Bontrager's Ch. 8 Self Test questions cervical and thoracic spine.

How much and in which direction should the CR be angled for AP Axial C-spine: _________ Anterior oblique C-spine:__________ Posterior oblique C-spine:__________

15-20 degrees cephalad 15 degrees caudad 15 degrees cephalad

The IVF for the cervical spine lie at ____ degree angle to the MSP.

45 degrees

Which position/projection best demonstrates the z-joints between C1 and C2?

AP Open Mouth

A patient comes to the dept. for a follow-up study for a clay shoveler's fx. Which spine projections best demonstrate this type of fx?

AP and Lateral c-spine

A patient with a possible Jefferson fx enters the ER. Which specific position best demonstrates this type of fracture?

AP open mouth, but would do horizontal lateral first to rule out additional injury/harm

Which of the following technical factors is most important in producing a high-quality CR image? A. decrease SID whenever possible B. Minimize use of grids C. Decrease kV as much as possible D. Collimate as close as possible

C.

General location of gonion

C3

general location of thyroid cartilage

C4-C6

General location of vertebral prominens.

C7-T1

Which imaging modality is recommended for a "teardrop burst" fracture?

CT

An avulsion fx of the spinous processes of C6-T1 is called a ___________.

Clay shoveler's fx

True/False: HNP most frequently develops at the L2-L3 level.

False-typically at L4-L5 level

True/False: The thoracic spine possesses facets for rib articulations and bifid spinous processes.

False; T-spine has no bifid spinous processes

True/False: The carotid artery and certain nerves pass through the cervical transverse foramina.

False; vertebral arteries and veins

How many segments make up the sacrum in the neonate?

Five

What is the correct term for the condition involving a "slipped disk"?

Herniated Nucleus Pulposus

Which foramina are created by the superior and inferior vertebral notches?

Intervertebral foramina

List the two positions or projections that will project the dens in the center of the foramen magnum.

Judd (PA) or the Fuchs (AP)

An abnormal or exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature with increased convexity is called ______.

Kyphosis

Which projection best demonstrates Left IVF of the Cervical spine?

LAO

Which position of the thoracic spine best demonstrates the Intervertabral foramina (IVF)?

Lateral

Which position or projection of the cervical spine best demonstrates the zygapophyseal joints between C3-C7?

Lateral

Which specific joint spaces are visualized with a left anterior oblique (LAO) projection of the thoracic spine?

Left zygapophyseal joints (downside)

Which imaging modality is NOT normally performed to rule out a HNP?

NM

Which structure makes up the inner aspect of the intervertebral disk?

Nucleus Pulposus

An abnormal or exaggerated lateral spinal curvature is called ______.

Scoliosis

Which of the thoracic vertebrae do not possess a facet for the costotransverse joints?

T11 & T12

General location of Jugular notch

T2-T3

General location of sternal angle

T4-T5

General location of 3-4 inches below jugular notch

T7

List divisions of the spine described as possessing a primary curve.

Thoracic and Sacral

True/False: The lumbar possesses a concave posterior spinal curvature.

True

The large joint space between C1 and C2 is called the ___________.

Zygapophyseal joint space

Which joints are found between the superior and inferior articular processes?

Zygapophyseal joints

Which position best demonstrates the lower cervical and upper thoracic spine (C4-T3) in a lateral perspective? (fx and subluxation has been ruled out)

cervicothoracic lateral (Swimmers/Twining)

Two partial facets found on the thoracic vertebrae are called _______.

demifacets

A radiograph of an AP open mouth of the c-spine demonstrates the upper incisors superimposed over the top of the dens. What specific positioning error is present on this radiograph?

excessive flexion of the skull

In addition to using a long SID, list two positioning techniques you can use to lower the shoulders to visualize C7-T1 for a lateral projection of the C-spine.

expose on expiration have pt. hold 5-10 weights in each hand

What is one feature of all thoracic vertebrae that makes them different from any other vertebrae?

facets for articulations with the ribs

A patient comes to the dept. for a follow-up study 6 months after having spinal fusion surgery of lower c-spine. The surgeon wants to check for anteroposterior mobility of the fused spine. Beyond basic c-spine projections, what additional projections can be taken to assess the mobility of the spine?

laterals with hypeflexion and hyperextension

At which vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate?

lower border of L1 where it tapers off to the conus medullaris.

A radiograph of a lateral t-spine reveals that the IVF and IV joint spaces are not clearly demonstrated. Which type of problems can lead to this radiographic outcome?

not keeping the spine parallel to the IR and/or misaligned CR (not perpendicular to spine)

Which two things can be done to minimize effects of scatter radiation on lateral projections of the thoracic and lumbar spine?

tight horizontal collimation; using lead mats behind patient during exposure

A lateral c-spine radiograph demonstrates that the z-joint spaces are not superimposed. Which type of positioning error(s) may lead to this radiographic outcome?

tilt and or rotation of the spine

Which ligament holds the dens against the anterior arch of C1?

transverse atlantal ligament

What are three distinctive features of all cervical vertebrae that make them different from all other vertebrae?

transverse foramina, Bifid spinous process, overlapping vertebral bodies

Schuermann's disease is a form of __________.

scoliosis and/or kyphosis