Physics Part 4
If the principal quantum number, n, is equal to 2, what are the possible values for the orbital quantum number, l? a) 2, 3 b) 0, 1, 2 c) 0, 1 d) 1, 2, 3
0, 1
A standing particle wave in a box has a lowest energy of 6 eV. Which of the following is not a possible energy level? a) 54 eV b) 36 eV c) 24 eV d) 96 eV
36 eV
The first row of transition elements (atomic number 21-30) is due to the filling of which suborbital? a) 1d b) 4d c) 4p d) 3d
3d
Which subshell has energy between the 4s and 4p subshells? a) 3d b) None of them c) 4d d) 3p
3d
How far does light travel in 1 second on a stationary light clock? a) More than 3x10^8 m b) Not enough information to say c) 0 m d) Less than 3x10^8 m e) 3x10^8 m
3x10^8 m
Bohr's model for the hydrogen atom only needs one quantum number. How many quantum numbers are needed in Schrodinger's analysis of the hydrogen atom? a) 4 b) 3 c) 5 d) 2
4
How many electrons are allowed in the 2p subshell? a) 6 b) 2 c) 10 d) 8
6
Which of these is not an inertial reference frame? a) A plane flying level at a constant velocity b) They are all inertial reference frames. c) A plane accelerating for takeoff on a level runway. d) Plane sitting still on a runway.
A plane accelerating for takeoff on a level runway
The uncertainty principle says a) A precise location measurement increases the uncertainty in the velocity b) A precise location can never be determined c) A precise location measurement is always possible. d) A precise location is only possible if the velocity measurement is also precise
A precise location measurement increases the uncertainty in the velocity
What kind of force occurs between an alpha particle and the nucleus of an atom? a) A repulsive electrical force b) An attractive electrical force c) A frictional force d) There is no force between them.
A repulsive electrical force
The Bohr model of the atom explains a) Stable atoms b) All of these are correct c) Difference in the spectra of different elements d) Absorption spectra e) Emission spectra
All of these are correct
Which of these can be used to produce wave phenomena like interference and diffraction patterns? a) Large molecules b) None of these. They are all particles. c) All of these are correct d) Neutrons e) Atoms
All of these are correct
Which of the following is not a property of a laser? a) The light all has the same phase b) The light is in one direction c) All of these are laser properties d) The light is one wavelength
All of these are laser properties
Which of these is a medical use of a laser? a) All of these are medical uses of lasers. b) Scalpel c) Vaporizing plaque in an artery d) Killing cancer cells
All of these are medical uses of lasers
Einstein's principle of relativity states a) The speed of light is only constant in stationary reference frames. b) All physical laws are the same in all inertial reference frames c) Relative speeds only matter in outer space. d) Only Newton's laws of motion are the same in all reference frames.
All physical laws are the same in all inertial reference frames
Early evidence that atoms are not indivisible came from experiments using a) Alpha rays b) X-rays c) Beta and X-rays d) Alpha and beta rays e) Beta rays
Alpha and beta rays
The speed of light is the speed limit of a) Any causal influence (anything) b) Only things that interact with light. c) Macroscopic objects only. d) Anything the size of a proton or larger
Any casual influence (anything)
The emission spectra of different gases a) Are completely different b) Differ only in the higher energy lines c) Differ only in the lower energy lines d) Are all the same
Are completely different
Compared to atoms, the energy levels of molecules a) Do not exist b) Are large in number and very close together c) Are fewer and more spread out d) Too complex to study
Are large in number and very close together
Evidence for time dilation includes a) Corrections needed for GPS satellite calculations b) Atmospheric muons and GPS satellite corrections. c) Detection of muons in the atmosphere d) There is no evidence.
Atmospheric muons and GPS satellite corrections
The Bohr hydrogen atom does not correctly predict a) Discrete spectra b) Electron energies c) Atomic angular momentum d) It gets everything correct.
Atomic angular momentum \
A double slit experiment using very low light levels demonstrates a) Only the wave nature of light b) We don't know what light is. c) Only the photon (or quantized) nature of light d) Both the wave and photon nature of light
Both the wave and photon nature of light
In a double slit experiment with very low light levels, the interference pattern a) Is immediately visible b) Changes orientation over time c) Builds up over time d) Never appears
Build up over time
One conclusion from Einstein's explanation for the photoelectric effect is a) An electron can absorb ½ of a photon and escape b) Each photon delivers all of its energy to one electron c) One photon can liberate up to three electrons d) An electron can absorb 2 photons below threshold and escape
Each photon delivers all of its energy to one electron
What problem did the Rutherford atomic model have that Bohr solved? a) The number of protons did not equal the number of electrons. b) The number of protons was larger than the number of neutrons. c) The number of protons was smaller than the number of neutrons. d) Electrons could radiate all their energy and spiral into the nucleus
Electrons could radiate all their energy and spiral into the nucleus
The quantized energies of electron in atoms explains a) Emission and absorption spectra of atoms b) Nuclear stability c) The color of the sky d) Chemical bonds
Emission and absorption spectra of atoms
What is the constraint on the transition when an electron collides with an atom causing the atom to transition to a higher energy state? a) Energy must be conserved b) There are no constraints. c) Δl = ±1 d) Δl = ±1 and energy must be conserved
Energy must be conserved
The maximum kinetic energy of an electron emitted due to the photoelectric effect is a) Twice the electron's energy in the atom b) Equal to the electron's energy in the atom minus the work function c) Equal to the photon energy d) Equal to the work function
Equal to the electron's energy in the atom minus the work function
Conservation of energy a) Is only true for macroscopic objects b) Explains energy released in nuclear fission c) Only applies to non-relativistic speeds d) Does not work for objects smaller than an atom.
Explains energy released in nuclear fission
In the photoelectric effect, electrons are emitted from a substance a) For one specific frequency of light b) For all frequencies of light above a threshold c) For all frequencies of light below a threshold d) For all frequencies of light
For all frequencies of light above a threshold
Length contraction of an object is measured a) For all dimensions of the object b) Only for objects moving at c c) For the dimension perpendicular to the motion d) For the dimension parallel to the motion.
For the dimension parallel to the motion
In order to observe a discrete (line) spectrum the substance creating the spectrum must be a) Liquid b) Solid c) Extremely cold d) Gas
Gas
X-rays can be used to image the bones in a body. What properties of materials make them effective at stopping X-rays? a) High amount of organic compounds b) High atomic number c) Low atomic number d) High water content
High atomic number
Two events are simultaneous: a) If observers in 2 different moving frames see them at the same time b) If 2 observers in the same reference frame see them at the same time c) If they happen at the same time, regardless of observations. d) If they happen at the same place and time
If they happen at the same time, regardless of observations
The speed of light is 3x108 m/s (c = 3x108 m/s) a) Only in frames moving parallel to the light. b) In all stationary reference frames c) Only in frames moving at speeds less than 0.1c d) In all inertial reference frames
In all inertial reference frames
The rest energy of an object a) Is always small. b) Only matters when it is at rest (not moving) c) Is equal to its kinetic energy d) Is equal to mc^2.
Is equal to mc^2.
What happens to the missing mass when the nucleus of an atom of uranium-235 fissions? a) It is used to create neutrons b) The energy is removed from the universe. c) It is converted into kinetic energy d) It is converted into electrons
It is converted into kinetic energy
The equivalence of mass and energy says a) Mass can be created from energy and energy can be created from mass b) None of the other answers are correct c) Energy can be created from mass d) Mass can be created from energy
Mass can be created from energy and energy can be created from mass
How does the momentum of an object moving at close to c compare to the Newtonian velocity calculation? a) Depends on the direction of motion. b) Same c) Less d) More
More
An inertial reference frame is a) Moving at a constant acceleration b) Moving at a constant velocity c) Stationary d) Moving at a constant speed
Moving at a constant velocity
The Galilean principle of relativity says a) Newton's Laws of Motion are valid only in accelerating reference frames. b) Newton's Laws of Motion are valid in all inertial reference frames. c) Newton's Laws of Motion are only valid in stationary reference frames. d) Newton's Laws of Motion are valid in any reference frame.
Newton's Law of Motion are valid only in inertial reference frames
The Pauli exclusion principle says a) No proton can have the same set of quantum numbers as an electron b) No electron can be excluded from an atom c) No 2 electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers d) No electron and positron can have the same set of quantum numbers
No 2 electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers
Rutherford's alpha experiment led to the a) Raisin cake model of the atom b) Photon model of the atom c) Nuclear model of the atom d) Spectral model of the atom
Nuclear model of the atom
Special relativity is used a) Only in stationary references frames b) Only in reference frames moving with a constant velocity, inertial reference frames c) In all reference frames d) Only in accelerating reference frames
Only in reference frames moving with a constant velocity, inertial reference frames
The speed of an electron and a proton are measured to the same uncertainty. Which has a smaller uncertainty in position? a) Same because they have the same velocity uncertainty b) Electron, it is less massive c) There is no way to tell d) Proton, it is more massive
Proton, it is more massive
Due to the wave nature of matter, a confined particle has a) Any momentum but quantized energy b) Quantized momentum and energy c) Any momentum and any energy d) Quantized momentum but any energy
Quantized momentum and energy
How do electrons move between energy levels in a 1-dimensional box? a) They actually don't change levels b) Half the difference in one jump, then the other half. c) Quantum jumps d) Very gradually
Quantum jumps
The lowest electron energy level of an atom is a) Same for all atoms b) The only one that can absorb a photon c) Stable d) 0 eV
Stable
In section 5, what assumption does Peggy make which leads her to an incorrect conclusion? a) That light from the firecracker is slower than other light. b) That she and Ryan don't have to agree on the final conclusion. c) That light travels at c in all inertial reference frames. d) That the two events were simultaneous in her reference frame.
That the two events were simultaneous in her reference frame
Quantum jumps of an atom refer to a) The allowed energy changes of atoms in molecules b) The allowed energy changes of electrons in an atom c) The allowed energy changes of atoms in a solid d) The allowed energy changes of protons
The allowed energy changes of electrons in an atom
What is a positron? a) A fictional particle from TV b) The antimatter version of a proton. c) A slow pion d) The antimatter version of the electron
The antimatter version of the electron
Electron microscopes have better resolution than visible light microscopes because a) Electrons are easier to produce than light b) They have the same resolution. c) The electron wavelength is larger than the visible light wavelength d) The electron wavelength is shorter than the visible light wavelength
The electron wavelength is shorter than the visible light wavelength
The combination of quantized energy levels and the Pauli exclusion principle explain a) The entire structure of the periodic table b) The last 2 rows of the periodic table c) Nothing, it is just a number game d) The first 3 rows of the periodic table
The entire structure of the periodic table
Proper length is the length of an object as measured in a) All frames b) The frame the object is at rest in c)A frame moving perpendicular to the object d) A frame moving parallel to the object.
The frame of the object is at rest in
A light clock moving relative to you ticks slower than a light clock in your reference frame because a) The size of the light clock changes. b) The speed of light is faster in the moving frame c) The speed of light is slower in the moving frame d) The light travels a larger distance
The light travels a larger distance
The minimum amount of energy needed to free an electron from an atom is called a) The ground state b) The valence energy c) The stopping potential d) The work function
The work function
What property of light allows a laser beam to travel down an optical fiber? a) Coherence b) Total internal reflection c) Interference d) Refraction
Total internal reflection
A light clock a) Uses time to measure the speed of light b) Uses the speed of light to measure time. c) Uses lasers to measure time accurately. d) Is only used on the International Space Station.
Uses the speed of light to measure time
The proper time between two events is the time interval measured a) Wherever the observer is b) When the events happen at the same position (measured with 1 clock) c) The proper time cannot me measured. d) In a frame moving away from the events
When the events happen at the same position (measured with 1 clock)
Strong x-ray reflection at specific angles of incidence is called a) Thin film interferences b) X-ray shadowing c) X-ray diffraction d) Bragg condition
X-ray diffraction
Momentum conservation is one of the main ideas of kinematics. Does it still hold true in special relativity? a) Yes, if momentum is defined as γmu. b) Yes, if momentum is defined as (mu)/γ. c) No. Relativity makes momentum conservation impossible. d) No. Nothing is conserved at relativistic speeds.
Yes, if momentum is defined as γmu.
Do emission spectra have any constraints on the possible transitions? a) No, but we still don't know why. b) No, the electron just has to go to a quantum state c) Yes, the change of l must be 0 (Δl = 0) d) Yes, the change in l must have a magnitude of 1 (Δl = ±1)
Yes, the change in l must have a magnitude of 1 (Δl = ±1)
Is there a difference between absorption and emission spectra for an element in a gaseous form? a) No, they are the same. b) Yes. The lines in the emission spectrum have shorter wavelengths. c) Yes. The absorption spectrum has more lines d) Yes. The emission spectrum has more lines.
Yes. The emission spectrum has more lines.
The relativistic velocity addition equations appear to be very different from the Galilean equations. Are they still applicable to non-relativistic speeds? a) Yes, if all velocities are in the same direction. b) No. Speeds must be greater than 0.9c to use these equations. c) No. They don't even work at relativistic speeds. d) Yes. These equations can be used in all circumstances.
Yes. These equations can be used in all circumstances.
A student passes Earth flying in a rocket at 0.9c and shines a laser toward the front of the rocket. Another student on Earth watches as the rocket flies by. How fast does the Earth-bound student see the light from the laser moving? a) Less than c b) depends on which hemisphere the observer is in. c) c d) more than c
c
Transitions down to which energy level produce visible light in the hydrogen emission spectrum? and energy level a) n = 3 b) n = 1 c) n = 2
n = 2
How many de Broglie wavelengths fit in an electron's orbit in an atom? a) (n + ½) where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... b) n, where n = 1, 2, 3, ... c) Electron orbits in atoms are not quantized d) One
n, where n = 1, 2, 3, ...
How is the velocity, u', of an object as measured in a frame moving at v, related to the velocity of that object, u, as measured in a stationary reference frame? a) u' = u b) u' = u+v c) u' = u2/v d) u' = u-v
u' = u - v
What is the velocity, v, of an electron with a de Broglie wavelength λ? a) v = h/(mλ) b) v = hλm c) v = (mλ)/h d) v = (hλ)/m
v = h/(mλ)
An additional rule for the allowed transitions in an absorption spectrum is a) Δl = ± 1 b) The transition can never be to a s suborbital c) The transition must be to a s suborbital (l = 0) d) The transition must be to a p orbital (l = 1)
Δl = ± 1
How do the wavelength a molecule can absorb and the wavelengths a molecule can emit compare to each other? a) Absorption wavelengths are shorter than emission wavelengths b) Emission wavelengths are shorter than absorption wavelengths c) There is not enough information to answer this question. d) Same range of wavelengths
Absorption wavelengths are shorter than emission wavelengths
To accurately synchronize clocks at different positions in a reference frame a) Ring a bell when the master clock starts and start the other clocks from same time when sound reaches them b) Account for time for signal from master clock to reach other clocks before starting them c) Set one master clock and move it to all the other clocks to set them d) It is impossible to synchronize clocks at different positions.
Account for time for signal from master clock to reach other clocks before starting them
Einstein's light quantum idea says a) The energy of a light quantum is proportional to its frequency b) Light is not a continuous wave c) Light moves as small bundles of energy d) All above.
All above
X-ray diffraction is used to study the structure of a) All above b) None of the above c) Crystals d) Proteins
All above
In photoelectric effect experiments, if the potential difference between the anode and cathode is equal to the stopping potential a) All emitted electrons are pulled back to the cathode b) No electron is emitted from the cathode c) The electric field stops the photons before they reach the cathode d) All emitted electrons are ejected from the experiment
All emitted electrons are pulled back to the cathode
When an electron in an atom is treated as a de Broglie wave what is quantized? a) Velocity of the electron b) All of these answers are correct c) Energy of the electron d) Radius of the orbit
All of these answers are correct
Coherent light is electromagnetic waves with the same a) Direction b) Amplitude c) Phase d) All of these are correct
All of these are correct
Diffraction patterns can be created with a) All these are correct b) Neutrons c) X-rays d) Electrons
All of these are correct
Spacetime coordinates a) Combine location of an event and the time at which the event occurred b) Are only useful in deep space c) Are something Sheldon Cooper made up. d) Are only useful in accelerating reference frames
Combine location of an event and the time at which the event occurred
Which of these is something many people possess which uses the photoelectric effect? a) Digital camera (i.e., on a smart phone) b) None of these - photoelectric effect devises are too expensive c) Digital watch d) Laptop/tablet
Digital camera (i.e., on a smart phone)
The energy of a quantum of light, a photon, can be expressed as a) E = cλ b) E = hf c) E = cf d) E = (h/c)f
E = hf
Which energy level of a quantum system is stable? a) The lowest b) None of them are stable c) The highest d) They are all stable
The lowest
The atomic number of an atom is a) The number of neutrons and electrons in a neutral atom b) The number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom c) The number of protons and neutrons d) Only the number of protons.
The number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom
The mass number of an atom is equal to a) The number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus b) The number of protons in the nucleus c) The number of protons or the number of neutrons, whichever one is larger. d) The number of neutrons in the nucleus
The number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
The Balmer formula explains a) Only the absorption lines of hydrogen b) The relation between the lines of the hydrogen spectrum c) Only the lines in the visible range of the hydrogen spectrum d) Why humans only see a narrow band of wavelengths
The relation between the lines of the hydrogen spectrum
The quantized energy of a particle in a box depends on a) Energy is never quantized b) The size of the box and the mass of the particle c) Mass of the particle d) Size of the box
The size of the box and the mass of the particle
What is the resolution of the twin paradox? a) The twins are the same age when the rocket returns. b) The twin who stayed home measures the correct ages. c) There is no resolution. The twins can't agree on their ages. d) The twin who traveled on the rocket measures the correct ages.
The twin who stayed home measures the correct ages
Tunneling is defined as a) Another term for current in a wire b) The wave nature of electrons allowing them to cross a gap c) An electron passing through a nucleus d) When protons move from one atom to another
The wave nature of electrons allowing them to cross a gap
The de Broglie wavelength is a) The wavelength of a moving object b) The wavelength of a stationary object c) The wavelength of ocean waves d) The wavelength of light in water
The wavelength of a moving object
