black social movements unit 1 & 2
test! differences between free blacks and fugitives and enslaved
!!
Preservation through transformation
"The rules and reasons the political system employs to enforce status relations of any kind, including racial hierarchy, evolve and change as they are challenged"
truants - collective action and punishments
"collective action strengthened truancy's sustainability and, in some cases, mitigated the brutality of planter's retaliations" -collective action like feeding truants -planters would say they wouldn't get punished if they just come back, promise usually not kept--could have collective punishment for one truant
criminal justice system
"the criminal justice system was strategically employed to force african americans back into a system of extreme repression and control, a tactic that would continue to prove successful for generations to come."
Niagara Movement
(1905) W.E.B. Du Bois and other young activists, who did not believe in accommodation, came together at Niagara Falls in 1905 to demand full black equality. Demanded that African Americans get right to vote in states where it had been taken away, segregation be abolished, and many discriminatory barriers be removed. Declared commitment for freedom of speech, brotherhood of all peoples, and respect for workingman. -declarations are demands to vote, pleads for more decent living situations, and complaints as to the denial of equal economic opportunities -against booker t washington -anti accomodation -analyze how race and class worked together to sustain capitalism, imperialism, and racism in modern world --> NAACP
Bishop Henry McNeal Turner
- emigrationist - thought education, modernization, and devotion to god would uplift africa -a pioneering church organizer and missionary for the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) in Georgia, later rising to the rank of bishop; also an active politician and Reconstruction-era state legislator from Macon & he became an outspoken advocate of back-to-Africa emigration -elected to georgia legislature but not seated because racist -American Methodist Episcopal -believed that there was no hope in US for AA after Jim Crow -South would never truly be equal and have real freedom; major proponent for them returning to Africa -believed white supremacy generated black self-hatred and no black man can achieve manhood unless we can protect and govern ourselves -proposed emigration to liberia -supported women's suffrage and women ministers -racial pride -ahead of his time
New Negro Movement
- socialists and communists -Political/Intellectual context for the Harlem Renaissance - The literary and intellectual flowering that fostered a new black cultural identity in the 1920s and 30s - Has been called the "spiritual coming of age" in which the black community was able to seize upon its "first chances for group expression and self-determination"
Nat Turner
- was an enslaved African-American mystical preacher who led a violent rebellion of both enslaved and free black people in Southampton County. The rebellion began at August 21, 1831 and lasted for two days. It caused the death of approximately 60 white men, women and children. In the aftermath, Virginia and other southern states passed stricter laws to control slaves and free blacks.
"Labor and Capital Are in Deadly Conflict," 1886 T. Thomas Fortune
-"From the institution of feudalism to the present time the inspiration of all conflict has been that of capitalist, landowner and hereditary aristocracy against the larger masses of society— the untitled, the disinherited proletariat of the world." -Capitalism is the root cause of all conflict and issues the common people face. Capitalism empowers and enables the few; the landowners, the hereditary aristocracy, the rich, to rule over and control the masses; the unentitled, the working class, the poor.
martin r delaney
-1812-1885 -major theoretical and political architect of "black nationalism" -educator, physician, african explorer, unsuccessful political candidate, author, journalist -produced one of earliest black newspaper the mystery -worked briefly with frederick douglass on north star but they disagreed on strategies and philosophy -racial separatism -emigrationist - colonization only hope for black freedom - whites=producers black=consumers -father of black nationalism -black self reliance and self determination -physical at harvard but no one would talk to him
Afro-Futurism
-A movement embraced widely by black hip-hop, funk, and jazz musicians which combines elements of ancient Egyptian iconography with futuristic themes. The movement paralleled the earlier Exodus movements in that it also advocated a new black home land, but differed in that said homeland often took the form of an intergalactic destination or some place esoteric -A literary and cultural aesthetic that centers the experiences of peoples of African descent combined with elements of science fiction, historical fiction, fantasy, magical realism, and non-Western cosmologies to critique historical and contemporary issues faced by people of African heritage
Richard Allen
-An African American preacher who helped start the Free African society and the African Methodist Episcopal church. Purchased his freedom to become a minister -first african american leader to preach non-violence -separated and sold from family while young -17 years old, joined methodist church -bought freedom for himself and his brother -methodist church - pretty equal, blacks can be pastors, until pastors made the black congregators sit upstairs--> walked out of St. George Church -church began 1794 philadelphia - establish the independent Free African Society
redemption
-Southern conservative campaign to "reverse Reconstruction"(Alexander 30) using white supremacist terrorism, resulting in "the effective abandonment of African Americans and all those who had fought for it supported an egalitarian racial order"(Alexander 31) by the federal government and marking "a turning point in the quest by dominant whites for a new racial equilibrium, a racial order that would protect their economic, political, and social interests in a world without slavery"(Alexander 32). -beginning of jim crow -redeemed through terror, voting fraud, intimidation, changes to state constitutions
David Walker
-a free man who lived in the south born near wilmington, north carolina in 1785 to a free mother and enslaved father. abolitionist. sold subscriptions to abolitionist papers, free mason, methodist (believed individuals could have a direct relationship with god) -walker's nationalist vision of black pride and self dissertion had drawn lines of identification around blacks as a common people
test!! sociological definition of social movements
-a series of contentious performances, displays, and campaigns in which ordinary people make collective claims on others
Marcus Garvey
-africa for africans -liked self-help rhetoric of booker t wash -pan african -largest black social movement than any other ever -one god one aim one destiny -look to ethiopia (bible, stable govt, rastafarianism linked to ethiopia) -UNIA -capitalist -UNIA had its own businesses like laundromate and grocery store etc -Negro World Newspaper -Du Bois thought garvey was a fraud -appealed to lower class
california's dreaming implications
-awareness of anti-slavery sentiment in the North raised expectations that freedom was close at hand -political consciousness never inborn but learned, acquired in the workspace, places of anguish, and in the home
3 social movements join abolition and freedom struggle
-black abolitionists -white abolitionists -free soilers
goals of the democratic party in the south after reconstruction
-black subordination by any means necessary -keep blacks (and poor whites) from voting; curb land ownership through terror, fraud, and intimidation -keep large landless population of workers (little pay, sharecropping, get paid in chips that can only be used at that store) -prevent interracial class based alliances -legal: jim crow (supreme court more conservative, says civil rights act is unconstitutional, separate but equal) -extra-legal: terror, rape, murder, lynching, fear
women's truancy (absenteeism)
-bondwomen occasionally ran away from overwork, violence, planter control, and prying eyes of family/friends -sought temporary escape (truants) not freedom because they had more familial responsibilities (households depended on women) - women had dense social relations which made it harder to leave -stigma surrounding leaving children "nobody respects a mother who forsakes her children"
california's dreaming
-california believes she's free or ought to be free -her and isaac are hired out (like their own business) -hiring granted california mobility and money -had poster of abraham lincoln
new geographies of containment during civil war
-confederate pickets stationed to keep slaves in -curfews and policing (guns, dogs, execution) -slaveholders caged up and locked up slaves to avoid runaways (make them see theyre not free, engaged in terrorism) -union officers also wanted to contain them
sailors
-connected agricultural slaves to the larger, more informed world beyond plantation -david walker recruited sailors to spread word -sailors quarantined to stop spread of anti-slavery sentiment
slavery in federal law
-constitutions: representation 3/5ths compromise article 1 sec 2, fugitive slave law article 4 section 2, congress cannot stop international slave trade until 1808 article 1 sec 9 -laws governing citizenship and the creation of territories and states 1787 -compromise of 1820 (Missouri Compromise) - compromise of 1850
emigrationists
-during antebellum, emigrationist sentiment high because of profound pessimism, the question of citizenship compelled them to renounce the US "i can join a foreign army and fight against it [the US] without being a traitor, because it treats me as an ALIEN and a STRANGER -during reconstuction, emigrationist sentiment low because of the prospect of citizenship -look at africa like the promised land
T. Thomas Fortune
-editor -activist -founded new york freedmen newspaper Urged blacks to demand civil rights, better schools, fair wages, end discrimination
african communalism/socialism
-edward wilmot blydon argued that "african cultures were naturally communal and did not allow private ownership of land, and that their emphasis on collective responsibilities for their entire community rendered homelessness, poverty, and crime nonexistant" -idea that pre-colonial societies were inherently democratic and practiced a form of "primitive communism" that could lay out tje groundwork for a truly egalitarian society -imagined african as a place free of exploitation -traditional pre-capitalist life might offer a superior road to freedom
everyday resistance
-efforts to resist or obstruct authority that are not clearly organized over time, such as work stoppages, slowdowns, and sabotage, keeping their public displays hidden until there is a moment of truth (watershed moment) that reveals depth and breadth of movement -middle ground between consent and organized opposition -hidden or indirect expressions of dissent, quiet ways of reclaiming a measure of control over goods, time, or parts of one's life
Abolitionist prints depicted...
-enslaved people in degraded, abused, and exploited terms -prints valued for interpretations, not depictions
why did women run away?
-escape sexual exploitation -escape punishment/fear of death -escape responsibilities -visit family -ran to woods, swamp
David Walker's Appeal
-first sustained written assault on slavery and a foundation of black nationalist thought -uses lots of christianity -aimed at the coloured citizens of the world but in particular, and very expressly, to those of the united states of america -
frederick douglass
-fugitive, orator, journalist, abolitionist, recruiter -one of first men to join women's rights movement -what to the slave is the 4th of july? (put audience on the spot) -part of massive protests against denial of habeas corpus (show me the body) and trial by jury for alleged fugitives -black freedom would require war (thunder and lightning) -"if there is no struggle, there is no progress" "power never concedes but on demand"
Maroon Societies
-fugitives, some indigenous, and some indentured whites -existed on the run -inventive rather an imitative, communitarian rather than individualistice, democratic rather than republican, afro-christian rather than secular and materialist -transcends politics fir the universe of moral goods -separatism
free blacks and fugitives in north
-had PEN AND VOICE -spoke out and wrote about horrors -used analysis of bible, independent movements, morality, the enlightenment for arguments -had conventions to petition for rights and emancipation -founded independent organizations: churches, schools, fraternal lodges, newspapers -participated in underground railroad -women's rights
colorblind racism
-ideology that explains contemporary racial inequality as the outcome of nonracial dynamics -being "colorblind," demonstrates blindness to the active inequalities in society and undermines the fact that everyone has a color bias. The phrase creates a white narrative since white is often the standard of being equal and strips minorities of uniqueness
Types of Resistance
-individual/collective -overt/covert
Black Lives Matter
-is in fact a movement to disrupt the "consistent denial of Black oppression in US society," and a call to action to end the institutional racism that is ingrained in the practices of this country -An activist movement originating from Alicia Garza that aims to spread awareness of and end the violence and systematic racism against Blacks. The movement sparked after the shooting of Trayvon Martin in early 2012. The movement has no formal leader or network. The phrase "BLM," colloquially, is used to affirm that the lives' of Blacks are equal to anyone else and that their rights are being violated in society.
john brown
-led a band of whites and blacks to take over military armory with hope to start a slave uprising (with only 19 people), raid on harper's ferry -hanged -john brown's body song became union battle song
abolitionist prints
-long been visual -mass produced cheap editions -anti-slavery images provoked a visceral and sympathetic response -printed on variety of items -the most dangerous aspect of anti-slavery propaganda: visual nature of abolitionist propaganda overrides slaves' illiteracy -slaves weren't the targets, northern sympathizers were
gender in the UNIA
-males made to appear more assertive with elaborate uniforms -african redemption=manhood redemption -fatherland, not motherland, at first but then switched (rape symbolism, nursing mother raped by imperialists) -women were black cross nurses, depicted as angels of charity and mercy, not jezebels -women challenged and reinforced gender divisions and conventions
african redemption
-marcus garvey, founder of universal negro improvement association -promoted vision of new africa that embraced certain western ideas and tech but transformed them to suit black people's needs
reasons to not help runaways
-might not help someone you didn't know (could be dangerous) -can't necessarily trust runaways (they turn in each other) -collective punishment -planter could target your family if you get caught -patrols and dogs -baby could cry, baby is stinky
African Blood Brotherhood
-militant black nationalist marxists -bolsheviks - lenin -advocated socialism but the heart of their agenda was armed self-defense against lynchings, universal suffrage, equal rights for blacks, immediate end to segregation -precursor to black panther party
Rival Geography
-mobility in the face of constraint that operated against geographies of containment characterized by motion -places youre not supposed to be or doing things in the space that youre not meant to be doing -not always away from plantation, could be on plantation-- -Diverse spaces that provided the space and time not only for relief from exploitation, control, and surveillance but also for independent activity. Some examples of rival geographies are fleeing to the woods, meeting at church in the middle of the night, the slave cabins, or the plantation of separated family members and friends.
print exuberance
-more access to reading materials -more people reading -sought to appeal to popular audiences -newspapers cheaper and include local news, crime, courtroom reports, human interest stories
consequences of dred scott case
-no black people can be citizens 1. free black people in north were citizens therefore had no standing in federal court: had "no rights which the white man was bound to respect" 2. ruled the ban on expansion of slavery in the compromise of 1820 was unconstitutional (allowed to take slaves anywhere) 3. neither congress nor territorial government could have slavery = no popular sovereignty (idk what this means) 4. argued the constitution didn't really mean all men are equal
Radical Philosophy
-offered most promise -critique of large corporations and wealthy elite in north and south -->populist party -preferable to paternalism by liberals
parties as resistance
-pleasure -foot dragging next day from being tired from party -get to dress us (pleasure) -let off steam
examples of everyday resistance
-poisoning food -foot dragging -truancy -religion (read parts of bible they weren't taught about) -talking back -dances, mocking songs at woods parties
Henrietta Vinton Davis
-populist -socialist -orator -garveyite -organized UNIA chapters in Liberia, Cuba, Trinidad
Reasons for Emancipation Proclamation
-pragmatic need for soldiers -boosting domestic morale -maintaining international diplomacy -allowed feds to arm run aways
Societies with Slaves
-pre-columbus societies mainly had slaves but their economies were not based on slavery -slaves were mainly prisoners of war, debt pawns -status was not fixed, could be negotiated, rules for treatment
Slave Cabins
-public (labor reproduction) -private (family, community formation, intimacy)
the great migration
-pull: black worker take place of immigrant workers making arms, black workers take place of white drafted dudes -push: voting, education, hopefully less racial oppression movement of over 1 million African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
Lucy Parsons
-racism will die with capitalism -lynching a class problem -anarcho-feminist -"never be deceived that the rich will permit you to vote away their wealth" This American labor organizer, radical socialist and anarchist was married to newspaper editor Albert Parsons. She contributed to the newspaper he famously edited, The Alarm. Following his 1887 execution in conjunction with the Haymarket Affair, She remained a leading American radical activist as a member of the Industrial Workers of the World and other political organizations. Name her.
slave homes
-rival geography because abolitionist materials -rival geography because it was a place where other free worlds were imagined and ultimately made -culture of opposition nurtured in the home
frederick douglass becomes recruiter for black troops
-says if you join union army, they can't deny your right to citizenship because you fought for them -black soldiers not paid the same, many black soldiers refused their pay and just wanted to fight for freedom -viewed the civil war as a war for freedom
W. E. B. Du Bois
-scholar -first harvard, then univ of berlin (always wanted a job at tuskegee institute) -pan africanist -niagara movement -socialist - joined communist party at end of life -editor -naacp -father of sociology -anti-bookerite
Poetic knowledge
-seeing the future in the present -An imaginative process coined by Kelley to describe the process of "seeing the future in the present", or imagining a better world despite the horrors of the present and the past. The term was based on Aimé Césaire's essay "Poetry and Knowledge", which discussed the necessity of poetry in resolving the world's greatest problems
prince hall's "thus doth ethiopia stretch forth her hand from slavery, to freedom and equality"
-sermon originally delivered to black fraternal order addresses the fraternal order in Menotomy and calls for them to have patience and faith in God in order to see forth a better day. He reminds the people that have gathered to listen to continue having faith in the Lord, because like in the French West Indies, all dark hours will end. He encourages the people listening that holding onto their faith will get them through troubling times, and that as bad as slavery is, it will eventually be over and they will all see a better day.
designs to keep black people on plantations or in geographies of containment
-sharecropping -year long employer contracts - criminal offense to break, competing landowners barred from offering better pay
three bodies
-site of domination (sexual, physical, linguistic) -site of subjective experience of this ^^ process (pain, vulnerability, terror) -a thing to be claimed and enjoyed, symbolic and material resource/contested terrain of pleasure and resistance
slaveholding women
-slave holding women's selves were based on freedom and femininity that had been fabricated in the projection of agency onto the bodies of their slaves -elite women saw slaves leaving as a personal betrayal -had invested emotions into their slaves
paternalists
-sought to educate and convince their subordinates of the rightness of their world -needed to stop waves of abolitionism after Revolutionary War -wanted loyalty and appearance of consent -tried to make slaves content enough so they wouldn't attempt to leave -slavery is a positive good
effect of david walker's appeal
-southern officials try to prevent the appeal from reaching the south (harsh penalties for possession and distribution of appeal -$10,000 bounty for david walker alive
Claude McKay
-spoke in USSR, prompting the Negro Commission in response -new negro -against booker t wash and w e b du bois -poet -immigrant to harlem from jamaica -novelist -socialist
Northwest Ordinance
-there won't be slavery or involuntary servitude in territory besides as punishment for a crime -fugitives in territory will be returned
After the Emancipation Proclamation
-wartime and postwar movement was an open and mass enactment of previously covert practices -everyday resistance during antebellum made wartime movement possible by building a culture of resistance -emboldened and shelthered -secrecy decreasing and less effort to conceal movement -racial etiquette crumbling
"a black nationalist manifesto" Martin R. Delany
-while their exists inequality among races, no equality can be gained, and there can be no grievances regarding these inequalities until black Americans take a stand and become determined to change their situation -calls for emmigration from the United States to Central America because there is no policy calling for inequality based on race or color existing in the nations of Central America. Delany believed that colored people would never be able to obtain the same privileges and rights that white people had in America. Emigrating to a new space gives the opportunity for African Americans to build a new life since they are at the bottom of the social and economic caste system in America.
space and gender
-women had second shift -men got passes -women had sexually degrading punishments -time more intense for women (children, etc)
why didn't women go as far as men when practicing absenteeism?
-women were center of family -didn't know terrain without passes -against norms to leave
14th Amendment
1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts -basically: granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—and guaranteed all citizens "equal protection of the laws" and due process -citizenship -privileges and immunities -due process -equal protection -representation -no voting!
3 elements to all social movements
1. campaigns: a sustained organized public effort making collective claims of authorities 2. repertoire: use of combinations of forms of political action, creating special-purpose associations and coalitions, public meetings, solemn processions, vigils, rallies, demonstrations, petition drives, statements to and in public media, pamphleteering etc 3. WUNC displays: participants concerted public representations of worthiness, unity, numbers, and commitments on the part of themselves and/or their constituencies
test!! 3 elements of social movements
1. campaigns: sustained, organized public effort making claims of authorities 2. repertoire: combinations of forms of political actions (use of combinations of forms of political action, creating special-purpose associations and coalitions, public meetings, solemn processions, vigils, rallies, demonstrations, petition drives, statements to and in public media, pamphleteering etc) 3. WUNC displays: concerted public representation of worthiness, unity, numbers, and commitments on the part of themselves and/or their constituents
impact of dred scott decision
1. polarized north v south over slavery and expansion to territories 2. strengthened and emboldened abolition 3. free black and fugitives fled to north 4. helped form republican party 5. abraham lincoln 6. civil war and end of slavery 7. reason for 13th 14th and 15th amendments and civil rights act constitution must be amended to get rid of dred scott decision
"Let Your Motto Be Resistance!"
1843, Henry Highland Garnet's, "Let Your Motto Be Resistance!" Is an address to the slaves of the United States that utilizes fiery rhetoric and religious appeals to advocate for armed resistance against slaveholders. By citing Nat Turner, Denmark Vessey, Joseph Cinque and other armed resistors against slavery as martyrs, Garnet argues that slavery has no natural basis, is an egregious abuse of the natural rights that exist to all human beings, and as such, should be disregarded by any means, no matter how violent, in its entirety -pleads to his fellow African-Americans not to accept their fate as enslaved people
kansas-nebraska act
1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. -things falling apart more quickly -border skirmishes and fights in kansas pro-slavery vs anti-slavery
Freedmen's Bureau
1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs
Paul Laurence Dunbar
1st African American to make a living off his writing, Author of "We Wear the Mask," "Douglas" and "Slow through the Dark" "sympathy" "i know why the caged bird sings" -poet
dred scott decision
A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.
Dred Scott Decision (1857)
A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen. black people can never be citizens
W. E. B. DuBois (1868-1963)
A black orator and essayist. Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's theories, and took a militant position on race relations. -phd harvard 1895 first black phd from harvard -poor but literate family -born free -anti-accomodation -marx's vision can never be realized without black worker
Black Nationalism
A movement to create and maintain the Black culture and race through the social, political, and economic empowerment of black communities and people, especially as a resistance movement to white/''Western'' culture. Many modern Black Nationalist movements have drawn criticism for being anti-LGBT, anti-semetic, and overtly black-supremacist
surrealism
A movement which began in Paris after WW1 and which espoused a total societal transformation through the "emancipation of thought". Surrealists advocated for changes not only in political structure and the way political power was apportioned to the general population, but also for the redefinition of societal interactions, personal relationships, work, and community
populist movement
A movement which sought to form an alliance between poor whites and blacks against rich white elites in the South. Although populists had several political victories, the movement was eventually persuaded towards abandoning its alliance with poor blacks in favor of embracing white supremacy and realigning themselves with the conservative party they had sought to oppose -privileged classes conspiring to keep poor whites and blacks locked into a subordinate political and economic position -after conservatives started reversing populist success, they started believing that their principles can never be fully embraces by the south until blacks were eliminated from politics
henry highland garnet (1815-1882)
A radical abolitionist, who with David Walker, advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. They argued that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their "masters" born into slavery in Maryland in 1815, escaped age 10 and settled in New York, where he received schooling -most influential and renowned abolitionist orators of the 19th century. -provided aid to African-American Union Troops and supported physical rebellion and was an advisor to abe lincoln -gave controversial speech at national negro convention 1843 -helped establish cuban anti-slavery society in new york 1872 -appointed us minister to liberia and died there
African Fundamentalism
A revision of Christianity "rooted in Ethiopianism, African Methodism, and a variety of religious beliefs that would eventually make their way into the Rastafarian faith"
jim crow
A system of legal and extra-legal practices beginning in the era after reconstruction and continuing until 1964 which systematically oppressed black citizens and sought to bring racial dynamics closer to those present during the enslavement of blacks. Notable practices included segregation and racial terror, such as lynching (30-35)
Atlantic Creoles
A. Africans of mixed race that fitted into the English colonies long before the widespread use of African slaves. B. Some were free, some indentured and some enslaved but all were held in comparison to European and Indian people living in the same societies. c. Refers to a generation of people who were born in Western America or were baptized and Christianized, or served on slave ships. Also referred to whites who were born in the Americas, particularly the Caribbean.
marcus garvey
African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927. -called his own movement "black zionism"
Booker T. Washington
African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. -ends up becoming super elite
Anthony Johnson
African-American landowner in Virginia. Was at first an indentured servant. (1620) Tobacco farmer. Died in 1670.
Bacon's Rebellion
After "the planter elite refused to provide militia support" for the plan of Nathaniel Bacon, a white property owner in Jamestown, to seize Native American land, Bacon united a "multiracial alliance of bond workers and slaves" made up of both black and white workers to attempt a "revolutionary effort to overthrow the planter elite"(Alexander 24). -the rich had been accumulating uncultivated land to restrict options of workers -participants hanged -promises not kept -elite scared of multi-racial alliance of workers
Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)
After being denied a seat on a railroad car because she was black, she became the first African American to file a suit against such discrimination. As a journalist, she criticized Jim Crow laws, demanded that blacks have their voting rights restored and crusaded against lynching. In 1909, she helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). -suffragette -took statistics from white newspapers about lynching for her book -lynching oppresses all women -friends lynched over rival shop
National Association of Colored Women
An organization created in 1896 by African American women to provide community support. Through its local clubs, the NACW arranged for the care of orphans, founded homes for the elderly, advocated temperance, and undertook public health campaigns. -lifting as we climb
Atlanta Compromise
Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement. -blacks should give up voting and civil rights to focus on farming, industrial education, business -should reject social equality -black people should stay south to make more money -tuskegee institute should teach skills that do not put black people in competition with white people (prove worth to whites by getting rich) -whites should support industrial education, rule of law, grant black people rights when they saw fit
Tuskegee Institute
Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper through agriculture and crafts
Accomodationism
Compromises with or adapts to the viewpoint of the opposition. Speaks to Booker T. Washington's belief that African Americans should not focus and repealing Jim Crow laws, but instead focus on self and community improvement through trade-based education.
pickets
Confederate pickets were soldiers who would look out for enemy soldiers and deserters, and also "prevented runaway slaves from reaching their destinations." Motion: "freedom had no specific location within or outside the postwar South and resided at no certain destination, it nonetheless had a spatial nature grounded in one of the same principles that had guided slaves' antebellum rival geography: motion." Moving existed "alongside the dream owning land" and was "at the core of what historian Leon Litwack has called the "feel of freedom."
Missouri Compromise (compromise of 1820)
Congress passed a bill granting Missouri statehood as a slave state under the condition that slavery was to be forever prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36th parallel, which runs approximately along the southern border of Missouri. maine as a free state -The Dred Scott decision later ruled this compromise unconstitutional
Mary Church Terrell 1863-1954
First president of the National Association of Colored Women -born to former slaves -father was wealthy, mother businesswoman -co-founder of naacp 1909 -teacher, activist, mother -american women barred black women from clubs but they were internationally accepted so she would speak in french or german when she spoke at european conventions
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
Founded by Marcus Garvey, it was the largest African redemption movement in history. It promoted "a vision of a new Africa that embraced certain Western ideas and technologies but transformed them to suit black people's needs" Organization founded by Marcus Garvey in 1914 to promote black self-help, pan-Africanism, and racial separatism. wanted to send people back to africa -largest african redemption movement in history of the world -mass-based, global, black nationalist movement wanted to redeem africa and establish homeland for black world -heyday in 1920s
What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?
Frederick Douglass speaks to the pride in one's nation that only seems to be afforded to white people. He asserts that their can be no celebration of a nation built on the backs of enslavement, and tainted by the horrors and atrocities committed in the name of the advancement of said nation.
Ruffin v. Commonwealth
Inmates are slaves of the state "he is for the time being a slave of the state. he is civiliter mortus..."
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free - did not actually end slavery -changed nature of civil war to create union without slavery
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." -justice john marshall dissented and said that it cannot mean equal because freedom is based on movement (like black people thought)
1871 Klan Act:
Made racial terrorism illegal and imposed use of military force against the KKK. Despite this, racial terrorism did not stop
exodus
Movements advocating the emigration of Black people to various lands, often with the purpose of establishing a new black "homeland' and escaping persecution in the United States (16). Exodus movements often choose Africa as their destination, with Ethiopia and Liberia having been historically popular choices (20-22). The largest of such movements, the Universal Negro Improvement Association, was founded by Marcus Garvey, who called the movement a for of "Black Zionism" -exodus provided language to critique america's racist state and build a new nation, for its central theme wasn't simply escape but a new beginning =dreams of vlack self-determination, being on our own, under our own rules and beliefs, developing our own cultures, without interference
NAACP 1908
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People -race riot led to formation
13th Amendment (1865)
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Scottsboro Boys
Nine young black men between the ages of 13 to 19 were accused of of raping two white women by the names of Victoria Price and Ruby Bates. All of the young men were charged and convicted of rape by white juries, despite the weak and contradictory testimonies of the witnesses -the international league of defense (communists) had to take over the case because the NAACP was like **** them kids and ended up winning and getting 4 boys out! -worked because communists started international freedom campaign which embarasses the NAACP who originally did nothing
Phyllis Wheatley (1753-1784)
One of the best-known poets of the Revolutionary period, Wheatley was born on the western coast of Africa and kidnapped when she was about seven years old. She was transported to Boston, where she was purchased in 176l by John Wheatley, a prominent tailor, as an attendant to his wife. Wheatley learned English and was taught to read and write, and within sixteen months of her arrival in America she was reading passages from the Bible, Greek and Latin classics, astronomy, geography, history, and British literature. In 1773 thirty-nine of Wheatley's poems were published in London as Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. This collection, Wheatley's only book, is the first volume of poetry to be published by an Afro-American.
Prince Hall (1735-1807)
One of the most prominent free blacks to emerge during the Revolutionary period. Born a slave in Barbados, Hall received his freedom in 1770 and immediately took a leading role among Boston blacks protesting slavery. Minister who fought in the Continental Army and became an early leader in the struggle to end slavery in the United States. Founded African Lodge, Free Mason, abolitionist. -owned by william hall who freed him as a reward for 21 years service -helped initiate masonic lodge for african americans -basically established masonry as one of major social institutions for blacks -1788 his petition to the massachusetts legislature to end the slave trade actually was a contributing factor to abolition in massachusetts
15th Amendment (1870)
Prohibited voting restrictions based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (slavery) basically everything else is free game--> literacy tests, age, grandfather clause, poll taxes
Cotton States Exposition
Prominent meeting of Southern Businessmen, most remembered as the conference Where Booker T. Washington gave his Atlanta Speech aka The Atlanta Compromise.
Slave Societies
Slave labor was the center of the economy; slaveholders were the ruling social, political, and economic elite
"ain't i a woman"
Sojourner Truth -lets it be known that she endures the same amount or more of enslaved work as any other man -sarcastically inquisitive rhetoric she wonders: If women are truly so inferior and weak as they are made to be by men, then why are they so heavily policed? Invoking historically religious instances, she remarks that women are the very reason for the world existing as it does.
Free Soil Movement
Sought to keep slavery from expanding into newly acquired territories in order to get rid of competition between white workers and slaves who work for free
ethiopianism
The Bible's promise of redemption for the black world was the theological basis for this belief, which "spread throughout the black world, from the Americas to Africa, calling for the... redemption of Africa by any means"
Hubert Harrison
The Father of Harlem Radicalism,"founded the Liberty League and The Voice, the first organization and the first newspaper, respectively, of the "New Negro Movement." -editor the negro world -socialist -revolutionary nationalist -pan africanist -had own newspaper -split from garvey because garvey capitalist -war is needed to end colonialism
Maria Stewart
The first black woman to lecture on women's rights and slavery in public in the early 1830s in Boston to a mixed audience. Encountered vocal opposition and violence. Garrison published some of her lecture's in The Liberator. -orphaned age 5 -brief but important political advocate of african americans and women -pamphlet: religion and the pure principles of morality, the sure foundation of which we must build -public school teacher
"the race question a class question"
The next section proceeds to argue that the rich versus poor conflict has been racialized considering the slave era lead to the postbellum black population being a target of exploitation again; ultimately blaming capitalism for the impossible struggle for socio-economic equality. The final section, serves as a call to action on behalf of a black labor union in which solidarity is expressed to be the only solution to ameliorate the constant oppression.
grapevine telegraph
Underground communication networks managed by enslaved people. It consisted of "personal servants, plantation men performing transportation work, black river- workers, and temporary port crews" and helped connect black slave communities in the South to the urban black communities in the North and connected bondpeople on different plantations
Sojourner Truth
United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883) -born as a slave named Isabella Bomefree but changed name -became liberated from the New York State Emancipation Act of 1827 -was a revolutionary abolitionist and feminist alongside other activists like Frederick Douglas. -In her famous speech at a women's rights convention in Ohio, despite her illiteracy in reading, her powerful words and advocacy for Women's Rights established Truth as a major influential figure in the 19th century
Booker T. Washington "my view of segregation"
Washington changes his position on segregation and argues that it is an unnecessary law, in a way that people naturally choose to be in an environment he/she feels most comfortable in. He then also argues the numerous disadvantages segregation has brought such as unfair treatment towards blacks, as well as white people with bad intentions hiding among black communities. Lastly, he demonstrates an alternative that will help both races: by letting the white people become a form of role model.
Atlanta Exposition Address
Washington encouraged the black people to engage in work, and for the white people, to give them opportunities to join in the roles and jobs in the society. He praised the advantages of the black people, but most importantly warned that it would damage society as a whole if they were continued to be oppressed. This is after the "Atlanta Compromise," where he had come out in favor of segregation—this allowed Blacks to "cast down your bucket where you are" & create thriving Black enterprise—in return for whites supporting Black education & voting (supposedly). Whites supported Washington & his views by funding his Tuskegee Institute, though there was also Black opposition against him (Niagara Movement).
social movement
a series of contentious performances, displays, and campaigns in which ordinary people make collective claims on orhers
postbellum
after the civil war
conservative philosophy
attracted wide support, blamed liberals for pushing blacks ahead of their proper station in life, warned blacks that redeemers were prepared to wage aggressive war against blacks throughout south, blacks had something to lose as well as gain and liberals' preoccupation with economic inequality presented the danger of losing all that blacks had so far granted -used cry of white supremacy and old tactics of terror, fraud, intimidation, and bribery to reverse populist success
women bound narrowly to geographies of containment
because -they lacked knowledge of geography because they were rarely allowed passes so -they fed fugitives
Antebellum
before the civil war, from the revolutionary war or 1808 (when atlantic slave trade was made illegal) to 1865
Charlotte Forten
black abolitionist teacher journalist
Club Women
black female activists
solomon northrup
black freedman living in New York, captured and sold in the New Orleans slave market for 12 years
separatism
desire to leave the place of oppression for either a new land or some kind of peaceful co-existence
double character
duality of being a person and a commodity at the same time
Liberal Philosophy
emphasized the stigma of segregation and the hypocrisy of gov to celebrate freedom and equality
Robert Smalls
enslaved African American who, during and after the American Civil War, became a ship's pilot, sea captain, and politician; freed himself, his crew and their families from slavery on May 13, 1862, by commandeering a Confederate transport ship, the CSS Planter, in Charleston harbor, and sailing it to freedom beyond the blockade; helped convince Lincoln to accept African-American soldiers into the Union Army
"demoralized"
enslaved people who no longer used racial etiquette
spacial and temporal order
essential to basic plantation functioning
william monroe trotter
founder of Boston Guardian, believed that victims of racism should not support a racist American government - harvard ba and ma -harvard's first black phi beta kappa -editor boston guardian -against accomodation of booker t wash -co-founder niagara movement -one of first militant anti-bookerites
civil rights act 1866
full citizenship
black codes
in an effort to "establish another system of forced labor" a series of laws to reinforce the racial hierarchy and the supply of cheap, forced labor were passed such as convict laws and vagrancy laws (Alexander 28).
Comprmise of 1850
legislation passed by Congress which California was admitted as a free state, part of Texas was given to New Mexico, the slave trade was banned in the District of Columbia but slaveholding ok, the fugitive state law was strengthened by adding more financial incentive, and the issue of whether slavery would be permitted in New Mexico and Utah would be determined by a vote of the people living in those territories (popular sovereignty). -free soilers
"slavery as it is" by william wells brown
like an address to the people of the world in which the United States is painted as being a perversely hypocritical nation built upon the backs of slaves and abuse of power. In an ironically jeering manner, Brown argues that America is far behind in terms of the Democracy that it prides itself on promising to its citizens. He applauds the countries that actually acknowledge the humanity of the black man, unlike America.
nadir
lowest point
isaac meyers
national negro labor union 1869 -works for docks -starts black labor union
incentives of truancy
push factors: disputes, violence, terror, threat of punishment pull factors: family reconnection
Naturalization Act of 1790
restricted citizenship to "any alien, being a free white person" who had been in the U.S. for two years. left out black, chinese, south asian, etc In effect, it left out indentured servants, slaves, and most women.
a slave denied the right to marry (let nobody turn us around)
slave marriages never recognized by the law milo thompson (slave) wrote letter to louisa bethley in 1834, thompson's master putting off thompson's marriage until Bethley's master is done selling slaves because she might get sold
geographies of containment
slaveholder's power to define bondpeople's proper location -legal, spatial, temporal, social bondage
absenteeism
social protest in which many bondpeople participated collectively for political and personal reasons
patriarchs
sought to maintain place in social order not convince slaves of legitimacy of enslavement slavery is a necessary evil
William Wells Brown
the first african american novelist and playwright. 1853 brown published one of first novels written by black american. -novel concerned the daughter of thomas jefferson and his slave mistress -examined the horrors of slavery for black women -jefferson did own slaves and fathered children by at least one of them -sally hemmings, his wife, half sister -born in to slavery in Kentucky in 1814, escaped on a steamboat in Cincinatti, Ohio at age 20
Reconstruction
the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union. led to 13th 14th and 15th
Amy Jacques Garvey
voice of black women in newspaper print, help started the Black Cross Nurses, UNIA, was also the wife of Marus Garvey. She started editing the biography of Marcus Garvey and through this work became a strong political face of the UNIA and represenation of the females in the organization
racial bribe
when the elite class "deliberately and strategically... extend special privileges to poor whites in an effort to drive a wedge between them and" another race (Alexander 25)
amalgamation cartoons
would often show racist caricatures of interracial couples flirting or kissing and were meant to show the danger of sexual and familiar intimacy between races that would result from the abolishment of slavery
essentialist thinking
you are intrinsically what you always must be People assume that the major categories by which their society has taught them to organize the world are "natural" and "essential" defining properties of those persons and objects that have been sorted/categorized, i.e., they are seen as a part of the world rather than as a function of social perception. --In the US, race is such an "essential" property
