Chapter 6 Assignment

Select all of the factors that influence enzyme speed

availability of cofactor temperature pH

After an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has been completed, the product(s) is/are released and the ________ site of the enzyme returns to its original shape, ready to bind another ________ molecule

blank 1: active blank 2: substrate

The structure at the tip of the arrow is the ___________ _________ of this enzyme. (one word per blank)

blank 1: active blank: site

An ATP molecule consists of a nitrogen-containing base called __________, a 5-carbon sugar called, ________, and three _________ groups.

blank 1: adenine blank 2: ribose blank 3: phosphate

Whereas ___________ involves building reactions that occur in living things, ___________ involves reactions that break substance down.

blank 1: anabolism blank 2: catabolism

Humans exhale a molecule as a product of cellular respiration that results from the breakdown of the carbohydrate products of photosynthesis. This molecule is ___________ _________

blank 1: carbon blank 2: dioxide

The term ________ is used to refer to reactions that break down larger molecules into their smaller components

blank 1: catabolism

During the process of ________ ________ within the mitochondrion, energy is transferred from glucose to ATP

blank 1: cellular blank 2:respiration

The law of conservation of energy, or the _______ law of thermodynamics, pertains to the amount of energy present in the universe. It states that energy cannot be _________ or destroyed; it is, instead, transferred or transformed.

blank 1: first blank 2: created

Whereas ___________ is defined as the loss of electrons, ________ is the gain of electrons

blank 1: oxidation blank 2: reduction

The substances that participate in a reaction are called _________, whereas the substances that form as a result of a reaction are ___________

blank 1: reactants blank 2: products

During photosynthesis, solar energy is converted into chemical energy in the

chloroplasts

The process of photosynthesis occurs in organelles called ___________

chloroplasts

A nonprotein organic molecule that binds to an enzyme's active site, allowing the enzyme to function is called a

coenzyme

An inorganic ion that binds to an enzyme to help it function is called a

cofactor

True or false: Denaturation of an enzyme increases the rate at which it may catalyze a chemical reaction

false

The activity of almost every enzyme in a cell is regulated by a type of enzyme inhibition called ____________ inhibition, which occurs when an end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction in the pathway.

feedback

If the temperature is below an enzyme's optimal temperature and that temperature is brought up, the rate of the enzymatic reaction will

increase

When a substrate is unable to bind an enzyme's active site, enzyme ____________ has occurred

inhibition

When there is plenty of product in a chemical reaction, it provides the simplest example of a(n) _________ blocking the active site of the enzyme from binding more substrate

inhibitor

What happens to an enzyme after it has catalyzed a reaction

it returns to its original shape

The energy of motion is called _______ energy while stored stored energy is called _______

kinetic potential

A sequence of linked reactions that occur within a cell is called a(n) ___________ pathway.

metabolic/ metabolism/ biochemical

The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell is referred to as cellular ________

metabolism

During the ATP cycle, ATP is assembled from which of the following? Select all that apply

one phosphate ADP

Match the chemical reaction term on the on the left with the correct description on the right

oxidation: the loss of electrons during a chemical reaction reduction: the gain of electrons during a chemical reaction

Each enzyme has a preferred temperature and preferred ______________ at which the rate of the reaction that it catalyzes is highest.

pH

Very often, the addition of a(n) ___________ by kinase will serve to activate an enzyme

phosphate group

Match the energy type on the left with its correct description on the right

potential energy: stored energy kinetic energy: energy of motion

The most likely inhibitor in an enzyme feedback inhibition system would be a

product

The substances to the right of the arrow in a statement of a chemical reaction are the

products

True or false: Energy transformations occur in such a way as to increase the entropy of the universe

true

True or false: Enzymes can be activated by the addition or removal of phosphate

true

Select the components of an ATP molecule

ribose 3 phosphate groups adenine

The ability to fuel endergonic reactions without wasting much energy is an advantage to using ___________ to supply a cell's energy needs.

ATP

The goal of cellular respiration is the synthesis of

ATP

The molecule that serves as the energy currency of cells is abbreviated

ATP

Match the metabolic term on the left with the correct description on the right

Anabolism: chemical reactions that break substances down Catabolism: chemical reactions that synthesize

The building up or synthesis of molecules is called

anabolism

Select biological advantages to using ATP as an energy carrier in living systems

Common and universal energy currency Decreases the amount of energy that is wasted Can be used to fuel many different types of reactions

Which of the following are examples of anabolism (Choose all that apply)

DNA replication Protein synthesis

True or false: During the ATP cycle, ATP is assembled from a sugar, adenine base, and three phosphates.

False

Select the organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration

Mitochondria

A molecule is released by plants during photosynthesis. Humans then inhale and use this molecule, __________, as a substrate for cellular respiration

O2

Does increasing the substrate concentration serve to increase the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction?

Yes, but only to a given point

The ultimate source of energy for living things is

the sun

The energy of __________ is the energy that must be added to cause molecules to react with one another

activation

The energy that must be added to cause molecules to react with one another is called the energy of ____________, abbreviated E

activation

A substrate binds to the ___________ site of an enzyme.

active

Increasing substrate concentration will not increase the rate of an enzymatic reaction if all the enzyme __________ site are occupied

active

The site on an enzyme where a substrate can bind is called the enzyme's ___________ site

active

When an exergonic reaction is used to fuel an endergonic reaction, the reactions are referred to as being

coupled

When the energy released from the breakdown of an ATP molecule is used to fuel an endergonic reaction, the two reactions are referred to as ____________ reactions.

coupled

If the temperature rise above an enzyme's optimal point, the rate enzymatic reaction will

decrease

If the temperature rises above an enzyme's optional point, the rate of the enzymatic reaction will

decrease

Each enzyme works best at a specific pH, pH environments below or above this preferred level decrease enzyme activity by causing the enzyme to

denature

If an enzyme's shape changes as a result of very high temperature or pH is outside of the optimal range, the enzyme is said to have

denatured

ATP is the abbreviation of the chemical adenosine triphosphate, which is the molecule that cells generate and use for _________

energy

The term that means disorganization, especially as it pertains to energy is __________.

entropy

Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a(n)

enzyme

Substrate concentration, temperature, cofactors, and pH are all examples of factors that may affect the speed at which a(n) ____________ functions in a chemical reaction

enzyme

The digestion of lactose results in ____________ and __________ (pick two answers)

galactose glucose

Which of the following are examples of catabolism? (Choose all that apply)

glucose breakdown enzymatic digestion

The ultimate source of energy for life on planet Earth is ________ energy

solar

The first law of thermodynamics (select all that apply)

states that the amount of energy is constant explains that energy can be changed from one from into another