Brain and Behavior Final
The average reaction time in an uncomplicated choice-reaction-time test (i.e., the time it takes from the initial visual signal until the subject pushes the choice button) is approximately _______ ms
250
Atypical neuroleptics tend to be more effective on _______ receptors
5-HT2
Disturbance in reading is called
Alexia
Which drug, when used repetitively, can produce a psychotic state akin to schizophrenia?
Amphetamine
Henry Molaison's (patient H.M.) surgery involved removal of the hippocampus and the
Amygdala
Which of the following is an example of an obsession?
An overwhelming fear that something terrible will happen at any moment
The unconscious shifts in attention that come about in response to important changes in our environment are considered _______ processes.
Bottom-up
Which research finding is inconsistent with the notion of free will?
Brain activity associated with making a decision appears to be evident well before consciousness is aware of it
A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia.
Broca's
A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia.
Broca's
Because chimpanzees seem able to learn a version of American Sign Language (ASL), some researchers have concluded that they are able to acquire language. Those who disagree, however, offer which criticism of this conclusion?
Chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers.
Which of the following statements regarding therapy for depression is true?
Cognitive behavioral therapy and SSRI treatment together are more effective than either one alone
"Where's Waldo?" is a puzzle in which one must find the right combination of features to identify Waldo in a busy scene. Which type of attentional process does this refer to?
Conjunction search
Which of the following genes has been associated with schizophrenia?
DISC1
_______ dyslexia is a form of acquired dyslexia in which the patient incorrectly reads a word as another semantically-related word.
Deep
Prevalence rates for _______ are much higher for women than for men.
Depression
The adage "cells that fire together, wire together" refers to a hypothesis proposed by
Donald Hebb
Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of
Dyslexia
Which type of attention can be sustained over the longest period of time?
Endogenous
What effect do benzodiazepines have on GABA synapses?
Enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition
ERP stands for _______ potential
Event-related
You are at a train station and hear an extremely loud crash. You, and everyone else, immediately orient their attention to the location of the sound. This is an example of _______ attention.
Exogenous
In the Wada test, anesthetizing the right hemisphere interferes with a subject's ability to recognize
Faces
Children with ADHD have slightly reduced brain volume in which of following brain regions?
Frontal lobe
The natural ligand for the AMPA receptor is
Glutamate
Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations
Adult rats living in enriched conditions produce new neurons in the
Hippocampus
In people with Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques are found in the _______, cortex, and associated limbic system sites
Hippocampus
Place cells, which are located in the _______, become active when searching for previously-hidden food.
Hippocampus
Some patients with posttraumatic stress disorder have anatomical anomalies of the
Hippocampus
Which of the following statements is most true of childhood aphasia?
Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood
The drug _______ is often used to treat bipolar disorder
Lithium
Which memory store holds the largest number of items?
Long-term memory
Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called
Neologisms
Which of the following processes occurs to only a limited extent after birth?
Neurogenesis
Which of the following protects neurons from apoptosis?
Neurotrophic factors
Diminished social insight, distractibility, and emotional lability are associated with injuries to the _______ cortex.
Orbitofrontal
Which of the following structures has been shown to be involved in filtering out or ignoring distracting stimuli during covert attention tasks?
Pulvinar
Abnormal visual tracking of moving objects is a symptom associated with
Schizophrenia
Which of the following is a feature of birdsong that suggests it is analogous to human speech?
Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song
_______ dyslexia is a form of acquired dyslexia in which the patient has difficulty with the details and sounds of letters.
Surface
Which circuit of the brain is active during quiet, introspective thought?
The default mode network
Which attention network is responsible for top-down control of endogenous attention?
The dorsal frontoparietal system
Directed attention toward novel or unexpected stimuli is controlled by which cortical system?
The temporoparietal system
Because voluntary attention is under direct, conscious control, researchers refer to it as a _______ process
Top-down
OCD and _______ are believed to be part of a spectrum of related disorders
Tourette's syndrome
Which cue will typically elicit the fastest reaction time to the target in the symbolic cuing task?
Valid
The discovery of the relationship between syphilis and paralytic dementia revealed that
a mental disorder turned out to have a physiological cause
Neurofibrillary tangles are
abnormal tangles of neurofilaments
The likelihood that the spouse of a person with schizophrenia will develop the disease is similar to the likelihood that ______ will do so.
an individual in the general population
Pharmacological treatment of Tourette's syndrome involves drugs that
antagonize dopamine
The most striking impairment suffered by Henry Molaison (patient H.M.) was
anterograde amnesia
Episodic memory concerns
autobiographical information
Imaging studies indicate that the learning of sensorimotor skills, perceptual skills, and cognitive skills are all affected by damage specifically to the
basal ganglia
It has been proposed that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be reduced or eliminated by the administration of drugs that
block the effects of emotional stress on memory
You routinely order pizza from the same company, which is delivered in a red car with white stripes. After ordering pizza for a couple of years, you notice that any time see any red car with white stripes you feel hungry. For you, pizza delivery car has become a(n)
conditioned stimulus
According to some studies, stroke patients given _______ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time.
constraint-induced movement
A person credited with having "eyes in the back of their head" more probably is skilled at
covert attention
The symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with _______ activity in the _______ lobes.
decreased; frontal
According to the theory of perceptual load, a large perceptual load
decreases perceptual resources for unattended items
The monoamine hypothesis of depression proposes that
depression is a result of too little stimulation at monoamine synapses
Children who have inherited PKU can be helped by
dietary manipulation
The main subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex are the _______ and _______ areas.
dorsolateral; orbitofrontal
Reflexive attention is also called
exogenous attention
Childhood hemispherectomy is often followed by
extensive functional recovery
The primary symptom of hemispatial neglect is
failure to pay any attention to objects presented to one side of the body
The amygdala is directly involved in
fear conditioning
Functional imaging studies indicate that drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia tend to increase activation of the
frontal cortex
The P3 component of auditory processing is associated with
higher-order cognitive processing of stimuli
The "easy problem of consciousness" refers to understanding
how particular patterns of activity create specific conscious experiences
In the delayed non-matching-to-sample task in monkeys, the subject
identifies an unfamiliar object in a pair of objects
A viewer presented with two videos projected onto the same screen will be aware of only one at any given moment due to an attentional phenomenon called
inattentional blindness
Tricyclic antidepressants
inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine
Methylation is the process by which gene expression is _______ through _______.
inhibited; DNA modification
Martin has been treated with lithium for bipolar disorder for most of his adult life. He finds he takes his medication for a while but then stops. The most likely reason he does this is because
it robs him of the exhilaration of the manic phase
In instrumental conditioning, an association is formed between an organism's behavior and
its consequences
The main cause of Korsakoff's syndrome is
lack of thiamine
People with Korsakoff's syndrome often show damage in parts of limbic system, especially the
mammillary bodies and dorsomedial thalamus
Hillyard's classic study of auditory attention found that ERPs for attended stimuli are
particularly evident in the N1 component
At present, the only way to identify Alzheimer's disease with confidence is through
postmortem examination
A principal effect of the drug chlorpromazine is the
postsynaptic blocking of dopamine receptors
Birdsong is similar to human speech in that
proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial
Prosopagnosia is the inability to
recognize faces
In LTP formation, nitric oxide may serve as a(n)
retrograde transmitter
The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody.
right; right
Family studies of schizophrenia reveal that
schizophrenia is more evident among first-degree relatives of patients than it is among more distant relatives
You are riding on bus and catch a very brief glimpse of a ravine with rushing water as you pass over a bridge. The sensory impression you have of the view is called an iconic memory, or _______.
sensory buffer
Finding your way to your Brain & Behavior class requires
spatial cognition
In humans, electrical stimulation of Broca's area is most likely to produce
speech arrest
When the term schizophrenia was first introduced in the early twentieth century, one of the original descriptions indicated that functions of the mind (e.g., memory, perception, etc.) in the sufferer were
split from one another
In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), when a traumatic memory is reactivated it returns to a labile state; it becomes even stronger when reconsolidated in the presence of
stress hormones
A common movement disorder caused by traditional neuroleptics is called
tardive dyskinesia
The "hard problem of consciousness" refers to understanding
the brain processes that result in a person's unique subjective experience.
One's enhanced perception of a particular conversation in a crowded room is referred to as
the cocktail party effect
The physician's report on the effects of Phineas Gage's brain injury provided early information about the functional role of
the frontal lobes
Williams syndrome provides evidence for
the heritability of language
A model of the environmental stress and genetics involved in schizophrenia proposes that the disease emerges from
the interaction of stress and genetic factors
NMDA receptors are gated by
the ligand glutamate and a strong depolarization of the membrane
Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been promoted as an important treatment for
unipolar depression
The angular gyrus links the
visual region and Wernicke's area