Bread and Circuses Final

The Aes Italicense

177-200 CE (reign of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus) From Spain Aims to regulate spending on the games in the provinces Copies with identical wording found as far away as Asia Minor

The Severan Marble Plan (Forma Urbis Romae)

Aniquity's great jigsaw. Where buildings stood in the Severn emperors' time. Plan that gives us clues to how buildings looked. But it's a ****ing mess. This allows us to gain info about the Theatre of Pompey, Colosseum, etc. Maps the center of Rome. The Forma Urbis Romae or Severan Marble Plan is a massive marble map of ancient Rome, created under the emperor Septimius Severus between 203 and 211. Scholar Matteo Cadario gives specific years of 205-208, noting that the map was based on property records.[1] It originally measured 18 m (60 ft) wide by 13 m (45 ft) high and was carved into 150 marble slabs mounted on an interior wall of the Temple of Peace. Created at a scale of approximately 1 to 240 (Cadario states 1:260 to 1:270), the map was detailed enough to show the floor plans of nearly every temple, bath, and insula in the central Roman city. The boundaries of the plan were decided based on the available space on the marble, instead of by geographical or political borders as modern maps usually are. The map was oriented with south at the top. On the map are names and plans of public buildings, streets, and private homes. The creators used signs and details like columns and staircases

The Via Appia

Appian Way, Latin Via Appia, the first and most famous of the ancient Roman roads, running from Rome to Campania and southern Italy. The Appian Way was begun in 312 bce by the censor Appius Claudius Caecus. At first it ran only 132 miles (212 km) from Rome south-southeastward to ancient Capua, in Campania, but by about 244 bce it had been extended another 230 miles (370 km) southeastward to reach the port of Brundisium (Brindisi), situated in the "heel" of Italy and lying along the Adriatic Sea. The Appian Way was celebrated by Horace and Statius, who called it longarum regina viarum, or "queen of long-distance roads." As the main highway to the seaports of southeastern Italy, and thus to Greece and the eastern Mediterranean, the Appian Way was so important that during the empire it was administered by a curator of praetorian rank. The road averaged 20 feet (6 metres) in width and was slightly convex in surface in order to facilitate good drainage. The road's foundation was of heavy stone blocks cemented together with lime mortar; over these were laid polygonal blocks of lava that were smoothly and expertly fitted together. The lava blocks formed a good traveling surface, and one that proved to have extraordinary durability over the centuries. The first few miles of the Appian Way outside Rome are flanked by a striking series of monuments, and there are also milestones and other inscriptions along the remains of the road.

Appian

Appian: covered the time from the founding of Rome up to the time of emperor Trajan Appian of Alexandria (/ˈæpiən/; Greek: Ἀππιανὸς Ἀλεξανδρεύς Appianós Alexandréus; Latin: Appianus Alexandrinus; c. AD 95 - c. AD 165) was a Greek historian with Roman citizenship who flourished during the reigns of Emperors of Rome Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius. He was born c. 95 in Alexandria. After holding the chief offices in the province of Aegyptus (Egypt), he went to Rome c. 120, where he practised as an advocate, pleading cases before the emperors (probably as advocatus fisci).[1] It was in 147 at the earliest that he was appointed to the office of procurator, probably in Egypt, on the recommendation of his friend Marcus Cornelius Fronto, a well-known litterateur. Because the position of procurator was open only to members of the equestrian order (the "knightly" class), his possession of this office tells us about Appian's family background. His principal surviving work (Ῥωμαϊκά Romaiká, known in Latin as Historia Romana and in English as Roman History) was written in Greek in 24 books, before 165. This work more closely resembles a series of monographs than a connected history. It gives an account of various peoples and countries from the earliest times down to their incorporation into the Roman Empire, and survives in complete books and considerable fragments.[1] The work is very valuable, especially for the period of the civil wars.[2] The Civil Wars, five of the later books in the corpus, concern mainly the end of the Roman Republic and take a conflict-based approach to history.

The Arch of Titus (Rome)

Arch of Titus - was awarded due to particular triumph The Arch of Titus is a Roman Triumphal Arch which was erected by Domitian in c. 81 CE at the foot of the Palatine hill on the Via Sacra in the Forum Romanum, Rome. It commemorates the victories of his father Vespasian and brother Titus in the Jewish War in Judaea (70-71 CE) when the great city of Jerusalem was sacked and the vast riches of its temple plundered. The arch is also a political and religious statement expressing the divinity of the late emperor Titus.

Auctoratus

Auctoratus: someone who volunteered to be a gladiator and swore an oath agreeing that he would be branded, tied up, and potentially killed by an iron weapon Saw this as a way of getting out of financial debt Slaves could not own property because they were property

Augustus' basic titles and honors

Augustus' Titles and Honorifics (selected) Old: Consul (frequently, but not always) Imperator Pontifex Tribune (Tribunician power...all the power, none of the responsibility) New: Princeps (usually as First among Equals) Father of the Fatherland Savior/Restorer of the Republic

Actium

Battle of Actium, (September 2, 31 bc), naval battle off a promontory in the north of Acarnania, on the western coast of Greece, where Octavian (known as the emperor Augustus after 27 bc), by his decisive victory over Mark Antony, became the undisputed master of the Roman world. Antony, with 500 ships and 70,000 infantry, made his camp at Actium, which lies on the southern side of a strait leading from the Ionian Sea into the Ambracian Gulf. Octavian, with 400 ships and 80,000 infantry, arrived from the north and, by occupying Patrae and Corinth, also managed to cut Antony's southward communications with Egypt via the Peloponnese. Desertions by some of his allies and a lack of provisions soon forced Antony to take action. Either hoping to win at sea because he was outmaneuvered on land or else simply trying to break the blockade, Antony followed Cleopatra's advice to employ the fleet. He drew up his ships outside the bay, facing west, with Cleopatra's squadron behind. The ensuing naval battle was hotly contested, with each side's squadrons trying to outflank the other, until Cleopatra took her Egyptian galleys and fled the battle. Antony then broke off and with a few ships managed to follow her. The remainder of his fleet became disheartened and surrendered to Octavian, and Antony's land forces surrendered one week later.

Britannia

Britannia was a Roman-Britain province inhabited by the Celtic Britons, Belgae and Picts, encompassing parts of the island south of Caledonia (roughly Scotland) of the geographical region of Great Britain and is the name given to the female personification of the island. It is a term still used to refer to the island. The name is Latin, and derives from the Greek form Prettanike or Brettaniai, which originally designated a collection of islands with individual names, including Albion or Great Britain. By the 1st century BC, Britannia came to be used for Great Britain specifically. The Romans had initially called the entire provincial island "Britain" and it was only when the island was split into four provinces that two were given the name "Britannia".[1] Although Britain had been designated part of the Roman Empire in 43 AD during the conquest of emperor Claudius[2] it wasn't until the end of the 2nd century that Britannia had been pacified and fully adopted Roman practices. NERO - 60AD: First provincial rebellions (Britain)

Capua

Capua, modern Santa Maria Capua Vetere, in ancient times, the chief city of the Campania region of Italy; it was located 16 miles (26 km) north of Neapolis (Naples) on the site of modern Santa Maria Capua Vetere. The nearby modern city of Capua was called Casilinum in antiquity. Ancient Capua was founded in c. 600 bc, probably by the Etruscans, and came to dominate many of the surrounding communities (e.g., Casilinum, Calatia, and Atella). After the period of Etruscan domination, it fell to the Samnites, an Italic people (c. 440 bc). The people of Capua spoke the Oscan dialect of Italic. They supported the Latin Confederacy in its war against Rome in 340 bc. After Rome's victory in the war, Capua passed under Roman control as a municipium (self-governing community), and its people were granted limited Roman citizenship (without the vote). The city kept its own magistrates and language. In 312 bc Capua was connected with Rome by the Appian Way (Via Appia). Its prosperity increased and it became the second city of Italy, famous for its bronzes and perfumes. During the Second Punic War (218-201 bc) Capua sided with Carthage against Rome. When the Romans recaptured the city in 211 bc, they deprived its citizens of political rights and replaced their magistrates with Roman prefects. The Roman colonies of Volturnum and Liternum were founded on Capuan territory in 194 bc. Spartacus, the slave leader, began his revolt at Capua in 73 bc. Although it suffered during the Roman civil wars in the last decades of the republic, it prospered under the empire (after 27 bc). The Vandals under Gaiseric sacked Capua in ad 456; later Muslim invaders (c. 840) destroyed everything except the church of Sta. Maria, which gave its name to the medieval and modern town.

Lesbia (Clodia)

Catullus and Lesbia: COMPLICATED relationship but passionate EXTRA MARITAL AFFAIR by Lesbia Lesbia(n) is married to another guy (or girl bc of her name): she's not very virtuous "Let us live, my Lesbia, and let us love" "Give me a thousand kisses, then a hundred..." "Poor, poor Catullus, stop being a fool. / Just let go of what you see is lost."

Cleopatra

Cleopatra VII: queen of Egypt Egypt was an independent country Fell in love with Caesar - bad ****ing news Also ****ed Mark Antony (he spent a lot of time away from the Roman empire after Caesar's assassination) Cleopatra VII ruled ancient Egypt as co-regent (first with her two younger brothers and then with her son) for almost three decades. She became the last in a dynasty of Macedonian rulers founded by Ptolemy, who served as general under Alexander the Great during his conquest of Egypt in 332 B.C. Well-educated and clever, Cleopatra could speak various languages and served as the dominant ruler in all three of her co-regencies. Her romantic liaisons and military alliances with the Roman leaders Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, as well as her supposed exotic beauty and powers of seduction, earned her an enduring place in history and popular myth.

Liturgies

Closely related phenomenon: liturgies (elected/appointed offices)

Alexander the Great

Coin Alexander's conquests 334-324 BCE Greeks made it down to Egypt Stresses he is Hercules reincarnated Alexander III was born in Pella, Macedonia, in 356 B.C. to King Philip II and Queen Olympias—although legend had it his father was none other than Zeus, the ruler of the Greek gods. Philip II was an impressive military man in his own right. He turned Macedonia (a region on the northern part of the Greek peninsula) into a force to be reckoned with, and he fantasized about conquering the massive Persian Empire.

Commodus

Commodus, in full Caesar Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Augustus, original name (until 180 ce) Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus (born August 31, 161 ce, Lanuvium, Latium [now Lanuvio, Italy]—died December 31, 192), Roman emperor from 177 to 192 (sole emperor after 180). His brutal misrule precipitated civil strife that ended 84 years of stability and prosperity within the empire. In 177 Lucius was made coruler and heir to his father, the emperor Marcus Aurelius (reigned 161-180). Lucius joined Marcus in his campaign against invading German tribes along the Danube, but after the death of Marcus (March 180) he quickly came to terms with the Germans. Soon after he became sole ruler, Lucius changed his name to Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus. In 182 Commodus's sister Lucilla conspired with a group of senators to assassinate him. The plot failed, and Commodus retaliated by executing a number of leading senators. Thereafter his rule became increasingly arbitrary and vicious. In 186 he had his chief minister executed in order to appease the army; three years later he allowed the minister's successor to be killed by a rioting crowd. Political influence then passed to the emperor's mistress and two advisers.

Deification

Deification is when a person is treated like a god. If you love your basketball coach so much that you build her an altar and bow whenever she walks by, that's deification. And a little weird. This word is a variation of deify which means to treat someone like a deity (a god).

Delphi

Delphi (/ˈdɛlfaɪ/ or /ˈdɛlfi/; Greek: Δελφοί [ðelˈfi])[1] is famous as the ancient sanctuary that grew rich as the seat of Pythia, the oracle consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. Moreover, the Greeks considered Delphi the navel (or centre) of the world, as represented by the stone monument known as the Omphalos of Delphi. It occupies an impressive site on the south-western slope of Mount Parnassus, overlooking the coastal plain to the south and the valley of Phocis. It is now an extensive archaeological site with a modern town of the same name nearby. It is recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in having had a phenomenal influence in the ancient world, as evidenced by the rich monuments built there by most of the important ancient Greek city-states, demonstrating their fundamental Hellenic unity.

Diocletian

Diocletian, Latin in full Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, original name Diocles (born 245 ce, Salonae?, Dalmatia [now Solin, Croatia]—died 316, Salonae), Roman emperor (284-305 ce), who restored efficient government to the empire after the near anarchy of the 3rd century. His reorganization of the fiscal, administrative, and military machinery of the empire laid the foundation for the Byzantine Empire in the East and temporarily shored up the decaying empire in the West. His reign is also noted for the last great persecution of the Christians.

Ephesus

Ephesus (/ˈɛfəsəs/;[1] Greek: Ἔφεσος Ephesos; Turkish: Efes; may ultimately derive from Hittite Apasa) was an ancient Greek city[2][3] on the coast of Ionia, three kilometres southwest of present-day Selçuk in İzmir Province, Turkey. It was built in the 10th century BC on the site of the former Arzawan capital[4][5] by Attic and Ionian Greek colonists. During the Classical Greek era it was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League. The city flourished after it came under the control of the Roman Republic in 129 BC. Graveyard of gladiators, could analyze where wounds occurred n 1993, a cemetery was discovered in Ephesus, Turkey, a former capital of the Ancient Roman province of Asia. Two clues support the assumption that the cemetery contains the remains of ancient gladiators. Artefacts, including graffiti, suggest gladiator fights took place in Ephesus since 69 BC, when the city had over 200,000 inhabitants. And most of the bodies discovered in the cemetery exhibited trauma patterns in keeping with armed combatants who publicly battled to entertain an ancient audience. http://www.medicaldaily.com/roman-gladiators-found-ephesus-cemetery-ate-vegetarian-diet-and-drank-ashes-calcium-307458

Epigraphy

Epigraphy: the study of inscriptions

Jerusalem

Fell to Rome AND Titus in year 70 AD. Funds from this capture used to help fund Colosseum. The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 was the decisive event of the First Jewish-Roman War. The Roman army, led by the future Emperor Titus, with Tiberius Julius Alexander as his second-in-command, besieged and conquered the city of Jerusalem, which had been controlled by Judean rebel factions since 66. The siege ended on August 30[3] with the sacking of the city and the destruction of its Second Temple. The destruction of both the first and second temples is still mourned annually as the Jewish fast Tisha B'Av. The Arch of Titus, celebrating the Roman sack of Jerusalem and the Temple, still stands in Rome.

Halicarnassus

Female Gladiators from Halicarnassus: They received a reprieve (Amazon, Achillia) Coleman Reading: Evidence Women gladiators do not wear helmets Different style than man Gladiators → only perform at certain times, known as the Amazons Halicarnassus Relief: 2nd century CE Stone carving that depicts two women fighting as gladiators The stage names of the fighters are Amazon and Achilia The match was a "draw" Missio at Halicarnassus: -Louis Robert suggested spectators wanted to see women's faces and bare breasts -armor differences -women's helmets on the Halicarnassus relief, positioned upright at each side, symbolize their acceptance of the circumstances that qualify them for missio -to the Romans, fighting women naturally suggested Amazons

The Flavian Emperors (Vespasian, Titus, Domitian)

Flavian dynasty, (ad 69-96), the ancient Roman imperial dynasty of Vespasian (reigned 69-79) and his sons Titus (79-81) and Domitian (81-96); they belonged to the Flavia gens. The fall of Nero (ad 68) and the extinction of the Julio-Claudian dynasty had been followed by a war of succession that revealed the military basis of the principate and the weakness of the tie connecting the emperor with Rome. The successive emperors Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian represented in turn the legions of Spain, the Praetorian Guard (the household troops), the Army of the Rhine, and a coalition of the armies of the Danube and the Euphrates; and all except Otho were already de facto emperors when they entered Rome. The final survivor in the struggle, Vespasian, was a man of comparatively humble origin; and, because the principate ceased to possess the prestige of high descent, it became necessary to remove, as far as possible, the anomalies of the office and to give it a legitimate and permanent form. There were several results: an elaborate and formal system of titles was substituted for the personal names of the Julio-Claudian emperors; there was an increasing tendency to insist on the inherent prerogatives of the principate (such as the censorial power); and there was an attempt to invest Caesarism with a hereditary character, either by natural descent or by adoption. Moreover, the worship of the Divi, or deified Caesars, was made the symbol of imperial continuity and legitimacy. Vespasian's reign was noted for his reorganization of the army, making it more loyal and professional; for his expansion of the membership of the Senate, bringing in administrators with a sense of service; for his increase and systematization of taxation; and for his strengthening of the frontiers of the empire (though little new territory was added). Titus' brief but popular reign was followed by the autocracy of Domitian, who fought the senatorial class and instituted taxes and confiscations for costly buildings, games, and shows. A final reign of terror (89-96) was ended by his assassination. The Flavian dynasty was succeeded by the era of the Five Good Emperors.

Galen

From Pergamon... Galen -"Gladiator Trauma surgeon" Physician & Philosopher Medical writer Writes about remedy for fractured skull Went to Arabic speaking area, become founder of Arabic medicine Started his work on gladiators

Catullus

Gaius Valerius Catullus Born around 84 BCE, died after 54 BCE 116 poems on a variety of themes survive Most famous for his love poetry, especially the poems involving Lesbia(n) (probably Clodia Metelli, the sister of Clodius) Catullus and Lesbia: COMPLICATED relationship but passionate EXTRA MARITAL AFFAIR by Lesbia Lesbia(n) is married to another guy (or girl bc of her name): she's not very virtuous "Let us live, my Lesbia, and let us love" "Give me a thousand kisses, then a hundred..." "Poor, poor Catullus, stop being a fool. / Just let go of what you see is lost."

Gladiator

Gladiators would be trained to be a specific type of gladiator I.e. eques, provocator, secutor, thraex, hopiomachus, retarius, murmilo Sometimes gladiators would be created for specific events Usually will not fight a gladiator of your type Murmillo: the fish head helmet gladiator; one of the most diverse gladiator types Often paired with the Thraex Thraex: Gladiator supposed to represent a warrior from Thrace (where Spartacus was from...northern greece), smaller shield and curved sword Sometimes matched up against Hoplomachus Retiarius: Uses a net, has a neck guard, and a pitchfork Matches up against Secutor Secutor: heavily armed Provocator: Equites: round shield; often fight their own kind Outcomes not usually fixed (even if one gladiator represents a foreign enemy of Rome)

Ludus

In ancient Roman culture, the Latin word ludus (plural ludi) has several meanings within the semantic field of "play, game, sport, training" (see also ludic).[1] An elementary or primary school or the school of the "litterator" attended by boys and girls up to the age of 11 was a ludus. Ludi were to be found throughout the city, and were run by a ludi magister (schoolmaster) who was often an educated slave or freedman. School started around six o'clock each morning and finished just after midday. Students were taught math, reading, writing, poetry, geometry and sometimes rhetoric.

Infamia

Infamia - means of cleaning up the theater The loss of the legal protections given to Roman citizens Could happen to you if you chose to pursue certain professions; a volunteer gladiator (auctoratus), for example, became infamis

The Julio-Claudian Emperors (Augustus, Caligula/Gaius, Nero)

Julio-Claudian dynasty, (ad 14-68), the four successors of Augustus, the first Roman emperor: Tiberius (reigned 14-37), Caligula (37-41), Claudius I (41-54), and Nero (54-68). It was not a direct bloodline. Augustus had been the great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar (of the Julia gens), whereas Tiberius, the adopted son of Augustus, came from the aristocratic Claudia gens. Caligula was a great-grandson of Augustus; Claudius was a nephew of Tiberius; and Nero was the great-nephew and adopted son of Claudius. The ablest of the line was Tiberius. He was undoubtedly a capable and vigorous ruler, who enforced justice in the government of the provinces, maintained the integrity of the frontiers, and husbanded the finances of the empire; but he became intensely unpopular in Roman society and in his last years became a cruel tyrant. His successor, Gaius, generally known as Caligula, became known for his wild caprices and uncontrolled passions, which issued in manifest insanity. Upon his assassination he was followed by his uncle, Claudius, whose personal disabilities made him an object of derision to his contemporaries but who had many statesmanlike faculties. His reign left an abiding mark on the history of the empire, for he carried forward its development on the lines intended by Augustus. Client-states were absorbed, southern Britain was conquered, the Romanization of the West received a powerful impulse, public works were executed in Rome and Italy, and the organization of the imperial bureaucracy made rapid strides. Nero, the last of the Julio-Claudian line, has been handed down to posterity as the incarnation of monstrous vice and fantastic luxury. But his wild excesses scarcely affected the prosperity of the empire at large; the provinces were well governed, and the war with Parthia led to a compromise in the matter of Armenia, which secured peace for half a century. The dynasty ended amid rebellion and civil war. Nero died, probably by suicide, and was succeeded by the general Galba, who had been a leader of one of the revolts.

Livia

Livia Drusilla (later Augusta) 59/58 BCE - 29 CE First marriage to Tiberius Claudius Nero (son from this marriage: Tiberius); second one to Augustus Deified by the emperor Claudius in 42 CE Becomes a "God" after death Livia Drusilla (58 BCE - 29 CE) was the third wife of emperor Augustus of Rome, mother of emperor Tiberius, and grandmother of emperor Claudius. She was one of the great women in history who achieved prominence living in the shadow of a strong leader, serving silently as his advisor and confidant. Supportive of her husband's reform policies, as well as turning a blind eye to his infidelities, she served the empire as a symbol of the loyal Roman wife, yet behind the scenes at the imperial court, she spent much of her adult life ensuring her son's future as heir to Augustus's throne whether he wanted it or not.

Manubiae

Manubiae: spoils that the victorious general was supposed to use to build something that would benefit the public good

Manumission

Manumission: the freeing of slaves, regulated by law Former master becomes the patron of the freedperson Did not have right to vote

Mark Antony

Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) Parties like shit - drunk most the time and can't hold his alcohol (pledged ZBT but got dropped) 83-30 BCE Also ****ed around with Cleopatra (this is why they now call it the "clap") Chillen around in Egypt Anthony and Octavian "slugged it out at sea" 83 Marcus Antonius born 14 January. 71 Death of Marcus Antonius Creticus, father of Antony. His mother, Julia, a second cousin of Julius Caesar, subsequently married Cornelius Lentulus Sura, consul in 71, who is in 63 executed at the instigation of Cicero for participation in the conspiracy of Catiline. c.63 Antony marries his cousin Antonia. c.60 Among Antony's intimate friends in riotous living are Scribonius Curio and Publius Clodius. 58 Antony studies in Rhodes and Athens, where he meets Aulus Gabinius, the new governor of Syria. He accompanies Gabinius as a cavalry commander. 57-4 Serves with Gabinius in Judaea and Egypt. 53 Joins Caesar in Gaul. 52 Elected quaestor for 51, in which capacity he acts as one of Caesar's quartermaster generals, with command over legions in the field. 51 Left by Caesar in the northern sector in charge of 15 cohorts. Accepts surrender of Commius, leader of the Atrebates. 50 Curio, as tribune of the people, represents Caesar's interests. Antony is elected augur, and also tribune of the people for 49. 49 Antony and a fellow tribune veto the senate's proposal that Caesar should disband his army, and are ejected (January). Disguised as slaves, they escape to Caesar in his camp in Cisalpine Gaul, where he does not allow them to wash or change before exhibiting them to his troops as examples of how the republic treats honourable men who have stood up for the men's rights. When Caesar advances down the east coast of Italy, Antony holds Arretium. While Caesar is in Spain (July/August), and when he subsequently embarks for Greece (November), he leaves Lepidus in charge of administrative matters in Rome and Antony to command the troops remaining in Italy. 48 Antony sails for Greece with four legions and the rest of the cavalry (April), and plays a role in the engagement at Dyrrachium, and in the naval battles which precede it. He commands the army's left wing at Pharsalus. Afterwards, Caesar sends him back to Rome with the legions he does not immediately need, to look after his interests. When Caesar is appointed dictator, Antony is his magister equitum. 47 Antony's tactics and manner offend the senate. He tries to disperse a protest in the forum by debtors, which ends in deaths. Divorces Antonia. Marries Fulvia, widow of Clodius and subsequently of Curio. Antony holds no posts in 46 or 45. 45 Meets Caesar on the latter's return from Spain, and travels with him in his carriage. 44 Antony is consul, with Caesar. In the name of the people, he publicly offers Caesar a kingly crown, which is refused (15 February). Caesar assassinated (15 March). Antony, as surviving consul, convenes the senate for 17 March, and with Lepidus, magister equitum, establishes order. The senate confirms the acts of Caesar, but offers amnesties to his murderers, and agrees to the terms of his will being read out, and to a public funeral, which is spectacularly stage managed by Antony. Hostility by Antony towards Octavian, Caesar's principal heir. Antony manages to get his appointment for 43 as governor of Macedonia switched to a five-year tenure in Cisalpine Gaul, and appropriates four legions stationed in Macedonia. Cicero begins his "Philippics", attacking Antony, who leaves for his province and besieges Decimus Brutus, the legal governor, in Mutina. 43 Antony retreats to Transalpine Gaul in the face of an army led by Octavian and the two consuls, both of whom are killed. Octavian becomes consul, Lepidus joins Antony, and the three of them are appointed triumvirs for five years "to restore the state" (November). They institute proscriptions. 42 In two battles at Philippi, Antony, with minimal help from Octavian, defeats the forces of Brutus and Cassius, who commit suicide. Antony is awarded the governorships of Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul, as well as responsibility for the eastern regions of the empire. He winters in Athens. 41 Cleopatra arrives in Tarsus to meet Antony, who returns with her to Egypt, where he spends the winter. Following her wishes, he orders the execution of her younger sister Arsinoe, who has sought sanctuary at Ephesus. Octavian defeats Antony's brother at Perusia. 40 Death of Fulvia. Antony returns to Italy. War against Octavian is averted by diplomacy. "Treaty of Brundisium" officially divides east and west. Antony marries Octavia, sister of Octavian. Cleopatra has twins, Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene. 39 Agreement with Sextus Pompeius. Antony returns to Athens with Octavia. His legate Ventidius restores order in Syria and Asia Minor. Birth to Antony and Octavia of Antonia (major), grandmother of Nero. 38 Renewed trouble from Sextus Pompeius. Octavian calls Antony to meet him at Brundisium, but is not there when Antony arrives. Antony returns to east. Ventidius celebrates triumph in Rome, but dies soon afterwards. 37 Nominal renewal of triumvirate, ignoring Lepidus. Antony sends Octavia, pregnant with their second child, back to Italy. Cleopatra joins him in Antioch. 36 Birth to Antony and Octavia of Antonia (minor), mother of Claudius and grandmother of Caligula. Failure of Antony's Parthian expedition. His third child with Cleopatra born, Ptolemy Philadelphus. 35 Octavia brings to Athens troops, money, and supplies for Antony, who sends her home without coming to meet her. 34 Successful campaign by Antony in Armenia, which is annexed to Rome. He parades through Alexandria in triumph, after which he formally bestows territories on Cleopatra and their children, and proclaims that Caesarion is the legitimate heir of Caesar. 33 Legal end of triumvirate, from which Lepidus has already been ousted. Octavian makes verbal attacks on Antony. 32 Octavian's attitude causes senators to defect to Antony. Antony divorces Octavia. Octavian gets Antony's powers annulled and war is declared against Cleopatra. 31 Engagements in western Greece. Antony and Cleopatra escape from Actium by sea. 30 Octavian reaches Alexandria, where the opposition troops and fleet desert to him. Antony (1 August) and Cleopatra commit suicide.

Crassus

Marcus Licinius Crassus (115-53 BCE) was perhaps the richest man in Roman history and in his eventful life he experienced both great successes and severe disappointments. His vast wealth and sharp political skills brought him two consulships and the kind of influence enjoyed only by a true heavyweight of Roman politics. A mentor to Julius Caesar in his early career, Crassus would rise to the very top of state affairs but his long search for a military triumph to match his great rival Pompey would, ultimately, bring about his downfall. The slave rebellion of the early 70s BCE led by Spartacus, the Thracian gladiator, would present Crassus, made praetor in 73 BCE, with an opportunity to flex his military muscle and gain further prestige with the Roman people. The slave army, numbering between 70,000 and 120,000, was a serious threat and had already defeated two separate Roman armies and two consuls. Now they were ravaging the southern Italian countryside and it was Crassus who was entrusted with finally removing this thorn from Rome's heel. In 71 BCE he unsuccessfully attempted to corner Spartacus in Bruttium where his lieutenant Mummius rashly disregarded Crassus' orders and openly attacked the slave army with two legions, was routed and even forced to abandon arms. In response to this setback Crassus employed the ancient punishment of decimation on a 500-man section of Mummius' force, where one in ten legionaries were killed by their fellows in full view of the whole army.

Missio

Missio at Halicarnassus -Louis Robert suggested spectators wanted to see women's faces and bare breasts -armor differences -women's helmets on the Halicarnassus relief, positioned upright at each side, symbolize their acceptance of the circumstances that qualify them for missio -to the Romans, fighting women naturally suggested Amazons

Ludus Magnus

Mothership (ludus magnus) - largest gladiatorial school in Rome FABLED FIGHTING SCHOOL Connected to the Colosseum through a long underground tunnel. Gladiators would walk to it to enter the Colosseum

Ostia

Ostia Antica is a large archeological site, close to the modern suburb of Ostia, that was the location of the harbour city of ancient Rome, which is approximately 30 kilometres (19 miles) to the northeast. "Ostia" (plur. of "ostium") is a derivation of "os", the Latin word for "mouth". At the mouth of the River Tiber, Ostia was Rome's seaport, but due to silting the site now lies 3 kilometres (2 miles) from the sea.[2] The site is noted for the excellent preservation of its ancient buildings, magnificent frescoes and impressive mosaics.

Pergamon

Pergamon: Pergamon was an ancient city located in the Anatolia region, approximately 25 kilometres from the Aegean Sea in present-day Bergama, Izmir Province of Turkey. The city had great strategic value, since it overlooked the Caicus River Valley (modern name Bakırçay) which provided access from Pergamon to the Aegean coast. Pergamon reached the height of its influence during the Hellenistic period, becoming the capital of the Attalid kings. During the Roman period the city was the first capital of the Asian province, but it eventually lost this status to local rival, Ephesus. GALEN, the medical researcher, was born in Pergamon

Plutarch

Plutarch: wrote morales - collection of philosophical, literary, and "self-help" writings Plutarch, Greek Plutarchos, Latin Plutarchus (born 46 ce, Chaeronea, Boeotia [Greece]—died after 119 ce), biographer and author whose works strongly influenced the evolution of the essay, the biography, and historical writing in Europe from the 16th to the 19th century. Among his approximately 227 works, the most important are the Bioi parallēloi (Parallel Lives), in which he recounts the noble deeds and characters of Greek and Roman soldiers, legislators, orators, and statesmen, and the Moralia, or Ethica, a series of more than 60 essays on ethical, religious, physical, political, and literary topics.

Proscription

Proscription, Latin proscriptio, plural proscriptiones, in ancient Rome, a posted notice listing Roman citizens who had been declared outlaws and whose goods were confiscated. Rewards were offered to anyone killing or betraying the proscribed, and severe penalties were inflicted on anyone harbouring them. Their properties were confiscated, and their sons and grandsons were forever barred from public office and from the Senate. The process was first used by the dictator Sulla in 82 or 81 bc. To avenge massacres by Gaius Marius and his son, some 520 wealthy opponents of Sulla were proscribed and their property given to Sulla's veterans. (Modern historians view the ancient estimate of 4,700 opponents as a gross exaggeration.) Julius Caesar in 49 bc emphasized his own clemency after his victory in the Roman civil wars by avoiding proscriptions and restoring the sons and grandsons of those proscribed by Sulla to full citizen rights. After Caesar's assassination, his clemency was used as an excuse for the proscriptions of the triumvirs, Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus (43-42 bc). They used proscriptions to rid themselves of their enemies and to acquire land for their legions and funds for themselves. About 300 senators and knights were proscribed, including Cicero. Many of the proscribed escaped, and more than a few were later restored to their privileges.

Dictator

Roman dictator. A dictator was a magistrate of the Roman Republic, entrusted with the full authority of the state to deal with a military emergency or to undertake a specific duty.

The Slave Wars (especially the Spartacus revolt)

Servile/Slave Wars: War 1 in Sicily, War 2 in Sicily, and War 3 in Southern Italy A number of contributing factors that brought these wars about: Growing exploitation of slaves in Southern Italian agriculture Recently conquered and subjugated groups of slaves Types of slaves 73-71: Spartacus Revolt / Third Servile War: Bloody Civil War between Rome and the allies 7000-12000 soldiers on Spartacus' side: both slaves and free Rebellion encompasses much of Italy Rome realized that it could not conquer all cities in Italy; decided to form alliances As an ally, pay taxes to Rome and contribute manpower to Roman army Guarantees protection of allies from Roman enemies Ended with Rome giving all allis full citizenship - angered OG citizens Happening with Gladiators a good sign of what's happening politically Spartacus was a shock moment for Romans

Epitaph

Short text honoring a dead person. Monument 1: Minucia Suavis (CIL 6.2256) Translation: "To the Shades of the Dead: For Minucia Suavis Wife of Publius Sextilius Campanius Who lived 14 years 8 months and 23 days Tiberius Claudius Suavis, most pious father, made this monument." This marble monument dates from 50-75 CE and is presently displayed in the Baths of Diocletian in Rome. Its size, delicate portrait head, and full text are signs of its expense and the great affection and sorrow of the donor. It is a memorial to a young girl who, despite her brief life, was already married and may well have died in childbirth, a frequent result of early marriage and teenage pregnancy in ancient Rome.

Spartacus

Spartacus: gladiator from Thrace who started a slave rebellion Crassus defeated their army Rebellion was stopped or it would have been a revolution Doesn't indicate him as a hero or good for the people Clicker question: Who was not welcome in Spartacus' movement? Runaway household slaves Spartacus (Greek: Σπάρτακος Spártakos; Latin: Spartacus;[1] c. 111-71 BC) was a Thracian gladiator who, along with the Gauls Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and Oenomaus, was one of the escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile War, a major slave uprising against the Roman Republic. Little is known about Spartacus beyond the events of the war, and surviving historical accounts are sometimes contradictory and may not always be reliable. However, all sources agree that he was a former gladiator and an accomplished military leader. This rebellion, interpreted by some as an example of oppressed people fighting for their freedom against a slave-owning oligarchy, has provided inspiration for many political thinkers, and has been featured in literature, television, and film. Although this interpretation is not specifically contradicted by classical historians, no historical account mentions that the goal was to end slavery in the Republic.[2]

The Ara Pacis (Rome)

The Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace): burial for Augustus One mythological scene on the side (The Tellus (?) Panel) References to fertility Decorative frieze Prosperity has returned to the empire (depicted in decoration) Military success Piety of Rome's rulers (Imperial Procession decoration) Slightly can be described as "false advertisement"

The Flavian Amphitheatre/The Colosseum

The Colosseum, or the Flavian amphitheater, was built on top of Nero's golden house Was used as a stone quarry after it was done being used for entertainment Took 8 fuggin years to build Used the plunder of Jerusalem as funds Was funded by the manubiae (aka spoils that the victorious general was supposed to use to build something that would benefit the public good) cough, cough Colosseum after Jerusalem fell to Rome Separated social classes by levels in the coliseum; had separate entrances for separate social classes

Curse tablets

The Curse Tablet (defixio): lead tablet inscribed with curses addressed to the gods of the underworld Very small and tightly written Buried somewhere where the gods of the underworld can find it (graveyard, for example) It was cool, everyone was doing it Unrolling these things is a long, expensive process for archeologists Photograph and transcribe what's on the actual tablet Maximum 2 inches inches, tiny, fragile EXAMPLE: tablet from Uley in Britain Terrible syntax/Latin Only one form of punishment on each tablet

The Ides of March

The Ides of March (Latin: Idus Martiae, Late Latin: Idus Martii) is a day on the Roman calendar that corresponds to March 15. It was marked by several religious observances and was notable for the Romans as a deadline for settling debts. In 44 BC, it became notorious as the date of the assassination of Julius Caesar. Ides of March coin (43 or 42 BCE) Expensive coin that has daggers on the reverse to explain what happened on the Ides of March Front → Obverse Back → Reverse

The Mausoleum of Augustus

The Mausoleum of Augustus (Italian: Mausoleo di Augusto) is a large tomb built by the Roman Emperor Augustus in 28 BC on the Campus Martius in Rome, Italy. The mausoleum is located on the Piazza Augusto Imperatore, near the corner with Via di Ripetta as it runs along the Tiber. The grounds cover an area equivalent to a few city blocks, and nestle between the church of San Carlo al Corso and the Museum of the Ara Pacis. Included among those whose remains were laid inside the mausoleum before the death of Augustus were: Marcus Claudius Marcellus (who was the first to be buried there, in 23 BC), Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa in 12 BC, Nero Claudius Drusus in 9 BC, Octavia Minor (the sister of Augustus) in 9 or 11 BC, Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar, grandsons and heirs of Augustus. After the death of Augustus, the mausoleum hosted the ashes of: Livia (Augustus's wife), Germanicus, Agrippina the Elder, Agrippina's daughter Julia Livilla, Nero Julius Caesar, Drusus Caesar (son of Germanicus), Caligula, Tiberius, Drusus Julius Caesar (son of Tiberius), Antonia Minor (mother of Claudius), Claudius, Britannicus (the son of Claudius), the embalmed body of Poppaea Sabina wife of Nero, Julia Domna (later moved to Mausoleum of Hadrian), and Nerva, the last emperor for whom the mausoleum was opened.

Parthian Empire

The Persian Empire -Expansionist kingdom to the ast of the Greek-speaking world -Established in 550 BCE by Cyrus and continues in various forms and under various names (Parthian Empire 3rd Century BCE to 3rd Century CE; Sasanian Empire 3rd Century CE to 7th century CE until the Arab conquests) Parthia, ancient land corresponding roughly to the modern region of Khorāsān in Iran. The term is also used in reference to the Parthian empire (247 bc-ad 224). The first certain occurrence of the name is as Parthava in the Bīsitūn inscription (c. 520 bc) of the Achaemenian king Darius I, but Parthava may be only a dialectal variation of the name Parsa (Persian). Nothing is known of the history of Parthia while it was part of a satrapy of the Achaemenian Empire. It was joined to Hyrcania (present Gorgān, Iran) in the time of Alexander the Great, and the two remained together as a province of the Seleucid kingdom. During the reigns of Seleucus I (312-281 bc) and Antiochus I Soter (281-261) the Parni (Aparni) nomads probably moved from Central Asia into Parthia and seem to have adopted the speech of the Parthians and been absorbed into the settled population.

"Turia"

The Praise of Turia (Laudatio Turiae) Tombstone engraved with a carved epitaph that is a husband's eulogy of his wife Couldn't conceive children Can't translate what isn't understandable Saved her husband's life because Outline Turia's parent , the murder of her parents, inheritance dispute Turia's marriage and her various virtues Turia during her husband's exile SAVES HIS LIFE The lack of children Conclusion How wonderful their marriage was Husband trying to express grief Major Political Background Events 49-53 BCE: Civil war between Caesar and Pompey for control of the Roman world Turia's husband leaves Italy 45-44 BCE: Caesar's dictatorship 44 BCE: Start of the Second Triumvirate (Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus); proscriptions (Turia's husband proscribed) 42 BCE: Turia's husband's Roman citizenship restored by order of Octavian 32-30 BCE: Civil War between Octavian and Antony Women are active in Roman public life, but all Turia does is always on behalf of her family; doesn't really do anything on behalf of herself

The Year of the Four Emperors

The Year of the Four Emperors was a year in the history of the Roman Empire, AD 69, in which four emperors ruled in succession: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian. The suicide of the emperor Nero in 68 was followed by a brief period of civil war, the first Roman civil war since Mark Antony's death in 30 BC. "The Year of 4 Emperors" - in the year of 69 Enormous political consequences for Rome Romans realize that the emperor must have the biggest army (the most troops to back his ass up) They try to act like it's stable but it ain't (used coins, tryna relay a message)

SPQR

The letters SPQR stood for Senatus Populus Que Romanusa - the Senate and the People of Rome. After defeating Tarquin, the last Roman king, the people started a new type of government, a republic. A republic is a type of government whereby people elect officials to represent them in government. As a publicity campaign, and as propaganda, the new senate had the letters SPQR chiseled, branded or stamped on everything that they controlled. Public buildings, new coins, and even park benches got the letters SPQR added to them. The people of Rome were proud of their new government, and were reminded every time that they saw SPQR that they were a part of the Roman Republic, and no longer ruled by a king.

Paterfamilias

The paterfamilias (male head of the household) He calls shots, power over other members of house Women could inherit from father, rather than from husband (birth family vs. married family)

Pontifex Maximus

The pontifex maximus was not a real magistrate: he did not serve for a fixed period but for life, and he remained, officially, a citizen. As the title suggests, the pontifex maximus was 'the greatest' or chairman of the college of the pontifices, 'priests'. They were responsible for the Roman state cult as a whole and for several cults in particular, viz. the cults that had no priestly college of their own (such as the augures, the decemviri sacris faciundis and the fetiales).

The Forum of Augustus (Rome)

The second of the imperial forums, built to rival that of Julius, the Forum of Augustus and its Temple of Mars Ultor (the Avenger) were vowed by Octavian on the eve of the Battle of Philippi (42 BC), where he avenged the assassination of Caesar, his adoptive father (Suetonius, XXIX.2). Having consolidated his power and then completed the building projects initiated by Caesar, it may not have been until the decade of the 20s BC, when Augustus had negotiated the return of military standards lost by Marcus Crassus to the Parthians (Dio, LIV.8.3), so avenging Rome a second time (Ovid, Fasti, V.595), that clearing the site and laying the foundations actually began. Or it may have been somewhat later still, in 17 BC, when Augustus, having "commanded those who celebrated triumphs to erect out of their spoils some monument to commemorate their deeds" (Dio, LIV.18.2), set the example, himself. The site was on private property and had to be purchased ex manubiis, that is, from the spoils of war in Spain and Germany, Dalmatia and Egypt. Augustus, in the Res Gestae (XXI), relates the cost to have been a hundred million sesterces. Even then, not all the land could be acquired. There also were architectural delays (Macrobius, II.4.9), and the temple still was unfinished when the forum was dedicated on 2 BC.

Di manes

The spirits of the dead, regarded as minor supernatural powers in ancient Roman religion.

Theta nigrum

Theta nigrium (⦽) signifies that a person died. Not all gladiatorial battles were to the death, but some gladiators ended up dying.

The Domus Aurea

Two structures built in Nero's area (The Domus Aurea) The Coliseum built where Nero's golden palace was, specifically his lake, and was done to show how much the romans were over Nero and his assholeness Nero was licentious, cruel and, frankly, mad. He became emperor when his mother, Agrippina poisoned his step-father Claudius, and Nero in turn murdered his mother. His Domus Aurea was a step too far though. This collection of nymphaeums, banqueting rooms, bath houses, gardens and terraces was surrounded by a vast complex of fountains, drained from the surrounding hills. There was hot and cold running water in the baths; one of the rooms showered visitors in flower petals and perfumes as they entered, and the façade was coated in solid gold. The grounds covered a square mile and contained vineyards and game. The Romans had enough, and Nero was forced to commit suicide in 68AD. Emperor Vespasian tore down large parts of the Domus Aurea, drained its huge lake, and began the construction of the Colosseum on the lake bed. Trajan built baths on the area and that, for a thousand years or so, was that.

Virgil

Virgil (aka Vergil) Roman poet Lived from 70 BCE to 19 BCE Wrote the Virgil's Aeneid Left unfinished at the poet's death in 19 BCE Epic poem in 12 books charting the journey of the hero Aeneas from Troy to Italy

The main sources of Roman slaves

What is the nature of Roman slavery? Slaves treated as property, it's nothing nice (they were not apprentices) Become a slave by capture at war Can be born into slavery Can sell yourself into slavery (could not have debt as a slave, way to get out of debt) Household slaves, villa/farm slaves, gladiators 25-40% of Roman population was enslaved Most slaves during the Roman Empire were foreigners and, unlike in modern times, Roman slavery was not based on race. Slaves in Rome might include prisoners of war, sailors captured and sold by pirates, or slaves bought outside Roman territory.

Naumachia

What is the technical term for an arena with a lot of ships: Naumachia The first known naumachia was given by Julius Caesar in Rome in 46 BC on occasion of his quadruple triumph. After having a basin dug near the Tiber, capable of holding actual biremes, triremes and quinqueremes, he made 2000 combatants and 4000 rowers, all prisoners of war, fight. In 2 BC on the occasion of the inauguration of the Temple of Mars Ultor ("Mars the Avenger"), Augustus gave a naumachia based on Caesar's model. As cited in Res Gestæ (§ 23), he created a basin on the right bank of the Tiber where 3000 men, not counting rowers, fought in 30 vessels with rams and a number of smaller boats.

Hypogeum

What was the Hypogeum? Definition: The word Hypogeum literally means "underground" from the Greek words hypo (meaning under) and gaia (meaning earth). The Hypogeum of the Colosseum refers to the vast network of rooms, cells, tunnels and passages under the Roman Colosseum.

Euergetism

a private contribution to public expenses

The Edict of Maximus Prices

he Edict on Maximum Prices (Latin: Ēdictum Dē Pretiīs Rērum Vēnālium, "Edict Concerning the Sale Price of Goods"; also known as the Edict on Prices or the Edict of Diocletian) was issued in 301 by Roman Emperor Diocletian. The Edict was probably issued from Antioch or Alexandria and was set up in inscriptions in Greek and Latin. It now exists only in fragments found mainly in the eastern part of the empire, where Diocletian ruled. However, the reconstructed fragments have been sufficient to estimate many prices for goods and services for historical economists (although, it should be stressed, the Edict attempts to fix maximum prices, not fixed ones). The Edict on Maximum Prices is still the longest surviving piece of legislation from the period of the Tetrarchy. The Edict was criticized by Lactantius, a rhetorician from Nicomedia, who blamed the emperors for the inflation and told of fighting and bloodshed that erupted from price tampering. By the end of Diocletian's reign in 305, the Edict was for all practical purposes ignored. The Roman economy as a whole was not substantively stabilized until Constantine's coinage reforms in the 310s.

The Temple of Peace (Rome)

he Temple of Peace (Latin: Templum Pacis), also known as the Forum of Vespasian (Latin: Forum Vespasiani), was built in Rome in 71 AD under Emperor Vespasian. It faces the Velian Hill, toward the famous Colosseum, and was on the southeast side of the Argiletum. Statius claims that Emperor Domitian was largely responsible for the completion of the temple, not Vespasian- this issue remains controversial within the archaeological world today.[1] The Temple of Peace is part of the Imperial Fora which is "a series of monumental fora (public squares), constructed in Rome over a period of one and a half centuries." It is not officially considered a forum because there is no evidence of it serving a political function, therefore it is called a temple. The funds to create this grand monument were acquired through Vespasian's sacking of Jerusalem during the Jewish-Roman Wars. The interior and surrounding buildings were decorated with the treasures collected there by the Roman army.[2] Because Vespasian was both a leading general and later appointed emperor during the first war, the Temple of Peace was especially important to him as a leader. A grand and significant monument such as this is vital to the promotion of a powerful, strong public image of the emperor, and is a symbol of the peace and prosperity Vespasian was able to bring the empire.

Lanista

lanista was a man who purchased and looked after gladiators. They could gain considerable wealth in renting or selling gladiators, particularly to small, local games but their social status was considered low. Newly bought gladiators were formed into troupes called 'Familia gladiatorium'. The lanista was also responsible for training the gladiators. Training involved the learning of a series of figures, which were broken down into various phases. Sometimes fans complained that a gladiator fought too mechanically, according to the numbers.