BPS 1101- Cancer
RAS
"OFF" switch for cell -Is used to regulate cell division *In cancer Ras switch just stuck on "ON"* •Non-functional in 30 % of tumors •Gets "stuck" in the ON position and cannot switch OFF Brakes for cell division are broken "Brake pedal" does not work
Mutation is a
"typo" in the gene
Mustine
(First cancer drug* oMustine was the first anti chemical drug. This is a less reactive warfare agent. Both chemicals will damage DNA and kill cells. Less reactive will kill tumour cells, but because the chemical is not so reactive normal cells can repair the damage. Tumour cells are fast growing, normal cells are slow growing.
US Cancer death rates *Women
-Breast cancer rates are unchanged -Lung cancer more common deaths -The death rates for stomach and uterine cancers have decreased steadily since 1930;
Telomeres
-DNA at the tips of chromosomes -Location of the counting device or cell division is located at the tip of the chromosome
US Cancer death rates * Men
-Increase cancer death rates prior to 1990 was attributed to *Lung cancer* -Since 1990 the death rates has decrease -Stomach cancer mortality has decreased considerably since 1930
Carcinogen in tobacco
-Polonium 210
What are the two kinds of uncontrolled growths ?
1.Hyper-proliferative lesion-benign 2.Hyper-prolerferative lesion-lesion-Maligant
What is the maximum amount a cell can divide ?
50times
how many mutation is require to generate a cancer cell ?
8-10 mutations in the same cell -In the same cell -Mutations happen continuously -Damaged cells are eliminated from the body - Several mutations within the same cell are rare - Accumulation of enough mutations for cancer requires more than 20 years on average
Taxol
A chemical in Pacific yew tree bark that has cancer-fighting properties
Polonium 210 as a poison
Alexander Litvinenko https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko#Illness_and_poisoning Short: FSB officer in Russia fled russian courts was three attempts to murder him with Polonium 210 His death had a politically impacts
What is the cure rate of cisplatin for testicular cancer?
Approx 90%
Tobacco smoke combustion products
Benzopyrenes Nitrosamines EthyleneOxide
Name a carcinogen that can cause cancer?
Excess alcohol
Cancer treatments often make you feel worse than the disease itself Fact or Myth ?
Fact
Radioactive spark plugs
For some crazy reason, in the 1950's Firestone made automotive spark plugs containing radioactive polonium. Presumably the idea was that the ionizing radiation would allow the spark to travel more easily, making for better ignition.
Guardasil
HPV induced cervical cancer: first ever anti-cancer vaccine to prevent against cervical cancer (STD)
Taxus Baccata
Is the European yew and is found in leaves
How does cisplatin work?
It bonds to strands of DNA and distorts their shape to prevent replication of the cells. The molecule bonds to nitrogen atoms on two adjacent guanine bases
Cancer mutation involves ___________________________
Loss of function proteins stop working properly
What is the major different between cancer cells and normal cells?
Major difference is cell division.Cancer cells are faster growing cells
Which sexes has a higher rate of cancer?
Males , Often has to do with behavior ex:• Lung cancer: oMen tend to smoke more than women (behavior) oRare disease if you don't smoke
Apoptosis
Self-destruct mechanism- a way of protecting us against certain kinds of disease programmed cell death in wounding healing Protects the body from viruses and cancer
Cell division I regulated in which 2 way ?
Stimulation (accelerator) Repression (Brakes)
Polonium spinthariscope in KIX cerial
The Kix Atomic Bomb Ring, also known as the Lone Ranger Atomic Ring, a Kix cereal promotion from 1947 The instructions stated that "you'll see brilliant flashes of light in the inky darkness inside the atom chamber. These frenzied vivid flashes are caused by the released energy of atoms. PERFECTLY SAFE - We guarantee you can wear the KIX Atomic "Bomb" Ring with complete safety. The atomic materials inside the ring are harmless." Basically it was a tiny spinthariscope: when the red tail fin was taken off, you could look through the ring and observe some scintillations caused by nuclear reactions of polonium-alpha particles on a zinc sulfide screen. One million rings were made, and these were the most popular premium rings ever
Polonium anti-static brushes
The radiation from the polonium is used to get rid of static
Benzopyrene carcinogenicity
The substance with the formula C20H12 is one of the benzopyrenes, formed by a benzene ring fused to pyrene. Its diol epoxide metabolites (more commonly known as BPDE) react and bind to DNA, resulting in mutations and eventually cancer. It is listed as a Group 1 carcinogen by the IARC.
Taxol is manufacture from what?
Yew Trees
Telomere is a cellular clock
You can tell by the telomere how old the cell is and basically when time runs out the cells dies
Cisplatin
a chemotherapy drug that attacks dividing cells
5 year survival rate (1938-1985) a)52% b)50% c)55% d)60%
a)52%
Most Cancer cells are : a)Immortal b)Mortal
a)Immortal cancer cells are immortal •Ability to live for hundreds of years
Cancer account for near __________ of deaths in the Unites States a) 1/2 b) 1/4 c) 1/3 d) 1/6
b) 1/4 exceeded only by heart disease.
5 year survival rate (1974-1976) a)52% b)50% c)55% d)60%
b)50%
Chromosomes tips are like shoes laces
become "frayed" with age
5 year survival rate (1992-1999) a)52% b)50% c)55% d)60%
d)60%
Taxol is 30% effective against which type of cancer? a)Prostate b)Lungs c)Liver d)Breast
d)Breast
HeLa cells
from Henrietta Lacks, human cells grown in laboratories (most die within a few weeks) 1951 Cancer cells are the source of the HeLa cell line, the first imortalized cell line and one of the most important ell lines in medical research. Her cells taken from a cervical-cancer biopsy become the first immortal human cell line - the cells repoduced infinitely in a lab These cells were then cultured by George Otto Gey who created the cell line known as HeLas, which is still used for medical research
Cancer mutations involve
loss of function •Proteins STOP working properly -Random mutations destroy function •Cannot repair the damage with today's technology-Genetic repair expensive, difficult and unreliable •Only way to treat it is to kill the cancer
Hyper-proliferative lesion-benign
o*Grows and then it stops* oSometimes the stop point can be large
How does fixer promote the passage of water
o1st: bulk material that you cannot digest, activates the peristaltic action, move quicker to the intestine (less time exposure) o2nd: The chemical of fibers gives the ability to stick to carcinogens rather than going thru the bloodstream. Fiber passes through digestive system. Fibers remove nasty material from your diet.
Hyper-prolerferative lesion-lesion-Maligant
oDoesn't stop growing *Worse*
•Mutation changes proto-oncogenes into oncogenes
oForm found in cancer
Proto-oncogenes
oGenes involved in control of cell division
Air raid on Bari,Italy
oIn 1934 the ship transporting from unite states to Europe sunk and the Mustard gas stayed in the water and caused a film on the top of the water. People who were exposed to this water died
Why Benign lesion can be fatal in developing countries ?
oSometime the stop point of the growth of a lesion can be large because developing countries don't have the resources fix the problem oThe size of the lesion can interfere with functions inside your body
Tobacco smoke contains
over 4800 chemicals 400 toxic (harmful at low doses) - 40 carcinogenic
Sequence of amino acids determines
protein structure
senscence
refers to the gradual physical decline that accompanies aging (biological aging) where normal cells diploid cease to divide
Peyrone's Salt
selectively kill tumor cells
Gene is a
set of instructions to make protein Uses 3 letter words called codons Each codon specifies an amino acid in a protein
Carcinogen
substance that causes cancer
• Phorbol
used to induce cancer in a lab. In order to study it we need cancer cells available.
Robert Holton
•Came up with semi synthesis of Taxol and patent it
Normal cell growth is closely regulated
•Cells divide only "on command" •Maximum of 50 cell divisions •Cells must be touching similar cells (tissue)
cancer cells
•Cells loose the ability to control multiplication •Cells are mobile (metastisis) •These cells are almost identical the only difference is in the rate at which they grow. The similarities is the reason why its so hard to treat it and why is so painful to treat.
Semi synthesis of Taxol
•Change one form into another with help of a natural source which is the complicated part anf add a simple decoration •Natural source - extract the material (chemical process) -Carryout synthetic steps •Natural to get 10-DAB and then using synthesis you can get the bottom one. •We don't make it from scratch we get natural to make complicated first
Every cancer Tumor is different
•Every tissue can spawn-More than 100 forms -Each tumor is unique •Basic processes are similar -Loss of control over cell division
Nitrogen Mustards in World War I
•First cancer drug is chemical warfare agent (mustard gas). This gas was designed to wound rather than kill so that soldiers have to look after soldiers. •Nitrogen mustards destroy tissues -Black welts: where the tissues have died on the skin
Strategy for cancer chemotherapy
•Kill the cancer faster than you kill the patient •Side effects are guaranteed - 100 % •Side effects are severe oDeath 5% of patients oCancer 5% of patients come back with different kind of cancer (2nd is caused by chemo) oExtreme nausea, vomiting oHair loss, immune suppression, sterility
Serendipitous discovery with E.Coli
•Most common cancer drug comes from a stupid experiment. Electrocuting bacteria to see what would happen. Electric fields had the effect that caused bacteria to stop dividing, while they kept getting bigger and bigger. Electrodes that they had be using were degraded and created a chemical that prevented the bacteria from dividing. *Moral: when you pass an electrical current thru bacterial, the bacterial stops functioning and stops dividing*
What is the addictive substance in Tobacco?
•Nicotine
Nitrogen Mustards in World War II
•Outlawed by geneva convention (not used in WWll but had them incase other people used them
Why do they say cancer is a disease of the Aged ?
•Over 75% of all cases *occur after age 55* •Causes 570,000 deaths per year in North America (1500 per day
p53 in cancer cells
•P53 is an important braking protein which is non-functional in more than 50% of tumors and is involved in numerous amounts of pathways
Name natural carcinogen sources
•Peanut oil, sesame oil, olive oil (small amounts are fine
Genetic susceptibility
•Some individuals are more susceptible to cancer -Have pre-existing genetic changes in proto-oncogenes -Proto-oncogenes are easier to damage •Some individuals are more susceptible to some cancer types than others
What are some controllable factors ?
•Tobacco, Diet and Obesity •Others: Viruses ,alcohol, lack of exercise, UV radiation, Environmental exposure (2-4%),genetics, medical procedures (X-rays and chemotherapy)
What are the three controllable factors that account for 60% of cancer deaths?
•Tobacco, Diet and Obesity, Viruses
