

Interfering RNA are involved in a technique based on reversible gene silencing by introduction of double-stranded RNA complementary to the gene.

True

Methylation of DNA at specific nucleotides protects it from digestion by a restriction endonuclease.

True

Microinjection of nucleic acids is the simplest possible nucleic acid delivery system.

True

Molecular-beacon probes with different fluorophores can be used to differentiate two samples based on emission intensity at different wavelengths.

True

One of the main reasons of looking into alternatives to traditional vaccines, like use of subunit and peptide vaccines, is to overcome the serious side-effects or threats posed by the pathogen in a traditional vaccine, for example oncogenic nature of Herpes Simplex virus.

True

Over-expression of the antigen-coding genes in some cases results in a larger immunogenic response and stronger protection against the disease.

True

RNA profiles are important in studying expression differences in different samples that might be caused by internal and/or external environmental stimuli.

True

Ribozymes are naturally occurring catalytic RNA molecules that bind to and cleave RNA molecules and are similar in working to DNAzymes.

True

Ribozymes can be delivered in the interior of liposomes which are spherical particles comprising a lipid bilayer surrounding a therapeutic agent such as nucleic acids or drugs.

True

Ribozymes may be designed to simultaneously bind multiple sites on a single viral mRNA to overcome ineffective therapy if ribozyme doesn't bind to target sequence as tightly as a result of even single mutation.

True

Since actin competes with DNA strands to bind to DNase I, a modified version of DNase I was created that binds tightly to DNA but has a significantly decreased affinity for actin in order to improve digestion of DNA, for example during bacterial infections.

True

To overcome the blood-brain barrier for the delivery of certain drugs, inhibitor molecules can be added to inhibit the activity of the enzymes that convert the drug to its active form before reaching the activity site.

True

To standardize the production conditions for all restriction endonucleases, exclusive use of E. coli is helpful and additionally, E. coli cells grow rapidly to high cell densities and can be engineered to significantly overexpress each target restriction enzyme.

True

Toxin-intein fusion proteins, generated by fusion of N- and C- terminal portions of the intein separately to two halves of the Toxin protein, under the transcriptional control of promoter regions that can be activated by addition of certain compounds is a useful means of killing antibiotic resistant bacteria.

True

Transposase-catalyzed movement of a target gene into cellular chromosomal DNA can be achieved by transposase gene and target gene flanked by transposon inverted repeat sequences, both encoded on separate plasmids.

True

Treatment of infections can be made more efficient with monoclonal antibodies against bacterial surface proteins in addition to antibiotics especially when involving antibiotic resistance bacteria.

True

Type III secretion system of some Gram-negative bacteria secreting proteins into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells using needle-like projections is one of the natural candidate systems when using bacteria as antigen delivery systems,

True

Unlike E. coli, Streptomyces strains exist not as individual cells, but as extended aggregates called mycelial filaments. Some of the cells in those filaments might get transformed but others might not which is why it is essential to enzymatically remove their cell wall to separate out the cells before transformation.

True

Using cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic microorganisms as a source of lipids and other biofuel compounds is more cost effective than production by terrestrial plants.

True

When using siRNA as therapeutic agents, lipid conjugation can result in mediating siRNA uptake into cells as well as increasing siRNA plasma half-life.

True

While using proteases to remove the leader peptides and internal peptides, proteolytic cleavage of the precursor forms of protein is important to transform them into their mature forms at their site of activity.

True

With recombinant DNA technology, it is possible to modify metabolic pathways of organisms either by introducing new genes or by altering existing ones in order to create an organism with a novel enzymatic activity that can convert an existing substrate into a commercial compound.

True