Bone tissue
Which vitamin is required for the normal synthesis of collagen?
Vitamin C
Articular cartilage, found on the ends of long bones, consists of
hyaline cartilage
thyroid hormone
influences the basal metabolic rate of bone cells
The cells that build up new bone are called __________.
osteoblast
The cells that break down bone are called __________.
osteoclast
Bones are more brittle as we age because
protein synthesis by osteoblasts is reduced
In an adult, red bone marrow is found in all of the following bones except the
radius of foramen
Osteoprogenitor Cells
stem cells
parathyroid hormone
stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and increase blood calcium
irregular bones
vertebrae, sphenoid, ethmoid
The secondary ossification center in a long bone is located in the
epiphysis
Which of the following hormone suppresses osteoclasts, inhibiting resorption, to help maintain bone density?
estrogen
Bone is considered part of the skeletal system, but ligaments are not.
false
calcitonin
encourages calcium deposition from blood into bone
decreases blood calcium
- osteoblast activity - calcitonin
red bone marrow
- hemopoietic -found in spongy bone areas and medullary cavities of children -found in the proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur in adults -found in flat bones of skull
increases blood calcium
- osteoclastic activity - calcitrol - parathyrod hormone - increased bone resorption
long bones
- the most common bone shape -have a medullary cavity - have a diaphysis -radius and ulna -femur
Fibrocartilage
-A weight-bearing cartilage -withstands compression - forms the intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis & cartilage pads of the knee joints (menisci)
function of bone.
-blood cell production. -movement -support and protection -storage of mineral and energy reserves
Osteocytes
-bone cells encased in matrix
osteoclast
-bone resorbing cells -massive, multinucleate cells
Osteoblasts
-bone-building cells -Involved with bone deposition -calcitonin causes these cells to become -Increase activity when blood calcium levels are high
short bones
-capitate bones and talus -carpal bone
yellow bone marrow
-contains a fatty substance that can be used for energy -found in the medullary cavities of adult long bone
features unique to long bones
-epiphyses -diaphysis -medullary cavity
hyaline cartilage
-forms articular cartilage -composes epiphyseal plates -attaches ribs to sternum
flat bones
-lack a medullary cavity -have the entire interior made of spongy bone -have diploe -scapula and sternum -protect underlying soft tissue and may be slightly curved.
Indicate if the listed hormone increases or decreases blood calcium levels. 1. Parathyroid hormone 2. Calcitonin
1. increases 2. decreases
Select all that are true of bone remodeling.
Osteoclasts are involved in the remodeling process. Osteoclasts are involved in the remodeling process. -Bone remodeling is a combination of bone deposition and resorption. -Bone remodeling is a combination of bone deposition and resorption. Correct Bones are remodeled to accommodate the stresses put on them.
Endochondral Ossification
begins with a hyaline cartilage model fibula phalanges femur ribs
Nerves that supply bone accompany _____ through the nutrient foramen. They are responsible for the innervation of the bone as well as its outer covering, ____, the inner lining of the medullary cavity, the _____, and the medullary cavity. The nerves that innervate these structures are mainly_____ that signal injuries to the skeleton.
blood vessels the periosteum endosteum sensory nerve
Osseous tissue matrix is composed of
calcium phosphate
In compact bone, ___________ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes.
canaliculi
Hyaline cartilage consists of specialized cells called __________ that produce a matrix surrounding themselves. When matrix surrounds these cells, they become __________ that are trapped in lacunae.
chondroblasts; chondrocytes
Appositional growth requires
deposition of external circumferential lamellae.
The shaft of a long bone is called the __________, while the expanded, knobby region at each end is called the __________.
diaphysis; epiphysis.
The steps in the process of endochondral ossification area: Ossification center forms in the diaphysis.b: Cartilage calcifies and a bone collar forms.c: Ossification centers form in the epiphyses.d: Bone replaces cartilage.e: Epiphyseal plates ossify.f: Cartilage model develops.The correct chronological order for these steps is
f- b. - a. - c. - d. - e.
Check all of the bones that are formed by intramembranous ossification.
flat bones of the skull and mandible
spongy bone
forms diploe in the cranial bones.
Hydroxyapatite
inorganic material
provides weight bearing strength
inorganic material
What helps bone resist compression?
inorganic salts
Proteoglycans
organic material
collagen
organic material
provides flexible strength
organic material
Intramembranous Ossification
ossification that develops from mesenchyme parietal bones clavicle maxilla
Which is a sesamoid bone?
patella
Bone continually renews its structure and strength via the process of __________.
remodeling
The process by which mature osteoclasts use enzymes to remove existing bone tissue is called __________.
resorption
Bone remodeling is important for all of the following reasons except
sodium ion regulation in the body.
Check all that are examples of long bones.
tibia, phalanges, humerus