BOR : Hematology
The Na+ -- K+ cation pump us an important mechanism in keeping the RBC intact. Its function is to maintain a high level of ________.
Intracellular K+
The mechanism that relays information about tissue oxygen levels to erythropoietin-producing sites is located in the_______?
Kidney
A "senescent" RBC is one that has _______?
Lived its life span
In the third month of gestation, what is the primary site of hematopoiesis?
Liver
Defective nuclear maturation commonly results in the production of red cells that are ______?
Macrocytic
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What is the average life span of a normal RBC?
120 days
What is the normal ratio of myeloid to erythroid precursors in bone marrow (M:E ratio)?
4:1
What percentage of tissue located in the bone marrow cavities of adults is fat?
50%
What is the approximate total blood volume in an adult?
6 L
Periods of intense erythropoietin activity cause premature release of marrow reticulocytes into the blood. Which of the following is NOT true of these early reticulocytes? A. loss of residual RNA occurs immediately upon marrow release B. circulate longer than usual before reaching maturity C. may be termed shift or stress reticulocytes D. show diffuse basophilia with Wright's stain
A. loss of residual RNA occurs immediately upon marrow release
When acanthocytes are found on the blood smear it is usually the result of _____?
Altered membrane lipids
What does measuring the total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) represent?
Amount of iron that transferrin can bind
Programmed cell death is called?
Apoptosis
Which of the following does NOT accurately describe hematopoietic growth factors? A bind to target cell receptors to express activity B action of majority is lineage restricted C may promote or suppress cell death D can stimulate or inhibit cell proliferation
B. Action of majority is lineage restricted
The red cells observed on a peripheral blood smear show extreme anisocytosis with an equal number of macrocytes and microcytes. Which of the following values correlate with this finding? A. MCV 108.0 fL, RDW 14.0% B. MCV 90.0 fL, RDW 25.0% C. MCV 75.0 fL, RDW 16.0% D. MCV 88.0 fL, RDW 12.0%
B. MCV 90.0 fL, RDW 25.0%
As most blood cell lines mature, which of the following is characteristic? A. cell diameter increases B. nucleus to cytoplasm ratio decreases C. nuclear chromatin becomes less condensed D. basophilia of the cytoplasm increases
B. nucleus to cytoplasm ratio decreases
The major adult hemoglobin requires the synthesis of alpha-globin chains and _____?
Beta-globin chains
Excessive extravascular red cell destruction is associated with _____?
Bilirubinemia
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells? A. possess self-renewal ability B. produce progenitor cells committed to a single cell lineage C. express the stem cell marker CD13 D. are morphologically unrecognizable
C. Express the stem cell marker CD13
Which of the following statements about iron absorption is TRUE? A. absorption occurs in the ileum B. the mucosal cell always absorbs the correct amount of iron to meet needs. C. absorption increases when erythropoietic activity increases D. alkaline pH favors absorption
C. absorption increases when erythropoietic activity increases
Which of the following is associated with a "shift to the left" in the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin? A. decreased pH and elevated temperature B. decreased oxygen affinity C. decreased oxygen release D. presence of 2,3-biphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)
C. decreased oxygen release
Which of the following inclusions is only visible with supravital staining? A. basophilic stippling B. cabot rings C. heinz bodies D. pappenheimer bodies
C. heinz bodies
Which of the following factors will result in an immediate increase in oxygen delivery to the tissues? A. increased pH B. high altitudes C. increased hemoglobin binding of 2,3-BPG D. increased renal release of erythropoietin
C. increased hemoglobin binding of 2,3-BPG
Which of the following may be a sign of accelerated bone marrow erythropoiesis? A. hypercellular marrow with a decreased number of RBC precursors B. bone marrow M:E ration of 1:6 C. nucleated RBCs in the peripheral circulation D. low erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels
C. nucleated RBCs in the peripheral circulation
Which of the following is most frequently associated with Howell-Jolly bodies? A. iron overload state B. post-transfusion C. post-splenectomy D. iron deficient state
C. post-splenectomy
Hemoglobin forms that are incapable of oxygen transport include ______ and ______?
Carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin
The morphological abnormality characteristically found in hemoglobinopathies is ______?
Codocytes
In what area of the bone marrow does hematopoiesis take place?
Cords
Which of the following depicts the structure of the hemoglobin molecule? A. 2 heme groups, 2 globin chains B. 4 heme groups, 2 globin chains C. 2 heme groups, 4 globin chains D. 4 heme groups, 4 globin chains
D. 4 heme groups, 4 globin chains
When evaluating a bone marrow aspirate smear, which is considered abnormal? A. predominance of granulocyte precursors as compared to nucleated red cells B. detection of stainable iron in macrophages and erythroid precursors with Prussian blue C. average of 3 megakaryocytes seen per low power (10x) field D. presence of 10% myeloblasts on the cell differential count
D. Presence of 10% myeloblasts on the cell differential count
Which of the following does NOT characterize erythropoietin (EPO)? A. transforms the CFU-E into the earliest recognizable RBC precursor B. increased the rate of RBC production in the bone marrow C. shortens the maturation time of developing erythroid precursors D. decreases stimulation of erythropoiesis when cellular hypoxia increases
D. decreases stimulation of erythropoiesis when cellular hypoxia increases
Howell-Jolly bodies are composed of _____?
DNA
What red cell morphological abnormality is described by the term "poikilocytosis"?
Deviations from normal shape
Which erythrocyte metabolic pathway generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via glycolysis?
Emden-Myerhof
The major storage form of iron is ______?
Ferritin
The myeloid progenitor cell can produce cells committed to what lineages (4)?
Granulocytic Erythrocytic Monocytic Megakaryocytic
Which protein is primarily responsible for transport of hemoglobin dimers resulting from intravascular hemolysis?
Haptoglobin
The majority of iron found in an adult is a constituent of _____?
Hemoglobin
Microcytic, hypochromic red cells are most often associated with impaired _____?
Hemoglobin synthesis
What causes thrombopoietin (TPO)?
Hormone produced by the liver that stimulates megakaryopoiesis
Where do the early and late stages of heme synthesis occur?
In mitochondria
The presence of schistocytes on the peripheral blood smear is commonly associated with _____?
Increased red cell destruction
The largest hematopoietic cells in normal bone marrow are ______?
Megakaryocytes
Rouleaux of red blood cells when seen in the monolayer of a blood smear is characteristic of ______?
Multiple myeloma
When the hepatic phase of fetal life is reactivated in an adult, hematopoiesis can be termed ______?
Myeloid metaplasia or extramedullary
What is the function of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the red blood cell?
Neutralizes intracellular oxidants that accumulate
When in bone marrow, metarubricytes would be staged as ______?
Orthochromic normoblasts
Which red blood cell precursor is the last stage to undergo mitosis?
Polychromatophilic normoblast
Spectrin is a protein that occupies a major role in ____?
Red cell membrane structure
When spherocytes are reported, what is observed on the peripheral smear?
Red cells without a central pallor
What is the process known as "culling"?
Removal of abnormal RBCs by the spleen
Fetal hemoglobin differs from adult hemoglobin in that hemoglobin F _____?
Resists elution from red cells with acid solutions
What term describes a mature red blood cell that contains iron granules or deposits?
Siderocyte
Serum ferritin is a good indicator of the amount of _____?
Storage iron
The red cells found in leas poisoning characteristically exhibit coarse granules composed of ______ that are reported as ______.
aggregated ribosomes; basophilic stippling
What is the first type of cell produced by the developing embryo?
erythrocyte
Bone marrow cellularity refers to the ratio of ______ to _____?
hematopoietic tissue to adipose tissue
Interleukins and colony stimulating factors are cytokines produced by ______ and _______?
monocytes and T lymphocytes
In an adult, what are the two best areas for obtaining active bone marrow by aspiration?
posterior iliac crest sternum
Antigen-independent lymphopoiesis occurs in primary lymphoid tissue located in the ______ and ______?
thymus and bone marrow
