blood vessels and immune system
Lymphedema may be treated by all EXCEPT which of the following? A) manual compression of the affected area B) movements of the affected area C) treatments that promote growth of lymphatic vessels D) bed rest to allow enhanced blood flow and therefore healing of the affected area
Bed rest to allow enhanced blood flow and therefore healing of the affected area
If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so?
Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance
The "pushing" pressure of this fluid is usually very weak
HP if 0 MM
Examine the lower left of Focus Figure 19.1. Assume you have a U-tube with a semipermeable membrane separating the solutions on either side. Predict what will occur to the water level if large, nondiffusible solutes are added only to the left arm of the tube
The water level on the left side of the U-tube will rise.
Largest artery of the body.
aorta
Supplies pelvic structures.
internal iliac artery
Which vessels carry blood toward the heart?
veins
Using the same client, Mr. Orange, with the same pressures, what is the client's NFP at the venous end, NFPv?
(22 + 1) - (26 + 0)= -3 mm
Assume you have a U-tube with a semipermeable capillary membrane made of simple squamous epithelium separating the solutions on either side. Blood will be on the left side of the tube, and watery extracellular fluid (ECF) will be on the right side of the tube. Predict what will occur to the water levels by hydrostatic pressure, the pressure of watery fluid pushing on a boundary.
A pump pushing down on the left arm of the U-tube containing blood will increase ECF fluid levels on the right side.
The "pushing" pressure of this fluid is high and results from blood pressure
BPc 35MM
Which of the following is an INACCURATE statement regarding lymph nodes?
Immune system cells are only located in the cortex.
Which of these lymphoid organs destroys bacteria before it can breach the intestinal wall and generates "memory" lymphocytes for long-term memory?
MALT
Mr. Orange has hypertension (HTN) and other vessel disorders, and his brachial blood pressure is ~160/100. Assume his HPc is ~44 mm and other pressures are unaffected. What is his NFPa?
NFPa = (44 + 1) - (0 + 26) = +19 mm
Ms. Pineapple has poor venous return and edema, interstitial fluid buildup. Her HPif can be estimated at ~3 mm. Predict the effect this has on her NFPa (arteriolar end) compared to a normal NFPa if other values remain the same. Sort the NFPa descriptions into the appropriate bins for Ms. Pineapple with edema or a typical client with no edema.
NFPa with edema: NFPa is decreased from normal ; NFPa = (35+1) - (3+26) = 36-29 = +7 mmHg NFPa without edema: no change in NFPa Both: NFPa is directed out toward interstitial fluid Neither: NFPa is increased from normal ; NFPa is directed inward toward the capillary ; NFPa = (35+1) - (3+26) = -7 mmHg
The "pulling" pressure of this fluid resulting from nondiffusible solutes is very low
OP if 1MM
The "pulling" pressure of this fluid is usually due to large albumens and globulins:
OPc 26 MM
Which of the following lymph organs is NOT matched with its function? bone marrow: form lymphocytes spleen: remove red blood cells Peyer's patches: mature B cells thymus: mature T cells
Peyer's patches: mature B cells
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system returns leaked fluid and plasma proteins that escape from the bloodstream to the blood.
Which of the following represents a correct statement about pressures at the arteriolar side of the capillary bed? HPif, OPif, and OPc are all "pulling" into the blood of the capillary. The pressures directed into the blood at the arteriolar end are OPc and HPif. The only pressure directed out of capillary blood into interstitial fluid is HPc. The pressures directed into interstitial fluid are HPc and HPif.
The pressures directed into the blood at the arteriolar end are OPc and HPif.
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT used to propel lymph through lymphatic vessels?
There is no direct pumping action in the lymphatic system. Movement of fluid depends on factors such as gravity and body movement.
Which of the following is true about veins?
Veins have valves; arteries do not
Which of the following would decrease peripheral resistance to blood flow?
anemia
What blood vessel experiences the steepest drop in blood pressure?
arterioles
Runs through the armpit area, giving off branches to the axillae, chest wall, and shoulder girdle.
axillary artery
Varicose veins seen in the superficial veins of the legs are unsightly and often treated by surgically removing them. However, even without these veins being present, the return of all blood toward the heart from the legs is not diminished primarily because ______.
blood can still return via the deep veins
Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system? lymphatic vessels lymph nodes blood vessels lymph
blood vessels
Artery usually ausculated to take the blood pressure.
brachial artery
From what artery does the right common carotid artery arise?
brachiocephalic trunk
Gives rise to the right common carotid and right subclavian artery.
brachiocephalic trunk
What type of vessel is capable of allowing the passage of gases and nutrients though its walls to nourish surrounding tissue? small veins capillaries venules arterioles
capillaries
Large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen.
celiac trunk
What vessel serves as the source of the spleen's blood supply from the aorta?
celiac trunk
Which artery branches into the common hepatic artery, splenic artery, and left gastric artery?
celiac trunk
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?
changes in arterial pressure
Supplies the duodenum and stomach.
common hepatic artery
Where in the lymph node is a dendritic cell most likely associated with a B or T lymphocyte?
cortex
Where are Peyer's patches located?
distal portion of the small intestine
Which type of vessel is most suited to expanding and recoiling in response to the ejection of blood from the heart? elastic artery arteriole muscular artery large veins
elastic artery
Which of these features is found only in arteries? valves lumen vasa vasorum elastic membranes
elastic membranes
Which vessel sends branches to the thyroid, larynx, tongue, skin, and muscles of the anterior face and posterior scalp?
external carotid artery
supplies a lower limb
external iliac artery
Drains the scalp
external jugular vein
Major artery of the thigh.
femoral artery
Vessel commonly used as a coronary bypass vessel
great saphenous vein
Which vein originates on the medial foot and empties into the femoral vein?
great saphenous vein
The thoracic duct runs parallel and close to all of the following EXCEPT the __________. The figure shows the general lymphatic drainage of the body with major vessels and lymph nodes, along with detail of the thorax. thoracic aorta azygos vein iliac arteries vertebral column
iliac arteris
Where is the spleen located?
in the left side of the abdominal cavity just beneath the diaphragm and curled around the anterior aspect of the stomach
Supplies the distal areas of the large intestine.
inferior mesenteric artery
Which artery serves the distal part of the large intestine via its left colic, sigmoidal, and superior rectal branches?
inferior mesenteric artery
Major supply to the cerebral hemispheres.
internal carotid artery
The filtration of lymph and activation of the immune system are the two basic functions of the __________.
lymph nodes
What type of vessel has a relatively large amount of smooth muscle compared to its elastic tissue? capillary elastic artery arteriole muscular artery
muscular artery
The __________ tonsils are also called the adenoids.
pharyngeal
Which lymph cells produce antibodies? macrophages reticular cells dendritic cells plasma cells
plasma cells
Sort the types of pressures into the appropriate bins. Each bin describes the pressure at the venous end of the capillary bed.
pressure decreases NFPv and HPc pressure remains the same HPif OPc OPif pressure increases NONE
Carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
pulmonary trunk
Which vessel leaves the right ventricle of the heart to take oxygen-poor, dark red blood into pulmonary circulation?
pulmonary trunk
Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs
pulmonary vein
Which vessel(s) return(s) oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart to complete the pulmonary circuit?
pulmonary vein
Which of the following vessels would have the lowest blood hydrostatic pressure?
pulmonary veins
Common site to take the pulse.
radial artery
Artery that does not anastomose
renal artery
supplies the kidney
renal artery
Which of the following is involved in long-term regulation of blood pressure?
renal mechanisms
Lymph from what regions of the body is drained into the right lymphatic duct?
right upper limb, right side of the head and thorax
Which of these lymphatic organs is organized with trabeculae and compartments containing white pulp and red pulp?
spleen
Drains an upper extremity, a deep vein
subclavian vein
Supplies the small intestine.
superior mesenteric artery
Receives blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall.
superior vena cava
Where are the three large clusters of superficial lymph nodes?
the cervical, inguinal, and axillary regions
Which of the following is a role of lymph nodes? They produce lymph. They produce red blood cells. They return lymph to circulation. They filter lymph.
they filter lymph
Lymph from the right leg ultimately is delivered to which duct in the thoracic region?
thoracic pump
Which lymphoid organ is primarily active during the early years of life?
thymus
Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
to participate in gas exchange at capillaries
Which of the following is NOT an important source of resistance to blood flow? blood viscosity vessel length vessel diameter total blood volume
total blood volume
Which layer of the typical blood vessel is constructed from simple squamous epithelium? tunica media tunica intima tunica externa
tunica intima
Which layer of the typical vessel can be regulated to constrict or dilate the lumen? tunica intima tunica externa vasa vasorum tunica media
tunica media
Which of the following is mismatched? -elastic arteries: conducting vessels -veins: resistance vessels -muscular arteries: distribution vessels -capillaries: exchange vessels-
veins: resistance vessels
Peyer's patches are mucosa-associated lymph tissue located in the __________.
wall of small intestine
Which part of the spleen is the site of immune function?
white pulp