Brain and Behavior Final

The average reaction time in an uncomplicated choice-reaction-time test (i.e., the time it takes from the initial visual signal until the subject pushes the choice button) is approximately _______ ms

250

Atypical neuroleptics tend to be more effective on _______ receptors

5-HT2

Disturbance in reading is called

Alexia

Which drug, when used repetitively, can produce a psychotic state akin to schizophrenia?

Amphetamine

Henry Molaison's (patient H.M.) surgery involved removal of the hippocampus and the

Amygdala

Which of the following is an example of an obsession?

An overwhelming fear that something terrible will happen at any moment

The unconscious shifts in attention that come about in response to important changes in our environment are considered _______ processes.

Bottom-up

Which research finding is inconsistent with the notion of free will?

Brain activity associated with making a decision appears to be evident well before consciousness is aware of it

A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia.

Broca's

A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia.

Broca's

Because chimpanzees seem able to learn a version of American Sign Language (ASL), some researchers have concluded that they are able to acquire language. Those who disagree, however, offer which criticism of this conclusion?

Chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers.

Which of the following statements regarding therapy for depression is true?

Cognitive behavioral therapy and SSRI treatment together are more effective than either one alone

"Where's Waldo?" is a puzzle in which one must find the right combination of features to identify Waldo in a busy scene. Which type of attentional process does this refer to?

Conjunction search

Which of the following genes has been associated with schizophrenia?

DISC1

_______ dyslexia is a form of acquired dyslexia in which the patient incorrectly reads a word as another semantically-related word.

Deep

Prevalence rates for _______ are much higher for women than for men.

Depression

The adage "cells that fire together, wire together" refers to a hypothesis proposed by

Donald Hebb

Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of

Dyslexia

Which type of attention can be sustained over the longest period of time?

Endogenous

What effect do benzodiazepines have on GABA synapses?

Enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition

ERP stands for _______ potential

Event-related

You are at a train station and hear an extremely loud crash. You, and everyone else, immediately orient their attention to the location of the sound. This is an example of _______ attention.

Exogenous

In the Wada test, anesthetizing the right hemisphere interferes with a subject's ability to recognize

Faces

Children with ADHD have slightly reduced brain volume in which of following brain regions?

Frontal lobe

The natural ligand for the AMPA receptor is

Glutamate

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations

Adult rats living in enriched conditions produce new neurons in the

Hippocampus

In people with Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques are found in the _______, cortex, and associated limbic system sites

Hippocampus

Place cells, which are located in the _______, become active when searching for previously-hidden food.

Hippocampus

Some patients with posttraumatic stress disorder have anatomical anomalies of the

Hippocampus

Which of the following statements is most true of childhood aphasia?

Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood

The drug _______ is often used to treat bipolar disorder

Lithium

Which memory store holds the largest number of items?

Long-term memory

Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called

Neologisms

Which of the following processes occurs to only a limited extent after birth?

Neurogenesis

Which of the following protects neurons from apoptosis?

Neurotrophic factors

Diminished social insight, distractibility, and emotional lability are associated with injuries to the _______ cortex.

Orbitofrontal

Which of the following structures has been shown to be involved in filtering out or ignoring distracting stimuli during covert attention tasks?

Pulvinar

Abnormal visual tracking of moving objects is a symptom associated with

Schizophrenia

Which of the following is a feature of birdsong that suggests it is analogous to human speech?

Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song

_______ dyslexia is a form of acquired dyslexia in which the patient has difficulty with the details and sounds of letters.

Surface

Which circuit of the brain is active during quiet, introspective thought?

The default mode network

Which attention network is responsible for top-down control of endogenous attention?

The dorsal frontoparietal system

Directed attention toward novel or unexpected stimuli is controlled by which cortical system?

The temporoparietal system

Because voluntary attention is under direct, conscious control, researchers refer to it as a _______ process

Top-down

OCD and _______ are believed to be part of a spectrum of related disorders

Tourette's syndrome

Which cue will typically elicit the fastest reaction time to the target in the symbolic cuing task?

Valid

The discovery of the relationship between syphilis and paralytic dementia revealed that

a mental disorder turned out to have a physiological cause

Neurofibrillary tangles are

abnormal tangles of neurofilaments

The likelihood that the spouse of a person with schizophrenia will develop the disease is similar to the likelihood that ______ will do so.

an individual in the general population

Pharmacological treatment of Tourette's syndrome involves drugs that

antagonize dopamine

The most striking impairment suffered by Henry Molaison (patient H.M.) was

anterograde amnesia

Episodic memory concerns

autobiographical information

Imaging studies indicate that the learning of sensorimotor skills, perceptual skills, and cognitive skills are all affected by damage specifically to the

basal ganglia

It has been proposed that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be reduced or eliminated by the administration of drugs that

block the effects of emotional stress on memory

You routinely order pizza from the same company, which is delivered in a red car with white stripes. After ordering pizza for a couple of years, you notice that any time see any red car with white stripes you feel hungry. For you, pizza delivery car has become a(n)

conditioned stimulus

According to some studies, stroke patients given _______ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time.

constraint-induced movement

A person credited with having "eyes in the back of their head" more probably is skilled at

covert attention

The symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with _______ activity in the _______ lobes.

decreased; frontal

According to the theory of perceptual load, a large perceptual load

decreases perceptual resources for unattended items

The monoamine hypothesis of depression proposes that

depression is a result of too little stimulation at monoamine synapses

Children who have inherited PKU can be helped by

dietary manipulation

The main subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex are the _______ and _______ areas.

dorsolateral; orbitofrontal

Reflexive attention is also called

exogenous attention

Childhood hemispherectomy is often followed by

extensive functional recovery

The primary symptom of hemispatial neglect is

failure to pay any attention to objects presented to one side of the body

The amygdala is directly involved in

fear conditioning

Functional imaging studies indicate that drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia tend to increase activation of the

frontal cortex

The P3 component of auditory processing is associated with

higher-order cognitive processing of stimuli

The "easy problem of consciousness" refers to understanding

how particular patterns of activity create specific conscious experiences

In the delayed non-matching-to-sample task in monkeys, the subject

identifies an unfamiliar object in a pair of objects

A viewer presented with two videos projected onto the same screen will be aware of only one at any given moment due to an attentional phenomenon called

inattentional blindness

Tricyclic antidepressants

inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine

Methylation is the process by which gene expression is _______ through _______.

inhibited; DNA modification

Martin has been treated with lithium for bipolar disorder for most of his adult life. He finds he takes his medication for a while but then stops. The most likely reason he does this is because

it robs him of the exhilaration of the manic phase

In instrumental conditioning, an association is formed between an organism's behavior and

its consequences

The main cause of Korsakoff's syndrome is

lack of thiamine

People with Korsakoff's syndrome often show damage in parts of limbic system, especially the

mammillary bodies and dorsomedial thalamus

Hillyard's classic study of auditory attention found that ERPs for attended stimuli are

particularly evident in the N1 component

At present, the only way to identify Alzheimer's disease with confidence is through

postmortem examination

A principal effect of the drug chlorpromazine is the

postsynaptic blocking of dopamine receptors

Birdsong is similar to human speech in that

proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial

Prosopagnosia is the inability to

recognize faces

In LTP formation, nitric oxide may serve as a(n)

retrograde transmitter

The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody.

right; right

Family studies of schizophrenia reveal that

schizophrenia is more evident among first-degree relatives of patients than it is among more distant relatives

You are riding on bus and catch a very brief glimpse of a ravine with rushing water as you pass over a bridge. The sensory impression you have of the view is called an iconic memory, or _______.

sensory buffer

Finding your way to your Brain & Behavior class requires

spatial cognition

In humans, electrical stimulation of Broca's area is most likely to produce

speech arrest

When the term schizophrenia was first introduced in the early twentieth century, one of the original descriptions indicated that functions of the mind (e.g., memory, perception, etc.) in the sufferer were

split from one another

In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), when a traumatic memory is reactivated it returns to a labile state; it becomes even stronger when reconsolidated in the presence of

stress hormones

A common movement disorder caused by traditional neuroleptics is called

tardive dyskinesia

The "hard problem of consciousness" refers to understanding

the brain processes that result in a person's unique subjective experience.

One's enhanced perception of a particular conversation in a crowded room is referred to as

the cocktail party effect

The physician's report on the effects of Phineas Gage's brain injury provided early information about the functional role of

the frontal lobes

Williams syndrome provides evidence for

the heritability of language

A model of the environmental stress and genetics involved in schizophrenia proposes that the disease emerges from

the interaction of stress and genetic factors

NMDA receptors are gated by

the ligand glutamate and a strong depolarization of the membrane

Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been promoted as an important treatment for

unipolar depression

The angular gyrus links the

visual region and Wernicke's area