Bones Anatomy
An osteon (Haversian system) is actually A)a Haversian canal and its lamellae B)a growth of new bone C)layers of bone in a fontanel D)a bone that has demineralized
A) a Haversian canal and its lamellae
Which of the following is classified as a long bone?A)phalanx B)sternum C)vertebra D)talus
A) phalanx
Intramembranous ossification is usually complete by __________ years of age, whereas endochondral ossification is usually complete by __________ years of age. A)2, 25 B)5, 10 C)10,2 D)10, 25 E)25, 5
A)2, 25 Intramembranous ossification is usually complete by two years of age, while endochondral ossification is usually complete by 25 years of age.
Which of the following represents a normal level of blood calcium in an adult? A)9-11mgs B)15-18mgs C)20-25 mgs D)10-12 grams
A)9-11mgs
Which of these statements concerning bone growth are correct? A)Increased amounts of testosterone and estrogen cause a rapid increase in bone growth. B)Testosterone and estrogen prevent ossification of the epiphyseal plate. C)Too little growth hormone can cause a condition called acromegaly. D)Too much growth hormone can cause dwarfism. E)Achondroplastic dwarfism is caused by too much thyroid hormone.
A)Increased amounts of testosterone and estrogen cause a rapid increase in bone growth. Increased testosterone and estrogen levels, as seen during puberty for males and females, causes a rapid increase in bone growth.
In compact bone, the Haversian canals go the length of the bone. What are the connectors from one Haversian canal to another? A)Volkmann's canals B)Haversian II canals C)semicircular canals D)blood canals
A)Volkmann's canals
A pocket, or sac, filled with synovial fluid that extends for a distance away from the rest of the joint cavity is called A)a bursa. B)articular cartilage. C)an articular disk. D)the periosteum. E)a herniation.
A)a bursa.
Which of the following best describes the role of a lacuna in a bone? A)a cavity within a bone to house an osteocyte B)an indentation within a bone that houses an osteoclast C)a space within the bone for marrow development D)another term for the diploe of a flat bone
A)a cavity within a bone to house an osteocyte The lacuna is the place where a bone cell lives.
Moving your arm laterally away from your body is A)abduction. B)adduction. C)circumduction. D)extension. E)flexion.
A)abduction.
Which of these joints has neither fibrocartilage articular disks nor a labrum to support the joint? A)ankle B)hip C)knee D)shoulder E)temporomandibular
A)ankle
Which type of bone growth is responsible for an increase in the diameter of bones? A)appositional growth B)interstitial growth C)endochondral growth D)trabecular growth E)intramembranous growth
A)appositional growth Appositional bone growth is responsible for the increase in bone diameter or width. Interstitial growth is responsible for the lengthening of bone.
Which of these structures is NOT covered with synovial membrane?A)articular cartilage B)bursa C)joint cavity D)tendon sheath
A)articular cartilage
Articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints are covered with A)articular cartilage. B)synovial membrane. C)a fibrous capsule. D)a tendon sheath. E)fibrocartilage.
A)articular cartilage.
hich of the following is a cartilage pad found in some synovial joints?A)articular disks B)epiphyseal plate C)synovium D)sheath.
A)articular disks
Which of the following types of synovial joints is the most freely moveable? A)ball and socket B)hinge C)saddle D)gliding
A)ball and socket
If blood calcium levels increase, which of the following hormones is released to take calcium from the blood and place in into the bones? A)calcitonin B)pituitary hormone C)parathyroid hormone D)human growth hormone
A)calcitonin
Cells that produce new cartilage matrix are called A)chondroblasts. B)chondrocytes. C)chondroclasts. D)osteoblasts. E)fibroblasts.
A)chondroblasts. Chondroblasts are the cells that produce new cartilage matrix. Fibroblasts produce collagen.
Which of the following diarthrotic movements is the pitcher's arm in a baseball game? A)circumduction B)retraction C)adduction D)retraction
A)circumduction
Which of the following fractures goes all the way through a bone, but does not break it into multiple pieces? A)complete B)incomplete C)impacted D)comminuted
A)complete
Which of these structures is found within an osteon? A)concentric lamella B)interstitial lamella C)circumferential lamella D)periosteum E)all of these
A)concentric lamella
Which of the following types of synovial joints is found between the metacarpal bones and the carpal bones? A)condyloid B)hinge C)saddle D)gliding
A)condyloid Plane or gliding joints consist of two opposed flat surfaces in which a slight amount of gliding motion can occur.
Which of the following is the correct term for a freely moveable joint?A)diarthrosis B)amphiarthrosis C)synarthrosis D)arthrosis
A)diarthrosis The prefix di- refers to two, as in two bones. This is also known as a hinge joint.
The shoulder, elbow, and knee are examples of which of the following types of joints? A)diarthrosis B)amphiarthrosis C)synarthrosis D)arthrosis
A)diarthrosis These joints are freely moveable and are also known as "hinge" joints.
Of the following diarthrotic movements, which one is a movement of raising and lowering the toes? A)dorsiflexion and plantar flexion B)protraction and retraction C)inversion and eversion D)opposition and reposition
A)dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
The process of intramembranous ossification begins when? A)during embryonic development B)at birth C)in the teenage years D)around the time of full development
A)during embryonic development
Endochondral ossification begins at what age?A)during fetal development B)birth C)puberty D)adulthood
A)during fetal development Bone formation begins around the second month of development and concludes at the end of puberty.
Bone tissue sometimes forms in the lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, tendon, and arteries. This type of extra bone growth is termed A)ectopic B)mineralized C)hypercalcemic D)hypocalcemic
A)ectopic The prefix ecto- means on the outer side or extra.
Which of the following diarthrotic movements is shrugging the shoulders?A)elevation B)retraction C)depression D)retraction
A)elevation
Which one of the following diarthrotic movements moves a bone superiorly?A)elevation B)retraction C)depression D)retraction
A)elevation
The end of a long bone is referred to as the A)epiphysis B)metaphysis C)diaphysis D)periosteum
A)epiphysis
Which of the following joints is held together with collagenous fibers?A)fibrous B)cartilaginous C)hinged D)synovial
A)fibrous
Of the following types of diarthrotic movements, which one is a simple moving of the lower arm up and down?A)flexion and extension B)hyperextension C)abduction D)adduction
A)flexion and extension
The most common bone disease is osteoporosis. The most common consequence of this disease is A)fractures B)bone thickening C)luxations and subluxations D)fusion of bones
A)fracture
In old age, most of the yellow bone marrow is replaced by A)gelatinous bone marrow B)solid compact bone C)cartilage D)red marrow
A)gelatinous bone marrow
Which of the following fibrous joints attaches the teeth into their sockets?A)gomphoses B)syndesmoses C)synosthoses D)sutures
A)gomphoses The term refers to a peg that fits into a socket.
Which of the following conditions is a hereditary disease in which uric acid crystals build up in the joint space and cause pain? A)gout B)osteoarthritis C)rheumatism D)rheumatoid arthritis
A)gout
Which of the following types of bone develops out of a non-cartilage connective tissue scaffold?A)intramembranous B)replacement C)endochondral D)perichondral
A)intramembranous
The classic ACL injury that occurs in sports involves which joint? A)knee B)shoulder C)hip D)elbow
A)knee
Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of this is to A)manufacture blood cells B)manufacture tissue cells for the skin C)store adipose tissue D)store bone forming cells
A)manufacture blood cells
Passing through the periostum of bones are arteries, veins, and A)nerves B)adipose tissue C)Volkmann's canals D)the spinal cord
A)nerves
The epiphyseal plate is the zone of A)new growth for endochondral ossification B)growth in intramembranous bone C)growth in the skull bones only D)growth in the leg bones only
A)new growth for endochondral ossification This is the part of the metaphysis where replacement takes place.
When a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down the damaged bone tissue. Which of the following tears down bone? A)osteoclasts B)osteoblasts C)osteons D)matrix cells
A)osteoclasts The suffix -clast means to smash or to break.
Which of the following diseases of bones is a loss of bone mass and density? A)osteoporosis B)osteitis deformans (Paget's) C)osteomyelitis D)osteosarcoma
A)osteoporosis
Which of the following disorders is the result of low amounts of growth hormone production that results in a very small person? A)pituitary dwarfism B)achondroplastic dwarfism C)acromegaly D)osteogenesis imperfecta
A)pituitary dwarfism
In which of the following types of synovial joints does one bone have a projection that fits into a ring-like ligament on the other, enabling one bone to revolve on the other? A)pivot B)hinge C)saddle D)gliding
A)pivot
Which of the following types of synovial joints is monaxial, in which one bone has a projection that fits into a ring like ligament on the other so that one bone revolves on the other?A)pivot B)hinge C)saddle D)gliding
A)pivot One bone is allowed to revolve on the other.
The bone formed by endochondral ossification is called _____________ bone. A)replacement B)cartilage C)membrane D)compact
A)replacement It refers to the process of replacing cartilage with bone.
Insufficient vitamin D in a diet may result in a condition known as A)rickets B)osteoporosis C)scurvy D)Paget's disease
A)rickets
The rotator cuff is located in which of the following joints? A)shoulder B)wrist C)elbow D)hip
A)shoulder
Of the following diarthrotic movements, which one is a movement of rotating the palm up and down? A)supination and pronation B)protraction and retraction C)lateral and medial excursion D)opposition and reposition
A)supination and pronation
Sometimes a joint has become fused and now is one bone. Which of the following is the correct term for this type of bone? A)synostosis B)synchondrosis C)syndesmosis D)serrate suture
A)synostosis A synostosis results when two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone. This may occur in much older adults.
The development of the fontanel is brought about by A)the unossified fibrous membranes in the skull B)membranous deossification C)endochondral ossification D)hypertrophy of osteocytes
A)the unossified fibrous membranes in the skull
One of the functions of bone is "electrolyte balance." Which of the following best represents this role?A)Bones exchange all types of electrolytes with the blood and with cartilage .B)Bones store calcium and phosphorus and release them into the blood as needed. C)Bones take up and store electrolytes but seldom release them. D)Bones are storage places for electrolytes, iron, proteins, and fats.
B)Bones store calcium and phosphorus and release them into the blood as needed.
Which of the following fractures is a fracture of the distal radius and/or ulna? A)Pott's B)Colle's C)Avulsion D)Pathologic
B)Colle's
Osteoclasts are active cells that tear down bone. They do this by secreting an enzyme that dissolves the collagen in the bone matrix. Which of the following is that enzyme? A)hydroxyapatase B)acid phosphatase C)calcium acid D)epiphyseal reduction
B)acid phosphatase This enzyme dissolves collagen in the matrix.
Intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and the tibio-fibular joints are examples of which of the following types of joints? A)diarthrosis B)amphiarthrosis C)synarthrosis D)arthrosis
B)amphiarthrosis
Which of the following is a joint that is slightly moveable? A)diarthrosis B)amphiarthrosis C)synarthrosis D)arthrosis
B)amphiarthrosis The prefix amphi- refers to something that is partial or incomplete.
Secondary ossification centers A)are located in the diaphysis of the bone. B)are located in the epiphysis of the bone. C)are located in the fontanels. D)appear during early fetal development. E)are locations for intramembranous ossification.
B)are located in the epiphysis of the bone. The secondary ossification centers are locations for endochondral ossification.
Synovial joints may be classified according to the plane of movement. Which of the following represents a movement that is in two planes?A)monaxial B)biaxial C)triaxial D)multiaxial
B)biaxial
The center of an osteon is known as a Haversian canal. What passes through the center of the canal? A)water B)blood and nerves C)osteocytes D)chondrocytes
B)blood and nerves
Which of the following is a fluid-filled sac found in a synovial joint? A)meniscus B)bursa C)sheath D)synovial membrane
B)bursa
Which of the following is an inflammation of the bursa within a synovial capsule? A)tendonitis B)bursitis C)rheumatism D)synovitis
B)bursitis
Which of these connective tissue types has proteoglycans in its matrix? A)bone B)cartilage C)ligaments D)tendons E)both c and d
B)cartilage Proteoglycans, large molecules consisting of proteins and sugars, are found in the matrix of cartilage providing for the resiliency seen in that connective tissue.
Most of the peripheral skeleton of a 7-month-old fetus is primarily A)adipose tissue B)cartilage tissue C)general fetal tissue D)undifferentiated bone tissue
B)cartilage tissue Most of the fetal skeleton has not yet been replaced by bone.
Which of the following joints is held together with cartilage? A)fibrous B)cartilaginous C)hinged D)synovial
B)cartilaginous As the name implies, cartilaginous joints are held together with cartilage, either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
An example of a plane, or gliding, joint is the A)shoulder. B)elbow. C)ankle. D)articular processes between vertebrae. E)atlantooccipital joint.
B)elbow.
The joint between the occipital condyles and the atlas (atlantooccipital joint) is a(n) A)ball-and-socket joint. B)ellipsoid joint. C)hinge joint. D)pivot joint. E)plane, or gliding joint.
B)ellipsoid joint.
The temporomandibular joint is predominately a(n) 'A)ball-and-socket joint. B)ellipsoid joint. C)hinge joint. D)pivot joint.
B)ellipsoid joint.
The growth zone of a long bone is referred to as the A)osteon B)epiphyseal plate C)articular surface D)diaphysis
B)epiphyseal plate
The ends of long bones are called A)diaphyses. B)epiphyses .C)lamellae. D)trabeculae.
B)epiphyses. The epiphyses are the ends of long bones.
You are sitting on a chair. To stand up, you must __________ your thighs and __________ your legs. A)abduct, flex B)extend, extend C)extend, flex D)flex, flex E)flex, extend
B)extend, extend
Woven bone is formed during which of the following situations? A)puberty B)fetal development and after fractures C)the first few months following birth D)periods of bone decalcification in old age
B)fetal development and after fractures
In the skull of a newborn baby, the space between the developing skull bones is known as a(n) A)intramembranous canal B)fontanel C)central canal D)lacuna
B)fontanel
In people that wear pointed shoes, the great toe can be deformed and displaced laterally. This condition is known as A)a bunion B)hallux valgus C)subluxation D)arthroplasty
B)hallux valgus
The ligamentum teres is found in this joint in 80% of the population. A)ankle B)hip C)knee D)shoulder E)temporomandibular
B)hip
Two of the primary hormones for bone growth and development are A)bone growth hormone and epiphyseal growth hormone. B)human growth hormone and thyroid hormone. C)thyroid stimulating hormone and body growth hormone. D)pituitary hormone and bone growth hormone.
B)human growth hormone and thyroid hormone. Both growth hormone and thyroid hormone target and promote bone growth
In children and adolescents, what is the epiphyseal plate composed of? A)bone B)hyaline cartilage C)collagen fibers D)elastic fiber, collagen fibers, and elastic cartilage
B)hyaline cartilage The plate is composed of one form of cartilage.
Which of these substances is present in the largest quantity in bone? A)collagen B)hydroxyapatite C)proteoglycan aggregates D)lacunae cartilage
B)hydroxyapatite Calcium phosphate crystal called hydroxyapatite, make up the largest portion of bone.
Which of the following fractures is often referred to as being a "greenstick" fracture? A)complete B)incomplete C)impacted D)comminuted
B)incomplete This fracture is just like bending a stick, it does not break all the way through.
Parathyroid hormone causes A)increased chondroblast activity. B)increased bone breakdown. C)decreased blood calcium levels .D)increased calcium lost in the urine. E)all of these
B)increased bone breakdown. Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclast activity, resulting in increased bone breakdown.
The general function of calcitriol in relation to bone cell activity is that it A)inhibits the action of osteoblasts. B)increases osteoclast activity. C)destroys osteocytes. D)stops all bone growth activity.
B)increases osteoclast activity.
Endochondral ossification A)occurs primarily in the bones of the skull. B)involves calcification of the cartilage matrix. C)produces bone in connective tissue membranes. D)occurs when chondrocytes replace osteoblasts in the matrix.
B)involves calcification of the cartilage matrix.
Most joints that unite the bones of the appendicular skeleton are A)symphysis joints. B)syndesmosis joints. C)synchondrosis joints. D)gomphosis joints. E)synovial joints.
B)joint capsule.
Synovial joints are always enclosed by a A)cartilage layer. B)joint capsule. C)tendon sheath. D)synostosis. E)synchondrosis.
B)joint capsule.
The collateral and cruciate ligaments are found in which of the following joints? A)shoulder B)knee C)elbow D)hip
B)knee
Sometimes people with TMJ disorders bruxate (grind side-to-side) their teeth at night. This movement is A)medial and lateral rotation of the mandible. B)lateral excursion of the mandible. C)circumduction of the mandible. D)flexion and extension of the mandible. E)abduction and adduction of the mandible.
B)lateral excursion of the mandible.
Which of the following is a bacterial disease spread by the bite of a tick that can affect joints? A)rheumatoid arthritis B)lyme disease C)syphilis D)pseudogout
B)lyme disease
If a 12 year old were to fracture their epiphyseal plate, the result of the damage could be that the bone A)grows abnormally brittle B)may stop growing at the plate C)may grow much thicker at the site of the injury D)has greatly increased potential for a sarcoma
B)may stop growing at the plate
Osteoporosis most often occurs in A)older men of all races B)older white women C)older black women D)teenage males and females
B)older white women
Normal formation of bone is known as osteogenesis. Another term for bone formation is A)osteoporosis B)ossification C)osteosarcoma D)osteocyte
B)ossification
Which of the following conditions is the most common form of arthritis referred to as "wear-and-tear" arthritis? A)gout B)osteoarthritis C)rheumatism D)rheumatoid arthritis
B)osteoarthritis
In the process of bone remodeling, old bone is removed by A)osteocytes B)osteoblasts C)osteoclasts D)remodeling osteoprogenitor cells
B)osteoblasts
he type of cells that brings about intramembranous ossification are A)osteocyte B)osteoblasts C)osteoclasts D)osteon
B)osteoblasts
Which of the following types of cells puts calcium and phosphorus into bone as well as manufactures bone?A)osteoclasts B)osteoblasts C)osteons D)matrix cells
B)osteoblasts They "build" bone by adding phosphorus and calcium to the matrix.
Bone cells that manufacture new bone are known as A)osteoblasts B)osteoclasts C)osteomesoclasts D)chondrocytes
B)osteoclasts The suffix -blast means to build.
A lack of vitamin D in the diet that may occur in adults with a digestive disorder is known as A)sarcoma B)osteomalacia C)osteitis D)osteoprogenitor disorder
B)osteomalacia
Which of the following bone disorders is a deadly bone tumor? A)osteoma B)osteosarcoma C)osteomyelitis D)osteitis
B)osteosarcoma
Which of the following glands plays a major role in calcium homeostasis? A)adrenal B)parathyroid C)ovaries and testes D)thymus
B)parathyroid
The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where chondrocytes mature and enlarge is the zone of A)resting cartilage B)proliferation C)hypertrophy D)calcification
B)proliferation This zone is where the chondrocytes mature, proliferate and enlarge.
Of the following diarthrotic movements, which one is a movement of a bone anteriorly in a gliding motion?A)elevation B)protraction C)retraction D)circumduction
B)protraction
Of the following diarthrotic movements, which one is a movement of a bone anteriorly on a horizontal plane and then pulling it back (as in sticking out one's jaw)? A)supination and pronation B)protraction and retraction C)lateral and medial excursion D)opposition and reposition
B)protraction and retraction
Which of the following is the most accurate definition of "bone remodeling"? A)bone that develops during fetal development and stays with us for life B)removal of old bone by osteoclasts and making of new bone by osteoblasts C)the construction of bone around blood vessels for a Haversian canal D)the laying out of new bone in a fracture site
B)removal of old bone by osteoclasts and making of new bone by osteoblasts
Which of these bone types is NOT matched with the correct example?A)long bone-humerus B)short bone-clavicle C)flat bone-scapula D)irregular bone-vertebrae
B)short bone-clavicle The clavicle is a long bone as it is longer than it is wide. A short bone is usually as broad as they are wide.
Which of these locations does NOT contain red marrow in an adult? A)ribs B)skull C)proximal femur D)sternum E)vertebrae
B)skull In adults, the skull contains yellow marrow rather than red marrow.
Which of the following is a torn ligament or tendon? A)strain B)sprain C)synovitis D)bursitis
B)sprain
Which of the following bones is considered to be flat?A)femur B)sternum C)vertebra D)talus
B)sternum
Of the following types of cartilaginous joints, which one is found between the pubic bones? A)synthoses B)symphysis C)squamosal D)synchondrosis
B)symphysis
Which of the following types of fibrous joints is the joint between the radius and ulna and also between the tibia and fibula? A)gomphoses B)syndesmoses C)synosthoses D)sutures
B)syndesmoses Ligaments bind the radius and the ulna together.
Which of the following types of joints holds two bones tightly together with a ligament? A)gomphoses B)syndesmoses C)synostoses D)sutures
B)syndesmoses The prefix syn- means to join together, which joins two bones together with ligaments. Some movement may occur in syndesmoses joints because of the flexibility of the ligament.
Which of these types of joints are bones united by fibrous connective tissue, with no joint cavity, and with little or no movement? A)synchondrosis B)syndesmosis C)symphysis D)synovial E)all of these
B)syndesmosis Symphysis is a cartilaginous joint with fibrocartilage uniting two bones.
The radioulnar joint, or interosseus membrane, is an example of a A)synchondrosis. B)syndesmosis. C)synostosis. D)gomphosis. E)symphysis.
B)syndesmosis. The radioulnar joint is an example of a syndesmosis, a fibrous joint where bones that are farther apart than in sutures are joined together by fibrous connective tissue with no joint cavity and with little or no movement.
Growth in the length of a long bone stops when A)the articular cartilage becomes completely ossified. B)the epiphyseal plate becomes completely ossified. C)appositional growth at the periosteum stops. D)intramembranous ossification is complete.
B)the epiphyseal plate becomes completely ossified.
Which portion of a long bone stores yellow marrow in adults? A)the epiphysis B)the medullary cavity C)periosteum D)compact bone E)the epiphyseal plate
B)the medullary cavity The medullary cavity found in the diaphysis of a long bone is the site for yellow marrow storage in adults.
Which of the following is an example of "suppurative arthritis"? A)rheumatoid arthritis B)tuberculosis arthritis C)osteoarthritis D)pseudogout
B)tuberculosis arthritis
Examples of bones that are "irregular" in shape are A)femur, skull and sternum B)vertebrae and some skull bones C)radius and ulna D)radius, tibia, femur and patella
B)vertebrae and some skull bones
Osteomalacia can occur as a result of a A)vitamin C deficiency. B)vitamin D deficiency. C)lack of thyroid hormone. D)lack of growth hormone. E)lack of sex hormones.
B)vitamin D deficiency. Osteomalacia results from vitamin D deficiency, causing decreased calcium absorption and the softening of bones.
Which of the following combinations of treatments would be the most appropriate for treatment of osteoporosis? A)running, hiking, and drinking 3 liters of water per day B)walking, adding calcium to the diet and, perhaps, taking estrogen-replacement therapy C)walking, taking phosphorus tablets, and drinking 3 liters or more of water a day D)running, taking mineral tablets each day, drinking more water, and taking testosterone therapy.
B)walking, adding calcium to the diet and, perhaps, taking estrogen-replacement therapy
Cartilage grows by two mechanisms: interstitial growth and appositional growth. Which pair of terms best describes the two methods? A)medial and lateral B)proximal and distal C)internal and on the surface D)left and right
C) internal and on the surface Growth of bone occurs on two planes of the bone.
Arrange the following events in the correct order of occurrence after a bone is broken. 1. osteoblasts produce ossification 2. hematoma formation 3. internal fibrocartilage callus and external bone-cartilage callus formation 4. woven bone is remodeled to form compact bone A)1,2,3,4 B)2,3,4,1 C)2,3,1,4 D)2,4,1,3 E)2,4,3,1
C)2,3,1,4 The order of events that occur after a bone is broken are first the formation of a hematoma, then the production of an internal fibrocartilage callus and external bone-cartilage callus, followed by osteoblasts producing ossification and finally, woven bone being remodeled to form compact bone.
Given these passageways: 1. canaliculi 2. central (haversian) canal 3. blood vessels in periosteum 4. perforating (Volkmann's) canalWhich of these represents the correct order as nutrients pass from outside the bone to the osteocytes? A)1,2,3,4 B)2,4,1,3 C)3,4,2,1 D)3,1,4,2 E)4,3,2,1
C)3,4,2,1 Nutrients pass from blood vessels in the periosteum to perforating (Volkmann's) canals, to central (haversian) canals, and finally to the canaliculi as they pass from outside the bone to the osteocytes.
Which of these correctly describes appositional growth of cartilage?A)Chondrocytes in the center of the cartilage lay down new matrix. B)Fibroblasts produce new chondroblasts. C)Chondroblasts in the perichondrium lay down new matrix. D)New osteons are formed from osteoblasts. E)Canaliculi connect between chondrocytes to allow transport of nutrients.
C)Chondroblasts in the perichondrium lay down new matrix.
__________ are stem cells that have the ability to become osteoblasts or chondroblasts. A)Osteocytes B)Osteoclasts C)Osteoprogenitor cells D)Osteons E)Chondrocytes
C)Osteoprogenitor cells Osteoprogenitor cells are the stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts or chondroblasts.
Of the following types of diarthrotic movements, which one is a movement away from the midsagital line (as in standing spread legged)? A)flexion and extension B)hyperextension C)abduction D)adduction
C)abduction
Of the following types of diarthrotic movements, which one is the movement of spreading the fingers? A)flexion and extension B)hyperextension C)abduction D)adduction
C)abduction
A developmental disorder in which the pituitary produces excess growth hormone and the patient grows abnormally large is known as A)pituitary dwarfism B)achondroplastic dwarfism C)acromegaly D)osteogenesis imperfecta
C)acromegaly
Calcitrol is a(n) A)bone growth hormone B)form of calcium stored in bones C)activated form of vitamin D. D)excretion of the thyroid and parathyroid glands.
C)activated form of vitamin D.
Endochondral ossification ends at what age? A)birth B)puberty C)adulthood D)about age 50
C)adulthood The process ends at the point in time where we reach our adult height.
Where is the talocrural joint? A)knee B)shoulder C)ankle D)elbow
C)ankle
Osteoprogenitor cells A)assist in fracture healing by taking bone fragments away from the injury site B)make up the scaffolding of membranous bone C)are stem cells that become osteoblasts D)are osteocytes that do not live in bone
C)are stem cells that become osteoblasts These are cells that later build new bone.
Severely damaged joints can be replaced with artificial joints. The correct term for this procedure is which of the following? A)prosthesis B)ankylosis C)arthroplasty D)crepitus
C)arthroplasty
The term "calcium homeostasis" refers to which of the following? A)balance of calcium between the bone and the cartilage B)creation of calcium by bones C)balance of calcium between the blood and the bones D)movement of calcium to and from cartilage and bone
C)balance of calcium between the blood and the bones
Another term for ellipsoidal joints is _________ joints. A)pivot B)hinge C)ball-and-socket D)saddle
C)ball-and-socket
Regarding skeletal system function, A)bone often serves as a model for cartilage growth. B)tendons connect bone to bone. C)blood cells are produced in the marrow of many bones. D)cartilage serves as an important mineral storage area. E)all of these
C)blood cells are produced in the marrow of many bones. Blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow of bones.
Since bone is a connective tissue, it has all the necessary features of a connective tissue including a matrix. What makes up the matrix of a bone?A)collagen, elastic fibers, and other proteins B)osteoblasts and osteoclasts C)collagen, proteins and hydroxyapatite D)sodium, calcium, phosphorus, elastic fibers and some adipose tissue
C)collagen, proteins and hydroxyapatite The matrix of bone is composed of molecules that give it strength.
An injury that occurs to vertebrae when they are flattened is known as a A)spiral fracture B)pathologic fracture C)compression fracture D)linear fracture
C)compression fracture
The perichondrium A)surrounds each lacuna in the matrix. B)contains mainly loose connective tissue. C)contains blood vessels and nerves. D)is important for the storage of fat. E)covers the surface of articular cartilage.
C)contains blood vessels and nerves. The perichondrium is penetrated by blood vessels and nerves.
The ulnar collateral ligament and the radial collateral ligament are found in which of the following joints?A)shoulder B)knee C)elbow D)hip
C)elbow
Shrugging your shoulders to indicate you don't know the answer to a question involves A)depression of the scapulae. B)lateral excursion of the scapulae. C)elevation of the scapulae. D)protraction of the scapulae. E)retraction of the scapulae.
C)elevation of the scapulae.
The surface of the medullary cavity of long bones is lined with a connective tissue membrane called A)periosteum. B)epiphyseal plates. C)endosteum. D)perichondrium. E)lamellae.
C)endosteum. Endosteum is the connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity of long bones.
Most of the calcium taken in with the diet that is not absorbed is A)stored in the liver. B)excreted by the kidneys in the urine C)excreted in the feces D)recycled in the body
C)excreted in the feces
Intramembranous ossification results in the formation of bones that belong to which class of bones? A)skull and ribs B)ribs, clavicles, and spine C)flat bones of the clavicle and skull D)spine, skull, ribs, and scapulas
C)flat bones of the clavicle and skull This bone process occurs in most of the skull bones and the clavicles, which were kept flexible before parturition to make childbirth easier.
Membrane-covered spaces between developing skull bones are called A)centers of ossification. B)central canals. C)fontanels. D)perforating canals. E)endochondral openings.
C)fontanels.
The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where the bone grows longer is the zone of A)resting cartilage B)proliferation C)hypotrophy D)calcification
C)hypotrophy The zone is a hyper zone of growth.
Of the following diarthrotic movements, which one is a movement of tilting the soles of the feet inward and then outward? A)dorsiflexion and plantar flexion B)protraction and retraction C)inversion and eversion D)opposition and reposition
C)inversion and eversion
Cancellous bone A)has no osteocytes. B)is located in the diaphyses of long bones. C)is composed of delicate interconnecting rods or plates called trabeculae. D)does not contain marrow. E)forms the outer surface of most bones other than long bones.
C)is composed of delicate interconnecting rods or plates called trabeculae. Cancellous (spongy) bone is composed of delicate interconnecting rods or plates called trabeculae
The fibrocartilage articular disks in this joint are referred to as menisci. A)ankle B)hip C)knee D)shoulder E)temporomandibular
C)knee
Which joint contains cruciate and collateral ligaments? A)ankle B)hip C)knee D)shoulder E)temporomandibular
C)knee
Which of these joints has the largest number of ligaments and bursae?A)ankle B)hip C)knee D)shoulder E)temporomandibular
C)knee
Cancellous bone has spaces within that are deigned for the housing of A)new osteocytes B)future osteocytes C)marrow and blood vessels D)undifferentiated cells for development of bone
C)marrow and blood vessels
The term "appositional growth" refers to bone growth that occurs A)before birth B)in the epiphysis only C)on the surface of cartilage, bone or older bone D)inside of a lacuna
C)on the surface of cartilage, bone or older bone This term refers to the facade where bone can be manufactured, versus in the deep part of a compact bone.
Hydrogen ions are pumped across the ruffled border, producing term-103an acid environment. This describes the activity of A)osteoblasts. B)osteocytes. C)osteoclasts.
C)osteoclasts. Osteoclasts are bone cells that pump hydrogen ions across a ruffled border, creating an acid environment which functions in the decalcification of bone.
Which of the following diseases is a bacterial infection of bone? A)osteoporosis B)osteitis deformans (Paget's) C)osteomyelitis D)osteosarcoma
C)osteomyelitis
If blood calcium levels decrease, which of the following hormones is released to take calcium out of bones and put it into the blood? A)calcitonin B)calcium hydroxyl hormone C)parathyroid hormone D)human growth hormone
C)parathyroid hormone
The outer layer of bone, composed of dense, irregular, collagenous connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves is called A)endosteum. B)concentric lamellae C)periosteum. D)the epiphyseal plate. E)the diaphysis.
C)periosteum. The periosteum is the outer layer of bone composed of dense, irregular, collagenous connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves.
Which of the following movements occurs in ballet, when dancers point their toes? A)opposition B)pronation C)plantar flexion D)excursion
C)plantar flexion
Which of the following synovial joints is the trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb? A)condyloid B)hinge C)saddle D)gliding
C)saddle
Insufficient vitamin C in a diet may result in a condition known as A)rickets B)osteoporosis C)scurvy D)Paget's disease
C)scurvy
Cancellous bone is often referred to as _____________ bone. A)compact B)woven C)spongy D)modeled
C)spongy
What type of bone tissue surrounds a medullary cavity? A)compact bone B)medullary bone C)spongy bone D)replacement bone
C)spongy bone
Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of this is to A)manufacture blood cells B)manufacture tissue cells for the skin C)store adipose tissue D)store bone forming cells
C)store adipose tissue
Which of the following movements occurs when turning a doorknob clockwise or driving a screw into a piece of wood? A)opposition B)pronation C)supination D)excursion
C)supination When one turns a doorknob the forearm rotates so the palm faces upward. Supine means lying faceup.
Which of these movements is NOT required for a person in the military to salute? A)flexion of the forearm B)abduction of the arm C)supination of the hand
C)supination of the hand
The sutures of the skull and the teeth in their sockets are examples of which of the following? A)diarthrosis B)amphiarthrosis C)synarthrosis D)arthrosis
C)synarthrosis Synarthrosis joints do not move.
Which of the following is a joint that has little or no movement? A)diarthrosis B)amphiarthrosis C)synarthrosis D)arthrosis
C)synarthrosis The prefix syn- refers to something that is together or joined.
The articulation between the first rib and the sternum is a A)symphysis. B)syndesmosis. C)synchondrosis. D)gomphosis. E)synovial joint.
C)synchondrosis.
A spiral fracture of a bone most often is the result of a bone A)weakened by disease B)that has been crushed C)that has been twisted D)that has been compressed
C)that has been twisted
In a long bone, the epiphyseal plate is A)located in the center of the diaphysis. B)the outer membrane layer on the diaphysis. C)the location where growth occurs. D)produced when the epiphyseal line changes to bone. E)the location for fat storage.
C)the location where growth occurs. The epiphyseal plate is located between the epiphysis and diaphysis, and is the location for bone growth (lengthening).
Bones are A)cartilage B)connective tissues C)organs D)All of the above.
D)All of the above.
Which of these statements is NOT true regarding bone? A)Osteoblasts produce bone matrix. B)Osteocytes are osteoblasts that have become surrounded by matrix. C)Osteoclasts break down bone. D)Osteocytes are connected to each other by Volkmann's canals. E)Osteocytes are found in lacunae.
D)Osteocytes are connected to each other by Volkmann's canals. Osteoblasts, which become surrounded by the bone matrix they produce, are called osteocytes, mature bone cells.
Which of the following diseases of bones results in a thickening of the bones of the skull and pelvis, most often occurring in males? A)osteoporosis B)Rickets' disease C)osteitis D)Paget's disease of bone
D)Paget's disease of bone
which of the following fractures is a fracture in a bone already weakened by disease? A)Pott's B)Colle's C)Avulsion D)Pathologic
D)Pathologic Bones weakened by pathology are more easily broken.
The epiphyseal plate is divided into 4 zones. The region where the cartilage matrix is mineralized with calcium carbonate is the zone of A)resting cartilage B)proliferation C)hypertrophy D)calcification
D)calcification
Osteocytes must have the ability to receive nutrients from the blood and an ability to return wastes to the blood. Connectors between the osteocytes and the blood vessels are known as A)Volkmann's canals B)central canals C)perforating canals D)canaliculi
D)canaliculi The term canaliculi means "small canals."
Which of these structures is found in compact bone, but not in cancellous bone? A)osteoclasts B)canaliculi C)lamellae D)central (haversian) canals E)osteocytes
D)central (haversian) canals Osteocytes, mature bone cells, are found in both compact and cancellous (spongy) bone.
Of the following diarthrotic movements, which one is a movement in which one limb makes circular movements?A)elevation and depression B)protraction and retraction C)lateral and medial excursion D)circumduction
D)circumduction
Before the process of intramembranous ossification, which of the following type of tissue is found in the associated membranes of the skull and clavicles?A)cartilage B)bone C)epithelium D)collagen fibers
D)collagen fibers
Following a bone fracture a callus builds around the fracture site. Callus is a A)mass of tissue. B)mass of blood vessels. C)mass of old broken bone pieces. D)collection of blood vessels and collagen at the fracture site.
D)collection of blood vessels and collagen at the fracture site.
Which of the following fractures refers to a fracture of a bone in multiple pieces? A)complete B)incomplete C)impacted D)comminuted
D)comminuted
The shaft of a bone is known as the A)epiphysis B)metaphysis C)periosteum D)diaphysis
D)diaphysis
Once an endochondral bone has completed its ossification, the bone now has a ___________ where the old epiphyseal plate existed. A)medullary cavity B)line of cartilage C)foramina D)epiphyseal line
D)epiphyseal line
When a suspect is arrested by the police, typically they are handcuffed behind their back. In this position, the suspect's arms are A)abducted. B)adducted. C)circumducted. D)extended. E)flexed.
D)extended.
Kicking a football straight ahead with your toes involves what movement of your leg? A)abduction B)adduction C)circumduction D)extension E)flexion
D)extension
Tilting the head posteriorly to look up at the sky requires A)abduction of the neck. B)adduction of the neck. C)circumduction of the neck. D)extension of the neck. E)flexion of the neck.
D)extension of the neck.
The articulations between the teeth and the alveolar processes are A)symphyses. B)syndesmoses. C)synchondroses. D)gomphoses. E)synovial joints.
D)gomphoses. Gomphoses are the fibrous joints seen between teeth and the alveolar processes of the mandible and the maxillae.
The iliofemoral ligament is found in which joint? A)shoulder B)knee C)elbow D)hip
D)hip
The inorganic portion of a bone structure, made primarily of calcium phosphate crystals, is known as A)collagen bone component B)appetite C)organic calcium D)hydroxyapatite
D)hydroxyapatite This organic compound is made of calcium and phosphorus.
Which of these movements of the foot causes ankle sprains most frequently?A)abduction B)dorsiflexion C)eversion D)inversion E)plantarflexion
D)inversion
lamellar bone is bone that A)arises out of cartilage B)arises out of collagen and elastic fibers C)replaces worn out and fractured bone D)is mature and is organized into thin sheets or layers
D)is mature and is organized into thin sheets or layersFeedback: Correct Answer
The epiphyseal plate is located in the A)diaphysis B)spongy bone zone C)mid-bone as in the middle of the clavicle D)metaphysis
D)metaphysis
Of the following diarthrotic movements, which ones are movements of the thumb against the fingers and then away from the fingers? A)supination and pronation B)protraction and retraction C)lateral and medial excursion D)opposition and reposition
D)opposition and reposition
Touching the thumb with the little finger is called A)abduction. B)adduction. C)flexion. D)opposition. E)reposition.
D)opposition.
Which of the following is a genetic disorder in which very brittle bones are produced that result in many fractures? A)pituitary dwarfism B)achondroplastic dwarfism C)acromegaly D)osteogenesis imperfecta
D)osteogenesis imperfecta This condition results in imperfect bones.
In regard to bone cell development, which of the following sequences is correct? A)osteoblasts → osteoclasts → osteocyte B)osteogenic cells → osteoclasts → osteocytes C)osteogenic → osteocyte → osteoclast D)osteogenic → osteoblasts → osteocyte
D)osteogenic → osteoblasts → osteocyte The process begins with building in the middle.
Which of these disorders is caused by a bacterium? A)acromegaly B)osteogenesis imperfecta C)osteomalacia D)osteomyelitis E)osteoporosis
D)osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis refers to bone inflammation due to infection, commonly bacterial.
PTH is secreted from the __________ , whereas calcitonin is secreted from the __________ . A)thyroid gland, pancreas B)thyroid gland, parathyroid gland C)pancreas, pituitary D)parathyroid gland, thyroid gland E)adrenal gland, thyroid gland
D)parathyroid gland, thyroid gland PTH is secreted from the parathyroid glands, whereas calcitonin is secreted from the thyroid gland.
Bundles of collagen fibers that penetrate the periosteum into the outer part of the bone are called A)endosteums. B)diaphyses. C)epiphyses. D)perforating fibers. E)trabeculae.
D)perforating fibers. Perforating fibers or Sharpey's fibers are the collagenous fibers from tendons and ligaments that penetrate the periosteum and attach to the outer portion of the bone.
A tissue that surrounds a long bone, made of a double layer of connective tissue, is referred to as the A)endosteum B)marrow C)growth plate D)periosteum
D)periosteum
The joint between the dens of the axis and the atlas is a(n) A)ball-and-socket joint. B)ellipsoid joint. C)hinge joint. D)pivot joint. E)plane, or gliding joint.
D)pivot joint.
Which of the following conditions is a severe form of arthritis that is an autoimmune attack against the joint tissue? A)gout B)osteoarthritis C)rheumatism D)rheumatoid arthritis
D)rheumatoid arthritis
A person who is standing in the anatomic position has their hands __________ and their forearms __________. A)pronated, flexed B)pronated, extended C)supinated, flexed D)supinated, extended E)abducted, extended
D)supinated, extended
Of the following fibrous joints, which one forms the joints between the skull bones? A)gomphoses B)syndesmoses C)synosthoses D)sutures
D)sutures
Of the following types of cartilaginous joints, which one is a joint of hyaline cartilage found in the epiphyseal joints?A)syntoses B)symphysis C)squamosal D)synchondrosis
D)synchondrosis
In a structural classification of joints, which of the following is a joint that has a cavity filled with fluid enclosed in a capsule? A)fibrous B)cartilaginous C)hinged D)synovial
D)synovial
The term "suppurative arthritis" refers to arthritis A)accompanied by a dislocation B)that fuses joints C)that has large lesions D)that results from infectious agents
D)that results from infectious agents
Synovial fluid is secreted by A)bone cells. B)cartilage cells. C)adipose cells. D)the synovial membrane. E)both a and b
D)the synovial membrane.
Fetal bone tissue that has collagen fibers randomly oriented in many directions is A)lamellar bone. B)long bone. C)short bone. D)woven bone.
D)woven bone. Woven bone, bone tissue with randomly arranged collagen fibers, is first formed during fetal development.
Given these cells: 1. osteoblasts 2. osteocytes 3. osteoprogenitor cells Which of these sequences represents the order in which they are produced?A)1,2,3 B)1,3,2 C)2,1,3 D)2,3,1 E)3,1,2
E)3,1,2 Osteoprogenitor cells are stem cells derived from mesenchymal cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts. When the bone matrix they produce surrounds osteoblasts, they are called osteocytes, mature bone cells.
Given these zones within the epiphyseal plate: 1. zone of calcification 2. zone of hypertrophy 3. zone of proliferation 4. zone of resting cartilage Arrange them in the correct order, from the epiphysis to the diaphysis. A)1,2,3,4 B)1,3,4,2 C)2,4,1,3 D)3,2,1,4 E)4,3,2,1
E)4,3,2,1 From the epiphysis to the diaphysis, the epiphyseal plate includes: the zone of resting cartilage, the zone of proliferation, the zone of hypertrophy, and the zone of calcification.
Cartilage A)often occurs in thin plates or sheets. B)receives nutrients and oxygen by diffusion. C)is easily replaced if damaged. D)has a good blood supply. E)A and B
E)A and B Cartilage can occur in thin plates and sheets, as an epiphyseal growth plate for example, and receives nutrients and oxygen by diffusion as it is not directly vascularized.
Which of these bones is produced at least partly by intramembranous ossification?A)clavicle B)frontal C)mandible D)parietal E)all of these
E)all of these
A deficiency of vitamin C in the diet can result in A)decreased collagen synthesis. B)scurvy. C)poor wound healing. D)growth retardation in children. E)all of these
E)all of these Vitamin C deficiency can result in decreased collagen synthesis, scurvy, poor wound healing, and growth retardation in children.
In synovial joints, blood vessels and nerves do not enter the A)articular cartilage. B)joint cavity. C)bone. D)synovial membrane. E)both a and b
E)both a and b
A baby in the fetal position has most of its joints A)abducted. B)adducted. C)circumducted. D)extended. E)flexed.
E)flexed.
A person who is standing and bends to tie their shoe is __________ their trunk. A)abducting B)adducting C)circumducting D)extending E)flexing
E)flexing
Kicking a football straight ahead with your toes involves what movement of your thigh? A)abduction B)adduction C)circumduction D)extension E)flexion
E)flexion
Raising your arm to point at something straight ahead of you involves A)abduction of the arm. B)adduction of the arm. C)circumduction of the arm. D)extension of the arm. E)flexion of the arm.
E)flexion of the arm.
A wide area between sutures in a newborn is called a A)synchondrosis. B)syndesmosis. C)synostosis. D)gomphosis. E)fontanel.
E)fontanel. A fontanel is the membranous area between sutures in a newborn.
In endochondral ossification, the perichondrium that surrounded the hyaline cartilage becomes A)circumferential lamellae. B)osteons. C)lacunae. D)perforating canals. E)periosteum.
E)periosteum. The perichondrium becomes periosteum
To walk on her toes, a ballerina must be able to __________ her feet for long periods of time. A)abduct B)dorsiflex C)evert D)invert (supinate) E)plantarflex
E)plantarflex
When someone is going to place something in the palm of your hand, your hand must be A)abducted. B)adducted. C)flexed. D)pronated. E)supinated.
E)supinated.
Which of these types of joints exhibits the greatest amount of movement?A)cartilaginous jointsB)gomphosis jointsC)suture jointsD)syndesmosis jointsE)synovial joints
E)synovial joints
When the epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line, the synchondrosis joint becomes a A)symphysis. B)syndesmosis. C)synostosis. D)gomphosis. E)suture.
`C)synostosis. When the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified, becoming an epiphyseal line, the epiphysis and diaphysis of a bone have grown together into a single bone, thus the synchondrosis joint becomes a synostosis.
Sharpey's fibers, located on the periphery of a bone, are A)collagen fibers from ligaments that attach to bone B)elastic fibers that are found in tendons C)fibers that make up the structure of endosteum D)elastic fibers that make up the structure of periosteum
a) collagen fibers from ligaments that attach to bone
If the collagen and minerals are removed from a bone, what happens to the bone? A)it becomes stiff and brittle B)no noticeable differences occur with the bone C)it becomes soft and rubbery D)it breaks apart into thousands of small pieces
c) it becomes soft and rubbery Taking away the hardened part would easily soften it.
Which of the following is a squamous epithelium that lines the medullary cavity of a bone to begin the formation of marrow?A)periosteum B)osteocytes C)endosteum D)trabeculae with osteoclasts
c. endosteum The prefix endo- refers to the tissue on the inside of a bone.
The lattice of spongy bone, consisting of plates, rods and spines, is called A)marrow B)trabeculae C)lacunae D)endosteum
trabeculae
