Brain & Behavior 3

The condition of having an exaggerated concern with being overweight that can lead to severe weight loss and even starvation without purging is called

Anorexia Nervosa

_____ help control and regulate human feeding behavior

Cognitive factors Hypothalamic inputs Digestive system inputs

Learning is the ability to recall or recognize previous experience.

False

Phineas Gage sustained an injury to his amygdala. After, he lost the ability to experience and express emotions correctly and his friends reported that he started showing poor decision making skills

False

The Primary somatosensory region is dedicated to taste whereas the gustatory region in the insula is responsive to localizing tastes and textures on tongue.

False

The stress you feel when you suddenly remember a bill you haven't paid is perceived in the brain differently as the stress you would feel if you saw a tiger coming after you.

False

______ is a change in an organism's behavior as a result of experience

Learning

______ is a change in an organism's behavior as a result of experience.

Learning

At the neural level, memory is associated with changes that take place at the synapse with both the axon ending of the presynaptic side and the dendrite of the postsynaptic side. Scientists call this process ___

Long-term Potentiation

At the neural level, memory is associated with changes that take place at the synapse with both the axon ending of the presynaptic side and the dendrite of the postsynaptic side. Scientists call this process ______.

Long-term Potentiation

Which of the following is NOT one of the taste receptors?

Spicy

The reason people may be afraid of snakes before they have even encountered one is because of

The innate releasing mechanism

Damage to the frontal association cortex can lead to focusing excessively on external stimuli and difficulty shifting attention

True

Damage to the frontal association cortex can lead to focusing excessively on external stimuli and difficulty shifting attention.

True

Eating is a unique behavior because it can be either a regulatory or a non regulatory behavior

True

Eating is a unique behavior because it can be either a regulatory or a non regulatory behavior.

True

Empathy is correlated with increased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

True

Executive control allows us to control our emotions because our prefrontal cortex can decrease the response of our amygdala

True

Executive control allows us to control our emotions because our prefrontal cortex can decrease the response of our amygdala.

True

Language, memory, and emotion are constructs and inferred from behavior

True

Language, memory, and emotion are constructs and inferred from behavior.

True

Once LTP has occurred between 2 neurons, it is likely that the sending neuron will release more neurotransmitter AND the receiving neuron will insert more receptors for the neurotransmitter into the cell membrane

True

Once LTP has occurred between 2 neurons, it is likely that the sending neuron will release more neurotransmitter AND the receiving neuron will insert more receptors for the neurotransmitter into the cell membrane.

True

One reason we engage in behavior is to stimulate the brain.

True

Smell does not go through the thalamus but rather through the amygdala and pyriform cortex.

True

The Innate Releasing Mechanism detects specific sensory stimuli and directs and organism to take a particular action

True

The Innate Releasing Mechanism detects specific sensory stimuli and directs and organism to take a particular action.

True

The central nucleus of the amygdala is the most important part of the brain for the expression of emotional responses provoked by aversive stimuli.

True

The executive control processes reside in the prefrontal cortex

True

The executive control processes reside in the prefrontal cortex.

True

Your emotion depends on the reason you experience arousal.

True

Fear conditioning would likely involve neural circuits in the _________

amygdala

It has been argued that emotional memory involves which of the following structures?

amygdala

Social neuroscience studies have demonstrated that the anticipation of pain activates the

anterior cingulate cortex.

The inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage is a characteristic of ____ amnesia

anterograde

Mirror neurons:

are active during observation of the actions of others. are active during imitation of the facial expressions of others may allow us to understand the thoughts and emotions of others

Your friend tells you that every letter of the alphabet has a distinct color to him. For example, A is always a specific hue of yellow and G is always baby blue. You believe your friend:

as synesthesia

The question of how we are able to combine multiple sources of input (e.g., visual, auditory, motor, etc.) into a unified conscious experience is referred to as the:

binding problem

Last year, every time John watched a football game at his friend's house, he drank beer. Now, whenever John watches a football game, he finds himself craving beer. This is an example of:

classical conditioning

Emotion can be considered _____, whereas motivation can be considered _____.

cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings; behavior that is purposeful and goal-directed

Neurons that combine different sources of sensory information are referred to as:

complex neurons

(True Story) Dr. West feeds her cat wet cat food from a can 2-3 times per week. The can has a pull top that makes a metallic sound when you open it. The other night, Dr. West opened a can of vegetables that also had a similar kind of top. When she did, her cat came running into the kitchen. The metallic SOUND of a can opening has become a(n) _______ for her cat.

conditioned stimulus

Operant conditioning is to ____ as classical conditioning is to ___

consequences; association of stimuli

Operant conditioning is to ____ as classical conditioning is to ____.

consequences; association of stimuli

The hypothalamus is involved in:

eating and drinking, body temperature, and regulation of blood sugar

Damage to portions of the limbic cortex would be expected to alter

emotion

What happens during the fasting phase of energy metabolism?

energy is withdrawn from reserves

The creation of novel sequences of thoughts is most likely the function of the:

frontal lobes

Which of the following is most analogous to an orchestra conductor?

frontal lobes

Motivations are controlled by the:

hypothalamus, limbic system, and frontal lobes

The patient J. K. had Parkinson's disease. He showed a deficit in:

implicit memory

Consciousness is likely located

in a variety of connections throughout the brain.

Consciousness is likely located:

in a variety of connections throughout the brain.

In a normal participant and the majority of the population, if you briefly present a word _____, it will be identified more easily.

in the right visual field

The temporal lobes are critical for ______, and the frontal lobes are important for ____

long-term memory; short-term memory

The temporal lobes are critical for ______, and the frontal lobes are important for ______.

long-term memory; short-term memory

Which of the following memory problems did patient H. M. experience following surgery?

making new implicit memories

You are in a crowded supermarket with your 4-year-old nephew. When you are in the candy aisle, he asks you for a chocolate bar. You initially refuse, saying that it is not good for him to eat candy. He begins to cry and whine loudly. Embarrassed by all the attention you are attracting, you buy him the chocolate bar to stop him from crying. Now every time you go to the store, your nephew whines until you buy him something. Your behavior is an example of:

operant conditioning

Which of the following is likely to cause inappropriate social responses and an inability to respond to social context?

orbital prefrontal lesions

Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus leads to:

overeating in animals

Early research with patient H. M. demonstrated that the hippocampus:

played a critical role in memory consolidation

Impulsive behavior and poor decision are common symptoms of:

prefontal damage

Psychological constructs (e.g., attention) can be difficult to localize in the brain because:

psychological constructs are often complex and not localized to one area of the brain. we tend to think of constructs as unitary when they are actually made up of a number of distinct processes the brain is not organized around psychological constructs

Olfaction is responsible for which sense?

smell

Males are typically better at ______ tasks, whereas females tend to excel at ______ tasks

spatial relation and mental rotation; short-term memory and verbal fluency

Karl Lashley is remembered for his discovery

that memory loss was related to the size of a lesion on the brain, not the location.

Karl Lashley is remembered for his discovery:

that memory loss was related to the size of a lesion on the brain, not the location.

Synesthesia is:

the experience in which stimulation in one sensory modality gives rise to a sensation in another modality

Spatial navigation relies on

the use of environmental landmarks the ability to form an imagined map of the environment. the ability to mentally manipulate images.

The association cortex makes up about

two-thirds of the total cortex.

What kinds of problems would damage to the mirror neuron system cause?

understanding the purpose behind other people's actions learning how to read other people's emotions from facial expressions learning how to throw a football through imitating the actions of someone else

Research in neuroeconomics has linked activity in the _____ with a reflexivedecision system and activity in the _____ with reflective decision system

ventromedial prefrontal cortex; medial temporal cortex and lateral prefrontal cortex

Women are generally better than men on

verbal fluency

Women are generally better than men on:

verbal fluency

Pheromones are detected by:

vomeronasal organ