Bone tissue

Which vitamin is required for the normal synthesis of collagen?

Vitamin C

Articular cartilage, found on the ends of long bones, consists of

hyaline cartilage

thyroid hormone

influences the basal metabolic rate of bone cells

The cells that build up new bone are called __________.

osteoblast

The cells that break down bone are called __________.

osteoclast

Bones are more brittle as we age because

protein synthesis by osteoblasts is reduced

In an adult, red bone marrow is found in all of the following bones except the

radius of foramen

Osteoprogenitor Cells

stem cells

parathyroid hormone

stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and increase blood calcium

irregular bones

vertebrae, sphenoid, ethmoid

The secondary ossification center in a long bone is located in the

epiphysis

Which of the following hormone suppresses osteoclasts, inhibiting resorption, to help maintain bone density?

estrogen

Bone is considered part of the skeletal system, but ligaments are not.

false

calcitonin

encourages calcium deposition from blood into bone

decreases blood calcium

- osteoblast activity - calcitonin

red bone marrow

- hemopoietic -found in spongy bone areas and medullary cavities of children -found in the proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur in adults -found in flat bones of skull

increases blood calcium

- osteoclastic activity - calcitrol - parathyrod hormone - increased bone resorption

long bones

- the most common bone shape -have a medullary cavity - have a diaphysis -radius and ulna -femur

Fibrocartilage

-A weight-bearing cartilage -withstands compression - forms the intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis & cartilage pads of the knee joints (menisci)

function of bone.

-blood cell production. -movement -support and protection -storage of mineral and energy reserves

Osteocytes

-bone cells encased in matrix

osteoclast

-bone resorbing cells -massive, multinucleate cells

Osteoblasts

-bone-building cells -Involved with bone deposition -calcitonin causes these cells to become -Increase activity when blood calcium levels are high

short bones

-capitate bones and talus -carpal bone

yellow bone marrow

-contains a fatty substance that can be used for energy -found in the medullary cavities of adult long bone

features unique to long bones

-epiphyses -diaphysis -medullary cavity

hyaline cartilage

-forms articular cartilage -composes epiphyseal plates -attaches ribs to sternum

flat bones

-lack a medullary cavity -have the entire interior made of spongy bone -have diploe -scapula and sternum -protect underlying soft tissue and may be slightly curved.

Indicate if the listed hormone increases or decreases blood calcium levels. 1. Parathyroid hormone 2. Calcitonin

1. increases 2. decreases

Select all that are true of bone remodeling.

Osteoclasts are involved in the remodeling process. Osteoclasts are involved in the remodeling process. -Bone remodeling is a combination of bone deposition and resorption. -Bone remodeling is a combination of bone deposition and resorption. Correct Bones are remodeled to accommodate the stresses put on them.

Endochondral Ossification

begins with a hyaline cartilage model fibula phalanges femur ribs

Nerves that supply bone accompany _____ through the nutrient foramen. They are responsible for the innervation of the bone as well as its outer covering, ____, the inner lining of the medullary cavity, the _____, and the medullary cavity. The nerves that innervate these structures are mainly_____ that signal injuries to the skeleton.

blood vessels the periosteum endosteum sensory nerve

Osseous tissue matrix is composed of

calcium phosphate

In compact bone, ___________ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes.

canaliculi

Hyaline cartilage consists of specialized cells called __________ that produce a matrix surrounding themselves. When matrix surrounds these cells, they become __________ that are trapped in lacunae.

chondroblasts; chondrocytes

Appositional growth requires

deposition of external circumferential lamellae.

The shaft of a long bone is called the __________, while the expanded, knobby region at each end is called the __________.

diaphysis; epiphysis.

The steps in the process of endochondral ossification area: Ossification center forms in the diaphysis.b: Cartilage calcifies and a bone collar forms.c: Ossification centers form in the epiphyses.d: Bone replaces cartilage.e: Epiphyseal plates ossify.f: Cartilage model develops.The correct chronological order for these steps is

f- b. - a. - c. - d. - e.

Check all of the bones that are formed by intramembranous ossification.

flat bones of the skull and mandible

spongy bone

forms diploe in the cranial bones.

Hydroxyapatite

inorganic material

provides weight bearing strength

inorganic material

What helps bone resist compression?

inorganic salts

Proteoglycans

organic material

collagen

organic material

provides flexible strength

organic material

Intramembranous Ossification

ossification that develops from mesenchyme parietal bones clavicle maxilla

Which is a sesamoid bone?

patella

Bone continually renews its structure and strength via the process of __________.

remodeling

The process by which mature osteoclasts use enzymes to remove existing bone tissue is called __________.

resorption

Bone remodeling is important for all of the following reasons except

sodium ion regulation in the body.

Check all that are examples of long bones.

tibia, phalanges, humerus