BISC 104 Mastering Biology Chapter 11.1-11.2 and Chapter 12

How is artificial selection different from natural selection? A. Artificial selection is directed by human choice. B. Artificial selection changes traits but not genes. C. Artificial selection only occurs in modern times. D. Artificial selection occurs rapidly in one generation.

Artificial selection is directed by human choice.

What process can result from natural selection? A. Random fertilization B. Traits to be passed from parents to offspring C. Adaptations to occur via mutation D. Evolution

Evolution

What is artificial selection? A. Selection that is quickly reversed when environmental conditions change B. A hypothesis for past selective processes that cannot be tested now C. Selection that occurs in a laboratory setting D. Selection caused by humans

Selection caused by humans

Which action would produce a line of horses with long ears? A. Breed two horses with longer than usual ears. B. Pull on the ears of horses before mating them. C. Mate horses in a noisy environment for several generations to promote long ear growth. D. Mate horses with normal ears and look for offspring with long ears.

Breed two horses with longer than usual ears.

Which explanation could be considered a Lamarckian argument? A. As giraffes stretched their necks to eat leaves, a long neck trait was passed to their offspring and subsequent generations. B. Leopards with spots were able to sneak up on prey most effectively, so this trait became common in leopard populations. C. Finches with a reliable food source retained their beak characteristics over time. D. Island tortoises resembled tortoises on the mainland because they had a common ancestor.

As giraffes stretched their necks to eat leaves, a long neck trait was passed to their offspring and subsequent generations.

What provides variation in a population? A. Diversity of the food supply for a population B. Usage of certain body parts that makes them change C. Random mutations D. Environmental change

Random mutations

True or False: Darwin was the only scientist of his time to propose a mechanism for evolutionary change.

False

Why have public health officials once again become very concerned about tuberculosis in the 21st century? A. The immune systems of infected people cannot recognize and kill M. tuberculosis. B. Antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis are on the rise. C. M. tuberculosis is difficult to grow in the lab. D. Tuberculosis can lie dormant for months

Antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis are on the rise.

Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"? A. Antibiotics are used only until the patient feels better, therefore reducing the exposure to the antibiotics. B. Antibiotics are used every time a patient has disease symptoms, in order to prevent an infection from occurring. C. Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person. D. Antibiotics are used to treat all infections, whether they are bacterial or viral, in order to bring about a full cure.

Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.

Part complete How does antibiotic use cause evolution in a population of tuberculosis bacteria? A. Antibiotics cause other types of resistant bacteria to change into tuberculosis bacteria. B. Antibiotics kill bacteria without resistance, leaving only resistant bacteria. C. Antibiotics cause mutations in the DNA of bacteria. D. People who take antibiotics too often become susceptible to a wider variety of bacterial infections.

Antibiotics kill bacteria without resistance, leaving only resistant bacteria.

Which of the following explains how people are affected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections? A. Most infections are symptomless, but active lung disease occurs in 10% of infected people. B. Patients' immune systems stop functioning and they get many infections. C. The bacteria destroy lung tissue and most patients die rapidly. D. The human digestive system is invaded by the bacteria and colon cancer may result.

Most infections are symptomless, but active lung disease occurs in 10% of infected people.

What conclusion resulted from Darwin's observations on the voyage of the HMS Beagle? A. Some species have remarkable similarities but are not related. B. An amazing variety of species has always existed on Earth. C. Species tend to become perfectly adapted to their habitats. D. Similar species share a common ancestor.

Similar species share a common ancestor.

In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics? A. The antibiotics caused mutations in the DNA of the bacteria, making them resistant to the antibiotics. B. The bacteria mutated as a survival response to the presence of antibiotics, enabling the bacteria to become resistant to the antibiotics. C. Researchers added antibiotic resistant bacteria to the culture, so that the bacteria would continue to grow across the area with antibiotics. D. A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.

A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.

Why is combination drug therapy used to treat certain diseases? A. Possible damage to any particular body organ will be reduced if different drugs are used. B. A greater number of genetic changes are required for resistance to develop if a greater number of drugs are used. C. A greater number of microorganisms can be affected if more drugs are used. D. Fewer side effects may be possible for the patient if more drugs are used at lower dosages.

A greater number of genetic changes are required for resistance to develop if a greater number of drugs are used.

What situation ensures that natural selection will change a population significantly? A. At least one individual in the population must develop a new gene in response to an environmental change. B. The environment should remain relatively stable for a long period of time. C. A large number of individuals who are not fit must be eliminated from the population without reproducing. D. Low levels of competition among members of the population should occur.

A large number of individuals who are not fit must be eliminated from the population without reproducing.

Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection? A. Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced. B. Antibiotics caused mutations in the bacteria that were exposed to the largest doses of antibiotics. C. Antibiotics caused bacteria to reproduce more quickly than normal. D. Some bacteria began to tolerate the antibiotics, and passed this ability to their offspring.

Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.

At what point in the evolution of antibiotic resistance does mutation play a role? A. After bacteria enter a host but before they start to multiply in the host B. Before bacteria enter a host C. After the host takes an antibiotic D. After bacteria are exposed to the action of the immune system

Before bacteria enter a host

Which scientific procedures would provide the best evidence for the theory of natural selection? A. By finding similarities between modern flowering plants and fossilized ferns B. By comparing a bacterial population exposed to a factor that kills most organisms over many generations with an unexposed population C. By observing the human-like behaviors of chimpanzees in social settings D. By evaluating the genetic changes in an elephant group over many generations relative to the original population

By comparing a bacterial population exposed to a factor that kills most organisms over many generations with an unexposed population

What type of selection would occur if pollinators preferred red flowers over pink or white flowers? A. Diversifying selection B. Stabilizing selection C. Directional selection D. Artificial selection

Directional selection

In a species of snail, dark-shelled individuals are better hidden from bird predators in the shady forest, while light-shelled individuals are better hidden in well-lit brushy edge areas. If there were no areas of intermediate brightness in this habitat,which type of selection would act on shell color in these snails? A. Stabilizing selection B. Directional selection C. Disruptive selection

Disruptive selection

In the high-alcohol environment, individual flies who carried the fast-processing allele had higher fitness than those who did not carry it. What does that mean? A. Flies with the fast-processing allele were more likely to survive and reproduce than the flies without the allele. B. Flies with the fast-processing allele required less energy to fly than the flies without the allele. C. Flies with the fast-processing allele were stronger than the flies without the allele. D. Flies with the fast-processing allele were less likely to consume alcohol than the flies without the allele.

Flies with the fast-processing allele were more likely to survive and reproduce than the flies without the allele.

Which characteristic would contribute most directly to fitness? A. Being able to catch the most prey B. Living a long time C. Having the most offspring D. Growing to a large size

Having the most offspring

How did Dr. Allison test his hypothesis that sickle cell disease was connected to malaria? Select all that apply. A. He expanded his study area beyond Kenya to the rest of East Africa to see if malaria and sickle disease were connected. B. He studied the way that the malaria parasite interacts with sickle cells. C. He evaluated blood samples for malaria parasites and the presence of sickle cells. D. He looked for the underlying genetic mechanism causing sickle cell disease.

He expanded his study area beyond Kenya to the rest of East Africa to see if malaria and sickle disease were connected. He evaluated blood samples for malaria parasites and the presence of sickle cells.

In 1949, Dr. Tony Allison observed a high frequency of Kenyans carrying the sickle cell allele in coastal areas and near Lake Victoria, but a lower frequency in the highlands. What did he hypothesize? A. He hypothesized that there was a connection between malaria and sickle cell disease. B. He hypothesized that malaria causes sickle cell disease. C. He hypothesized that malaria is a genetic disease. D. He hypothesized that sickle cell disease was an environmental, not a genetic disease.

He hypothesized that there was a connection between malaria and sickle cell disease.

How does Dr. Allison's work provide an example of natural selection in humans? Select all that apply. A. In areas with malaria, individuals with one sickle cell allele reproduced at higher rates than those with no sickle cell alleles. B. In areas without malaria, individuals with two sickle cell alleles reproduced at lower rates than those without sickle cell disease. C. Natural selection caused the sickle cell allele to appear in east African populations. D. In areas with malaria, natural selection causes individuals to acquire the sickle cell allele as protection against malaria.

In areas with malaria, individuals with one sickle cell allele reproduced at higher rates than those with no sickle cell alleles. In areas without malaria, individuals with two sickle cell alleles reproduced at lower rates than those without sickle cell disease.

What change may occur if a population of fruit flies is exposed to a food source with high-alcohol content? A. Most flies in the population would develop a mutation that allowed them to process more alcohol. B. Flies in the population would reproduce more rapidly because of the extra food source. C. Flies in the population would evolve different mouth parts so they could avoid ingesting the alcohol in the food. D. Individuals who are not tolerant of the ethanol would die, and individuals who are naturally tolerant would survive.

Individuals who are not tolerant of the ethanol would die, and individuals who are naturally tolerant would survive.

In some populations, 1 in 500 people have sickle cell disease. What reason does the film give for why a potentially deadly, inherited disease is found at such high frequencies? A. Individuals with one sickle cell allele are protected from malaria and do not have sickle cell disease, thus keeping the allele in the population. B. Individuals with two normal hemoglobin alleles get both sickle cell disease and are susceptible to malaria, so these alleles are eliminated from the population. C. Sickle cell alleles are new mutations and not enough time has gone by for these alleles to be eliminated from the population by natural selection. D. Individuals with two sickle cell alleles have an evolutionary advantage because they do not get sickle cell disease or get infected with malaria.

Individuals with one sickle cell allele are protected from malaria and do not have sickle cell disease, thus keeping the allele in the population.

How does the use of multiple drugs to combat an infection influence evolution? A. It makes the evolution of resistance in bacteria less likely. B. It makes the evolution of humans with poor immune systems more likely. C. It makes extinction of bacteria more likely. D. It makes the evolution of resistance in bacteria more likely.

It makes the evolution of resistance in bacteria less likely.

A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic? A. Eventually, all of the bacterial population will be wiped out. B. Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria. C. Over time, the antibiotic will cause mutations in the bacteria. D. Every time the antibiotic is given, it will kill 99% of the bacterial population.

Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.

Compare sickle cell disease and malaria. A. Sickle cell disease and malaria are both infectious diseases. B. Sickle cell disease and malaria are both genetic diseases. C. Sickle cell disease and malaria are both potentially lethal diseases. D. Sickle cell disease and malaria are both inherited diseases.

Sickle cell disease and malaria are both potentially lethal diseases.

What mechanism explains the increase in the proportion of flies carrying the allele that increases the rate of alcohol metabolism? A. evolution by natural selection B. genetic mutation C. chance D. low levels of alcohol in the environment

evolution by natural selection

You are culturing bacteria from a source that has never been exposed to antibiotics. Could any bacteria in the population have the trait of resistance? A. No, without exposure to antibiotics the trait of resistance doesn't occur. B. Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide phenomenon so many bacteria will definitely be resistant. C. The bacteria will either be 100% sensitive or 100% resistant. D. Some bacteria in the culture may have the trait even without exposure

Some bacteria in the culture may have the trait even without exposure

Small lizards have difficulty defending their territory, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which type of selection would act on body size in these lizards under these conditions? A. Disruptive selection B. Directional selection C. Stabilizing selection

Stabilizing selection

How would evolutionary biologists define the fitness of an organism? A. The ability of an individual to stay healthy B. The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce C. The ability of a population to adapt D. The ability of a population to survive

The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce

In a high-alcohol environment, what changes occurred in the fruit fly allele that produced the fast alcohol-metabolizing enzyme? A. The allele was passed only to the male flies. B. The allele became more frequent in the population over time. C. The allele became less frequent in the population over time. D. The allele did not work as well as the slow alcohol-metabolizing enzyme.

The allele became more frequent in the population over time.

What factor is most important in determining the way that a population evolves? A. The average life span for each member of the population B. The size of the population C. The average number of offspring produced by each member of the population D. The environment

The environment

A fox population lives in an area in which the average winter temperature has been dropping for several years. Which adaptation would be most likely for the foxes? A. Thicker fur B. The exact adaptation depends on the genetic variation present in the population. C. More fat deposited around vital organs D. Longer hibernation

The exact adaptation depends on the genetic variation present in the population.

Which factor would be the most important consideration for a scientist designing a study to observe evolution in a population? A. The organism should have traits that can be easily measured. B. The organism should be large enough to see under the microscope. C. The organism should have a short generation time. D. The population should have a large number of members.

The organism should have a short generation time.

If a person has two normal copies of the hemoglobin allele, which statements are true? Select all that apply. A. The person is homozygous at the hemoglobin locus. B. The person is susceptible to malaria. C. The person is protected against malaria. D. The person is heterozygous at the hemoglobin locus.

The person is homozygous at the hemoglobin locus. The person is susceptible to malaria.

Predict what will happen to the frequency of the sickle cell allele in areas where malaria has been eradicated. A. The sickle cell allele frequency will not be affected. B. The sickle cell allele will increase in frequency. C. The sickle cell allele will decrease in frequency.

The sickle cell allele will decrease in frequency.

What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps? A. Antibacterial and antimicrobial products are far more toxic to humans than are antibiotics. B. Antibacterial and antimicrobial products are far more toxic to bacteria than are antibiotics. C. The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria. D. Doctors are concerned that people will stop using antibiotics, and start using more antibacterial and antimicrobial products instead.

The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.

In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics? A. conducting research to see whether our current antiviral medications could be used as antibiotics to combat bacteria B. searching the rainforest for new chemicals that can be used as antibiotics C. encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development D. spending federal tax money to set up government labs specifically for new drug research and development

encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development

You wish to replicate the experiment with fruit flies and alcohol. You expose some flies to alcohol and they all die. Which reason explains why your experiment was not successful? A. You exposed the flies to alcohol too rapidly for them to adapt to the change. B. The flies were already resistant to alcohol, so no change was observed. C. You did not use enough alcohol. D. You started with such a small population of flies that none of the flies had the tolerance allele.

You started with such a small population of flies that none of the flies had the tolerance allele.

Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance? A. taking antibiotics for all infections, including viral infections B. using high doses of antibiotics in animal feed, so that we are not exposed to the bacteria C. taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor D. stopping taking the antibiotics as soon as you feel better, thereby decreasing the exposure of the bacteria to the antibiotics

taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor