Chapter 6 Assignment
Select all of the factors that influence enzyme speed
availability of cofactor temperature pH
After an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has been completed, the product(s) is/are released and the ________ site of the enzyme returns to its original shape, ready to bind another ________ molecule
blank 1: active blank 2: substrate
The structure at the tip of the arrow is the ___________ _________ of this enzyme. (one word per blank)
blank 1: active blank: site
An ATP molecule consists of a nitrogen-containing base called __________, a 5-carbon sugar called, ________, and three _________ groups.
blank 1: adenine blank 2: ribose blank 3: phosphate
Whereas ___________ involves building reactions that occur in living things, ___________ involves reactions that break substance down.
blank 1: anabolism blank 2: catabolism
Humans exhale a molecule as a product of cellular respiration that results from the breakdown of the carbohydrate products of photosynthesis. This molecule is ___________ _________
blank 1: carbon blank 2: dioxide
The term ________ is used to refer to reactions that break down larger molecules into their smaller components
blank 1: catabolism
During the process of ________ ________ within the mitochondrion, energy is transferred from glucose to ATP
blank 1: cellular blank 2:respiration
The law of conservation of energy, or the _______ law of thermodynamics, pertains to the amount of energy present in the universe. It states that energy cannot be _________ or destroyed; it is, instead, transferred or transformed.
blank 1: first blank 2: created
Whereas ___________ is defined as the loss of electrons, ________ is the gain of electrons
blank 1: oxidation blank 2: reduction
The substances that participate in a reaction are called _________, whereas the substances that form as a result of a reaction are ___________
blank 1: reactants blank 2: products
During photosynthesis, solar energy is converted into chemical energy in the
chloroplasts
The process of photosynthesis occurs in organelles called ___________
chloroplasts
A nonprotein organic molecule that binds to an enzyme's active site, allowing the enzyme to function is called a
coenzyme
An inorganic ion that binds to an enzyme to help it function is called a
cofactor
True or false: Denaturation of an enzyme increases the rate at which it may catalyze a chemical reaction
false
The activity of almost every enzyme in a cell is regulated by a type of enzyme inhibition called ____________ inhibition, which occurs when an end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction in the pathway.
feedback
If the temperature is below an enzyme's optimal temperature and that temperature is brought up, the rate of the enzymatic reaction will
increase
When a substrate is unable to bind an enzyme's active site, enzyme ____________ has occurred
inhibition
When there is plenty of product in a chemical reaction, it provides the simplest example of a(n) _________ blocking the active site of the enzyme from binding more substrate
inhibitor
What happens to an enzyme after it has catalyzed a reaction
it returns to its original shape
The energy of motion is called _______ energy while stored stored energy is called _______
kinetic potential
A sequence of linked reactions that occur within a cell is called a(n) ___________ pathway.
metabolic/ metabolism/ biochemical
The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell is referred to as cellular ________
metabolism
During the ATP cycle, ATP is assembled from which of the following? Select all that apply
one phosphate ADP
Match the chemical reaction term on the on the left with the correct description on the right
oxidation: the loss of electrons during a chemical reaction reduction: the gain of electrons during a chemical reaction
Each enzyme has a preferred temperature and preferred ______________ at which the rate of the reaction that it catalyzes is highest.
pH
Very often, the addition of a(n) ___________ by kinase will serve to activate an enzyme
phosphate group
Match the energy type on the left with its correct description on the right
potential energy: stored energy kinetic energy: energy of motion
The most likely inhibitor in an enzyme feedback inhibition system would be a
product
The substances to the right of the arrow in a statement of a chemical reaction are the
products
True or false: Energy transformations occur in such a way as to increase the entropy of the universe
true
True or false: Enzymes can be activated by the addition or removal of phosphate
true
Select the components of an ATP molecule
ribose 3 phosphate groups adenine
The ability to fuel endergonic reactions without wasting much energy is an advantage to using ___________ to supply a cell's energy needs.
ATP
The goal of cellular respiration is the synthesis of
ATP
The molecule that serves as the energy currency of cells is abbreviated
ATP
Match the metabolic term on the left with the correct description on the right
Anabolism: chemical reactions that break substances down Catabolism: chemical reactions that synthesize
The building up or synthesis of molecules is called
anabolism
Select biological advantages to using ATP as an energy carrier in living systems
Common and universal energy currency Decreases the amount of energy that is wasted Can be used to fuel many different types of reactions
Which of the following are examples of anabolism (Choose all that apply)
DNA replication Protein synthesis
True or false: During the ATP cycle, ATP is assembled from a sugar, adenine base, and three phosphates.
False
Select the organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration
Mitochondria
A molecule is released by plants during photosynthesis. Humans then inhale and use this molecule, __________, as a substrate for cellular respiration
O2
Does increasing the substrate concentration serve to increase the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction?
Yes, but only to a given point
The ultimate source of energy for living things is
the sun
The energy of __________ is the energy that must be added to cause molecules to react with one another
activation
The energy that must be added to cause molecules to react with one another is called the energy of ____________, abbreviated E
activation
A substrate binds to the ___________ site of an enzyme.
active
Increasing substrate concentration will not increase the rate of an enzymatic reaction if all the enzyme __________ site are occupied
active
The site on an enzyme where a substrate can bind is called the enzyme's ___________ site
active
When an exergonic reaction is used to fuel an endergonic reaction, the reactions are referred to as being
coupled
When the energy released from the breakdown of an ATP molecule is used to fuel an endergonic reaction, the two reactions are referred to as ____________ reactions.
coupled
If the temperature rise above an enzyme's optimal point, the rate enzymatic reaction will
decrease
If the temperature rises above an enzyme's optional point, the rate of the enzymatic reaction will
decrease
Each enzyme works best at a specific pH, pH environments below or above this preferred level decrease enzyme activity by causing the enzyme to
denature
If an enzyme's shape changes as a result of very high temperature or pH is outside of the optimal range, the enzyme is said to have
denatured
ATP is the abbreviation of the chemical adenosine triphosphate, which is the molecule that cells generate and use for _________
energy
The term that means disorganization, especially as it pertains to energy is __________.
entropy
Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a(n)
enzyme
Substrate concentration, temperature, cofactors, and pH are all examples of factors that may affect the speed at which a(n) ____________ functions in a chemical reaction
enzyme
The digestion of lactose results in ____________ and __________ (pick two answers)
galactose glucose
Which of the following are examples of catabolism? (Choose all that apply)
glucose breakdown enzymatic digestion
The ultimate source of energy for life on planet Earth is ________ energy
solar
The first law of thermodynamics (select all that apply)
states that the amount of energy is constant explains that energy can be changed from one from into another
