BRM FINAL

ABA design

Advantages -Easy to implement and interpret data - More points of comparison than simple AB design Disadvantages: - Bx must be reversible -Ethical concerns with withdrawal-(could not be possible with severe Bx) -Ends in Baseline- Not good place to end.

Multiple baseline design

Advantages: *Appropriate for behaviors challenging to reverse- or things you don't want to reverse- Academics. * Replications can be across Behaviors/ Settings/ Participants. *Sequential Delivery- no need to return to baseline. Disadvantages: *Weaker in experimental control compared to ABAB *Delays intervention *May require additional resources to implement *Assumes behavior/settings/participants are independent *Lazy intervention: Problematic for Dangerous behaviors.

Confounding Variable

Extraneous Variable- things ongoing outside the environment not counted on. E.g. Coffee causes lung cancer. Clever hands-Horse doing math.

What measurement should be used for long duration bouts of crying.

Frequency and Duration Recording together. Just frequency would be one value that might last the whole day. Duration alone might be short but happen throughout the day.

Changing Criterion Design

Great for scaffolding interventions -Behavior gradual to change- doesn't take off by itself- overnight -Point before language takes off- building blocks- Phonics- Echoic- Manding -Tacting -Gradual progress -Selecting criteria is critical for internal validity - -Length must be carefully programed -Self contained in each step- Step Wise -Doing something different for each procedure.

Momentary Time Sampling

Inappropriate for low frequency behaviors or short duration behaviors. Low effort-Teachers can use. Might never get an opportunity to track it. End- if something occurred mark it.

Social Significance

Is this behavior likely to produce reinforcement in the client's natural environment after treatment ends.

Level

Level shift: High Low Medium

Partial-Interval Recording

Overestimates the actual frequency of behavior.

Permanent Product Recording

Person not easily observable but leaves evidence of behavior. Crumpled up worksheet. Know they aren't cheating & writing answer- grade at the end. Looking something that changed in environment and recording score.

Whole Interval Time Sampling

This severely underestimates the actual frequency of behavior.

Internal Validity

evidence of functional relationship. Research done correctly and avoided confounds. High internal validity means confidently ruling out that other explanations. Cause and Effect. Issues in internal validity if the treatments are too similar. If there is transference between two conditions.

Parametric Analysis

experiment designed to discover the differential effects of a range of values on an independent variable (at least two)

External Validity

generalizable to general population

Alternating Treatment Design: Multiple Treatment Designs

Advantages: -Allows comparison of two treatments -Does not require treatment withdrawal -Can be used with behaviors that are not reversible. Disadvantages: - Challenges to into internal validity if there is transference- don't want treatments to be similar -Treatments must be discriminable/ delivered carefully. -Can be tough to visually analyze -Must be Independent treatment -Want to see the gap between two treatments -Reverse order to control -Counter balance in case there is sequence effects.

Multi-Probe Design

Advantages: -Saves time -Saves un-needed measurement/ resources -May reduce observer reactivity form continuous staff monitoring- not observing all the days. - Basically a Momentary Time sampling with in MBL Disadvantages -Good for stable stuff that is ongoing. -Non Concurrent measurement -May ignore rough days/ gaps in measurement cycle when person has big irruptions- not tracking all the days.

ABAB Design

Advantages: -Stronger evidence for experimental control -More points of comparison than simple ABA Design (Can use ABABABAB) -Ends with intervention -Can demonstrate control a lot. Disadvantages: -Bx. Must be reversible -Ethical concerns with withdrawal (could not be possible with severe Bx)

Calculating IOA

Agreement= 75 Disagreement= 25. Total = 75+25=100 IOA= 75/100 Karen scored 3, John scored 4. There is 3 agreements and 1 disagreement=. 3/4 = 75% IOA

Single Case Designs

All of SCD do not require statistical significance or P. Values

Trend

Ascending, Descending, Flat- No trend. stable

Variability

Bounce in the data: Deviates further from the trend line. More data required to determine- isolate bounce in data. Usually something going on in the environment that causes variability. Run baseline out to figure out source of bounce.

How to make clear and objective definitions in ABA: Measurement

-Use objective, measurable target behaviors -Operational definitions should enable IOA *Avoid adjectives, adverbs, define using systematically agreed upon terms that are socially relevant to client (7 dimensions of ABA - Often phrases like "disruptive" or "rude" behavior means many response classes. *Disruptive behaviors : Non-compliance, arguing, shouting, throwing objects in the classroom.

Intensity Recording

Record a dimension of intensity Force Volume for each instance of the behavior

Event Recording

Record each instance of behavior as it occurs

Duration Recording

Record the amount of time from onset to offset for each behavior as it occurs- Direct measures of the behavior including frequency

Latency Recording

Record the amount of time that passes between the discriminative stimulus and the onset of the behavior.

Visual Analysis

Systematic approach for interpreting SCD research examining variability, trend, and level to determine effect of Tx on Bx

Independent Variable

The intervention or what the experimenter changes to influence an outcome (Tx)

Dependent Variable

The outcome, the measure in the study (Bx- Behavior)