BS

specific heat (Cp)

- it is a measure of a material's capacity to store heat as compared to water - the number of Btus required to raise the temperature of a specific material by 1F - thermal capacity = (Cp) * (weight of material)

enthalpy line

- used to calculate how much heat and moisture to be added or removed by HVAC - accounts for enthalpy (total sensible + latent) - accounts for air temp (sensible) + moisure (latent)

water-air heat pump

- uses water sources (wells or storage tank) - remove heat from the solar storage tank to deliver it to indoor air - zoning flexibility, low initial cost ** cannot distribute fresh air, need a fan coil at each space

indirect heating

- water flows from the boiler through a tank then returns to the boiler - it heats the tank of water - the heated water is sent to the taps - the circulating water is kept totally separate from water that is stored in the cylinder which is used for bathing

how to determine number of lamps needed to achieve a given footcandle light output

# lamps = (lumens needed) / (effective lumens) lumens needed = (footcandles) x (room area SF) effective lumen = (actual lumen) x (CU) x (LLF) actual lumen = lumen output per manufacturer CU = coefficient of utilization per manufacturer LLF = light loss factor per manufacturer

best overall color rendering

#1 incadesecnet #2 warm white fluourescent - daylight and cool fluorescnet are too blue - creates gray

cost of electricity in Kwh

$ = (kw) x (hours) x ($ kwh)

baseboard heating

** CONVECTION - air in contact with the heater becomes warmer and rises - cooler air falls and comes in contact with the baseboard - convective currents continue until a constant temperature

building energy demands

- 50% lighting - 30% hvac - 20% equipment

Site Balancing and Laser Adjustment

- Air Balance - re-adjust damper settings

converter: steam to hot water (page 399) a boiler system to heat hot water

- B and G compression tank at top - B and G converter tank at bottom (with vacuum breaker) - pressure reducing valve at cold water supply - pressure relief valve at hot water supply side

chromacity

- CIE color system - relative proportions of red, blue, and green

lighting methods and lamp types

- GENERAL: uniform, downlights - LOCAL / SUPPLEMENTARY: track, sconce, desk lamp, narrow beam, wall washer - COMBINED

clean agent gases

- HCFCs & HFCs - FM-200

control lighting from 2 locations

- Two single-pole, double-throw switches

delta-wye transfomer

- a 3-phase transformer - delta = triangle shaped - wye = Y-shape (neutral connects to center) - wye to wye not recommended

indirect solar water heating (closed loop)

- a coil passes through with a separate heat transfer medium - passes through a tank of water to heat it - heat transfer medium recirculates - uses an evaporator and condenser - pumps and antifreeze ** a phase change system

electric current

- a measure of flow like water - velocity is constant - measured in amps - voltage causes current to flow (like water pressure) - flow is resisted by friction (called Resistance or Impedence) - electrical resistance can change with temperature

ballast power factor

- a measure of how effectively a ballast convertss the voltage and current supplied by a power source into watts of usable power delivered to the lamp - pertain only to the effective use of the power supplied to the ballast - high power factor are more expensive

splitter damper

- a method of preheat - a damper directs some preheated air from the exhaust stream to supply - mounted directly behind the supply grille, manually adjusted through the face of grille - also: prevents airflow resistance due to corners in duct work like turning vanes

metal halide lamps

- a modified mercury vapor lamp - good CRI (65-85) - sensitive to orientation, have a proper burning position - excellent color characteristics - unlimited application - 3000 to 5000 kelvin - can explode, require an approved enclosure - safety shielding, self-extinguishing, high output - 2-3 minutes to start, 10 minute restrike

Impact Insulation Class (IIC)

- a number rating of how well a building floor attenuates impact sounds, such as footsteps - a larger number means more attenuation

Lambertian surface

- a perfect diffuser - emits light diffusely or reflects light diffusely

photo-electric beams

- a photo eye detector - uses infrared light transmitter

define heat exchanger and name 3 methods

- a piece of equipment built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another 1. Vapor Compression 2. Converter 3. Indirect Heating

power conditioning

- a process that converts the utility-supplied power into computer-grade power - utility power has surges, spikes, voltage fluctuation, radio frequency interruption (RFI) - computer grade is noiseless, voltage-regulated - not the same as Uniterruptable Power Supply (UPS)

coefficient of performance (COP)

- a ratio of heating or cooling provided to electrical energy consumed - high COP = low operating costs electric heat = 5.0 heat pump = 2.4 furnace = 1.2

electric relay

- a relay is an electrically operated switch - some relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch - also solid-state relays - relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal

hydropneumatic

- a water supply system that uses a pressurized tank, usually in the basement, to supply PRESSURIZED water to the floors above

petcock

- a way of controlling water hammer - a rechargeable air chamber - a valve that opens to allow air to refill the chamber

receptacle

- a wiring device - a contact device installed at the outlet for the connection of a single attachment plug - convenience outlet - NOT "PLUG" - normal wall outlet can take 2 plugs = duplex receptacle W = white system ground G = green equipment ground - number of poles = number of current-carrying contacts including the neutral (does not include the equipment ground) - number of wires does include the ground because it is wired

transmittance coeffcient of transmission

- ability to transmit incident light - total transmitted light to total incident light - clear glass = 85% - translucent glass = 70%

centrifugal fan

- aka. squirrel cage blower - moves large amounts of air

energy recovery ventilator

- best where the temperature between indoor and outdoor is high

cold climate design response (Northeastern US)

- compact buildings to minimize surface area anf reduce heat loss - cubical buildings, built partially undergroud (earth sheltering) - minimize Northern exposure - air locks, block winter winds - passive solar is not appropriate - mechanical is required

mean radiant temperature (MRT)

- concept: the body gains and losses heat through radiation based on the temperatures of the surrounding surfaces - surface temp of skin = 85 degrees - the weighted average of the various surface temperatures in a room and the angle of exposure of the occupant to these surfaces, plus sunlight ** not accurate, a ballpark estimate ** measured with a GLOBE thermometer ** people are more comfortable with high MRT in winter ie. kitchen with 400 degree oven: ((90)(150) * (70)(30) * (400)(150) * (70)(30)) / 360 degrees = (13500 + 2100 + 60000 + 2100) / 360 degrees = 216

overhead service drop

- connection from public utility to building - low cost - easy to maintain and repair - more reliable when provided by 2 separate lines

drain down system

- direct, open loop, active - automatically drains when outdoor temp is near freezing - mild climate only - no heat exchanger

thermosiphon system

- direct, open loop, passive - sun is pump and heat source - relies on gravity, collector has to be lower than the tank - freezing and night time heat loss

batch system

- direct, open loop, passive - water is heated in a black box, aka: bread box heater - freezing and night time heat loss

ozonation

- disinfection process by adding oxygen - removes tastes and odors - ozone kills organisms better than chlorine - less carcenogenic - kills microorganisms in air and water sources

infrared

- extends from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum - invisible to human eye - thermal-infrared imaging (body temperature)

house drain (building drain)

- horizontal drain at the bottom - vertical stacks connect - extends 3 feet beyond the building - slope 1/4 inch per foot - slope 1/8 per foot if diameter is larger than 3 inches - ABS, PVC, or DWV

thermosiphon

- hot water circulation by gravity (MEEB p921)

location of panel boards

- in a closet if more than 6 stories - max circuit length is 100' (to limit voltage drop) #12 AWG typ - #10 AWG for 100' to 150' - #8 AWF for more than 150'

tungsten wire lamp (filament)

- incandescent (display art, retail) - halogen (halogen gas) - highest CRI, 3000 kelvin - white light

lighting system for task

- indirect for glare free (computer room, drafting table) - semi-indirect - direct/indirect for general diffuse (offices, classrooms, merchandise) - semi-direct (offices, classrooms, shops, working areas) - spread type direct is ok for working environments, general office - concentracted direct creates concentrated shadows, privacy (restaurant)

night ventilation of thermal mass

- indoor temp is LOWER than outdoor temp - fresh air flush at night

Sulfur Lamps

- inert gas + sulfur - no mercury, no UV radiation - 60,000 hours life

light loss factor (LLF) (previously Maintenance Factor, MF)

- lamp lumen depreciation (LLD) - ballast factor (BF) - luminaire dirt depretiation (LDD) - room surface dirt depreciation (RSDD) - maintenance conditions

active solar orientation

- latitude + 10 to 15 degrees - azimuth is from due south to 15 degrees west of south

insulators

- materials with HIGH resistance to flow - glass, mica, rubber, oil, distilled water, porcelain

met

- metabolic units - the body's heat production is measured in mets - the energy produced per unit of surface area per hour by a seated person at rest - 1 met = 18.4 Btu/hr-SF - rest = 400 Btu/hr - walking = 700 Btu/hr - excercise = 2000 Btu/hr

temperate climate design response (middle latitudes, NW and NE)

- middle latitudes, NW and NE US - minimize northern exposure, block winter winds - orient east-west for solar gain in winter - southfacing should be shaded with deciduous - active and passive solar OK

building automation system (BAS)

- monitors and controls building systems - reduces energy cost, reduced personnel costs - energy conservation component (EMS) senses indoor and outdoor conditions, optimizes controls

Single-zone system

- most ductwork per zone - best thermal control - single zone, inexpensive, dampers provide adjustment - air is heated or cooled and humidified, then distributed in duct at a constant volume ** for open space environment, small bldg, residential

air speed

- moving air causes heat loss through convection and increases evaporation - ie. a summer breeze in high temp with high humidity improves comfort - ie. winter wind causes windchill - comfortable speeds: 50 ft/min to 200 ft/min

LEED credit for carpet

- must meet CRI Green Label IAQ Program (carpet and rug institute) - Greenguard and Green Seal do NOT contribute to LEED - SCAQMD is for VOCs

dust control

- negative pressure in construction zone: no supply or return, 100% exhaust - positive pressure in occupied zone: no exhaust or return, 100% supply

radon and soil gases - methane - pesticides

- no action required if less than 4 pCi/L - monitored and periodic testing - subslab depressurization - allows to vent by pipes, vent pipe 12" above the roof 10' away from window or opening - soil-gas retarder - seal cracks in foundations and crawl spaces - dampproofing - drain tile loop - radon detector

direct refrigerant

- no distribution of water or air (no ducts or pipes) - device is immediately adjacent to space being served - skin dominated buildings with extensive perimeter zones

the benefits of fiber optics

- no heat is produced - no UV raditation transmitted

steam

- not a basic fuel type - a byproduct of electric generation - used indirectly for air or water heating systems - drives absorbtive chillers for A/C - can provide cooling in trigeneration

evaporative cooling

- not passive - electric fan moves hot dry air through a wet filter - lowers temperature by raising relative humidy - hot arid climates - no refrigerants

NEC limitations on conduit and conductors

- number of conductors - control heat (prevent fire) - max 4 90 degree bends between pull boxes

solar panel configuration

- number of panels - number of cells (circuits)

mechanical electrical costs

- office building = 30% equally divided - smaller building = 20%

series circuit

- one circuit after another in a continuous series - the current (amps) is consistant, but voltage drops - the current is the same in all parts of the ciruit - not used in construction

double duct constant volume

- only in hospitals - 2 parallel ducts, one with hot air, one with cool air - joined in a mixing box controlled by t-stat - smaller ducts because air is at high velocity (2,500 fpm) - saves space - use for high rise, for more flexibility - less efficient, noise issues, more ducts, more fan power, high initial cost - simultaneously cools and heats at the same time (like multizone) - quick response to outdoor temps for hot arid ** no longer permitted because not efficient ** the cadillac because most comfortable ** controls temperature and volume

direct solar water heating (open loop)

- only one fluid (the water heated for use) - sun heats water in a flat plate solar collector - delivers heated water to a storage tank (ie. batch system, thermosiphon)

drain-back system

- open loop - automatically drains water back to storage tank when outdoor temp is near freezing - needs heat exchanger, check valve - can be used in cold clmates

overcurrent protection

- opens a circuit when the current is too high - interrupts service - all equipment is rated - must be placed on the supply side of the equipment being protected - must be places in all ungrounded conductors

cooltower

- passive cooling - hot, dry air is cooled as it passes through wetted pads - cool air drops into the house

vacuum breaker

- placed on a bibcock valve or toilet or urinal flush valve - prevents water from being siphoned backward into the public drinking water system - prevents contamination should the public drinking water system pressure drop - same purpose is the backflow preventer (check valve) - in flushometer to prevent siphonage similar to trap - in dishwashers and clothes washers because pumps force the waste water into the drain line

hydraulic elevator

- plunger (ram) with oil as pressure fluid - pump room, no penthouse - high load capacity (freight) - slow - 5 stories max - low LCC - inspired by hydraulic crane in 1846, to replace steam powered elevator

power

- power is the rate at which work is done - power is the rate at which energy is used - Power Watts = (voltage) * (amps) **DC power = W = (V)(I) **AC power = W = (V)(I)(power factor)

air chamber

- prevents water hammer - a length of pipe installed above the connection to the faucet which cushions the surge of water - a shock absorber: same as air chamber with an expansion device

heat pipes

- prewarm cool outdoor air

describe the process of refrigeration by absorption

- produces chilled water without CFCs - uses distilled water as the refrigerant - uses salt solution as the absorber (draws latent heat from the water) - less efficient and needs twice the capacity for heat rejection - the heat for salt solution regeneration can be provided by solar or high temperature waste heat - electric compressor is replaced by a heat-powered generator - water is cooled by evaporation, the loss of latent heat - use when there is waste heat available for energy input to the generator

lightning protection

- provide a continous metallic path to solid ground - to prevent lightning from passive through non-conductive building - A system of lightning rods and conductors extended to the ground - An overhead grid of wire conductors extended to the ground - A system of lightning rods connected to the building's steel frame and then to the ground FRANKLIN CONE - a mast air terminal, cone of protection OVERHEAD GROUND SHIELD WIRE - mast with ground conductors - triangular "tent" of protection FARDAY CAGE - open interconnective mesh - a lightning arrestor - components: 1. air terminal (pointed copper or alum above) 2. ground terminal (wires to nonconductive soil) 3. down conductors (connect air and ground) - can be exposed or concealed in the structure

hot water heating

- provide a gate valve (shut off valve) before the pump

daylight factor

- quantity of light - the ratio of indoor light to available outdoor light - the sum of sky component + external reflection + internal reflection - DF = SC + ERC + IRC - office 1.5 - 2.5% - reading 2.5 - 4.0% - fine machine work 4.0 - 8.0%

Noise Insulation Class (NIC)

- rating of noise reduction (NR)

reactance

- reactance causes a phase difference between voltage and current - the phase difference is represented by an angle - the cosine of the angle is the POWER FACTOR (pf) - W = VI x pf

storm water management

- recharge basin (lined with clay to prevent absorption) - retention pond (lined with plastic, slow release to storm system) - detainment basin (no lining, depression with grass, allows absorption)

Ohm

- resistance (R) - current = voltage / resistance cv - I = V/R - V = IR ** direct current DC

fire-smoke damper

- similar to fire dampers in fire resistance rating, and also prevent the spread of smoke inside the ducts

standing waves

- similar to flutter, perceived differently - a clap = flutter = slow decaying buzz - a standing wave is produced by a steady pure tone when parallel walls are spaced apart at some intergral multiple of a half-wavelength - resonance: the accentuation of a particular frequency - AVOID resonance for musical - prevented by irregular splayed surfaces - related to room geometry, can calculate to minimize

belvedere

- small tower on top of a building - a lookout point - can be used for stack effect

panelboard

- smaller scale switch board (residential) - main buses connected to circuit protective devices (fuses or breakers) - mounted inside a "backbox" (prefab metal box) - called "lugs and mains" when no there is no main breaker switch

extended coverage sprinklers

- smooth flat ceilings

SHGC solar heat gain coeffient

- solar heat gain coefficient - measures the ability to resist heat gain, 0-1 - includes glass + frame - high (poor resistance) is better for solar heating - lower (good resistance) is better where cooling is the dominant thermal issues - the percentage of solar radiation that becomes heat inside a building

natural energy sources

- solar, geothermal, wind, tidal (review Ch 29)

pure tone

- sound composed of only one frequency - a tuning fork - very rare in reality

sound intensity

- sound power per unit area - intensity = I = Watts / cm2

specular reflection (sound)

- sound reflecting off a hard polished surface - creates an effective image source - greek and roman theaters with steep seating - sound energy travels to each location with minimal attenuation - use a reflecting panel places the sound source "above" the seats - moves sound father to the audience

air and water systems

- space saving, perimeter zones - induction (below window, high velocity, constant colume - fan coil with supplementary air - radiant panels with supplementary air - water loop heat pump - water to air heat pump

catch basin

- storm water inlet to slow runoff - inlet invert collects water - filters solid floatables (not oil or liquid) - outlet invert connects to storm sewer (manholes every turn and 150 feet)

the 1.5 / 2.5 guideline

- sufficient light up to 2.5 times the head height of a window with light shelf (1.5 without light shelf)

Uniterruptable Power Supply (UPS)

- supplies power even during a power failure

displacement ventilation raised floor air distribution system

- supply from the floor - returns in the ceiling - conditioned air is delivered closer to the users - improved IAQ - improved comfort, more individual control - Low LCC

attenuation

- the reduction of sound

reverberation time

- the time it takes for a sound to decay by 60 dB - depends on room volume and room absorption (sabins)

trap (name 2 instances when not required)

- u-shape below the drain (also S-shape, Drum-Shape - prevents methane from coming up the drain - at every fixture - vent through roof - not required when integral with the fixture (toilets) - not required when 2 fixtures are connected (double kitchen sink)

echoes

- when a reflected sound at sufficient intensity reaches a listener more than 50 ms after the the direct sound - speech is unintelligible - music is mushy - produced by back wall and ceiling above the proscenium (the area over the stage) - best is to redirect - absorption will waste sound energy - add absorption to the back wall to eliminate echoes

sump pump

- when fixtures are installed below the house drain and house sewer

fluorescent lamp types

-T8: 1" diameter, flexible, efficient -T5: higher lumen output, higher efficacy, slimmer bulb for low profile fixtures

fuel cells

...

microturbines

...

4 types of dampers

1. BALANCING - regulates the flow of conditioned air 2. MOTORIZED CONTROL - remote systems that vary airflow with an automated control syste, 3. SPLITTER DAMPER/TURNING VANE - prevent airflow resistance due to corners in ductwork 4. FIRE DAMPERS - stop airflow automatically in case of fire

automatic fire detection systems

1. IONIZATION DETECTOR / GAS DETECTOR - detects particles - incipient phase - not installed on warm ceilings or where heat collects (kitchens) 2. PHOTOELECTRIC DETECTOR / LASER AIR SAMPLING - smoke triggers the alarm, smoldering stage 3. FLAME DETECTOR - ultraviolet or infrared - flame stage 4. HEAT DETECTOR - heat stage - spot-type, linear, fusible, fixed temperature (135 to 185), rate of rise (15 degrees per minute)

1. gases sources 2. remediation

1. Ozone, Carbon Dioxide 2. Carbon, charcoal, ozone filter

1. pesticides sources 2. remediation

1. agricultural activity 2. removal

1. Bacteria sources 2. remediation

1. airborne virus 2. Ultra-violet or Ceramic filter

thermal expansion of tube piping - most to least

1. plastic 2. copper / brass / bronze 3. wrought iron / cast iron / steel

1. Asbestos sources 2. remediation

1. roofing, flooring, coatings, insulation, adhesives, naturally occuring in soil 2. Disturbance, Regulated Area, respirators, decontamination area - 1989 EPA Ban was revoked - applies to friable asbestos only - removed or encapsulated - EPA banned spray on fireproofing and insulation materials in 1973

compare sensible heat & latent heat

1. sensible heat causes a change in temperature of a substance but not a state change 2. latent heat causes a change of state (ie. water to steam). The amount of heat to cause a state change is much greater than the heat required to change the temperature of the susbtance (sensible heat). ** comes and goes by state change ** latent heat is 30% of the sensible heat gain

ADA Elevator Cab dimensions

36 inch center door - 80 inch wide - 51 inch deep - 54 inch from face of door 36 inch offset door - 68 inch wide - 51 inch deep - 54 inch from face of door ** best opening size is 42 inch centered opening so two people can enter and exit at the same time

required head room above residential electric panel

6'-6"

elevator capacities

6000 lbm freight 4000 lbm large office buildings and retail 3000 lbm small & medium size buildings 2000 lbm small apartments

comfort zone

= the target operative temperature range - dry bulb: 69 to 80 - wet bulb: 48 to 68 - humidity: 20% to 70%

central plant equipment

A. boiler: recircs hot water for heating B. chiller: remove heat from recirculating water C. condenser: heat rejection, cooling tower (impact microclimate) D. energy conservation equipment: use waste - boiler fuel economizer (hot exhaust preheats incoming boiler water) - runaround coils (exhange between incoming and exhaust) - economizer cycle E. geoexchange systems F. energy storage (water tank, ice) G. air handling equipment (fan, filter,

6 measures of sound magnatude

ABSOLUTE MEASURE - sound power - sound pressure - sound intensity RATIO VALUES COMPARED TO BASELINE - sound power level - sound pressure level - sound intensity level

required luminance per task

CANDELA (or FOOT-LAMBERT) - casual: 10-20 (only outline recognition) - ordinary: 20-100 - moderate: 100-200 - difficult: 200-400 - severe: 400+

4 classes of fires (based on fuel type)

Class A - fire of ordinary combustibles - wood, paper - pressurized water - use Halon when water will damage - 1 per 3000 sf and maximum travel distance 75 feet Class B - flammable liquids and gases - smother: CO2, halon, dry chemical - foam is more expensive, easier to clean up - water is inefffective Class C - electrical - nonconductive CO2 or dry chemicals - water is OK if electricity is off Class ABC - multipurpose - ammonium phospate - leaves a hard residue Class D - combustible metals - absorbtion: dry powder, salt

define: DDC SUI HMI OPC

DDC: digital direct control, remote control for HVAC SUI: Satellite Intelligence Unit, remote control HMI: Human Machine Interface OPC: server technology, Open Connectivity

thermal drift

Drift caused by internal heating of equipment during normal operation or by changes in external ambient temperature.

illuminance (IL) vs luminance (L)

ILLUMINANCE - the amount of INCOMING light striking a surface, the incident light - the amount of water striking an area of grass - measured in FOOT CANDLES or LUX LUMINANCE - the measurement of brightness of light LEAVING a surface - the luminous flux of light leaving the surface - analygous to water from a hose - depends on reflectance and transmittance of materials - describes emission or reflection from a surface - a measure of BRIGHTNESS ** measured in FOOT LAMBERTS **

4 stages of fire

INCIPIENT - releases invisible particulate matter - no visible smoke, flame, heat - produces combustion gas ** use ionization or gas type detector ** not in kitchens, welding, exhaust fumes SMOLDERING - visible smoke ** use photoelectric sensors, projected beam, scattered light, laser beam, or air sampling FLAME STAGE - fire exists - not considered "early warning" - detects UV and infrared radiation - sprinklers operate ** use flame type detectors (sense ultraviolet and infrared) HEAT STAGE - uncontrolled heat and rapidly expanding air - the most hazardous stage ** heat activated, temperature detectors, fusible link DECAY - heat and flame production reduce, longest stage - turn off sprinklers to prevent backdraft, will cause reignition

sound insulation vs isolation vs absorption

INSULATION - reduction of sound by using absorptive materials (foam panels) ISOLATION - minimize transmission through building design - careful location of noisy equipment, use pads & dampers ABSORPTION - dissipating sound energy by converting it to heat

define: LAN WAN USB Ethernet

LAN - local area network - high data transfer rate, no leased communication lines - a signal network for computers in a small area (home, office, school) ** non-private network WAN - wide area network ** private network USB - Universal Serial Bus, connect devices to computer Ethernet - a wiring technology used in LAN

parts of human eye and their function

LENS: focuses IRIS: controls the amount of light that enters the eye by changing the size of the pupil, controls brightness RETINA: senses color, black & white

5 Levels of Commissioning

Level 1 - Design - testing specifications Level 2 - Construction - GC testing schedule Level 3 - Acceptance Testing - after install / before occupancy - substantial completion Level 4 - Integrated Systems Testing - one piece serving multiple (ie - Boiler) Level 5 - Warranty Phase - GC 1 year construction warranty - retest before expiration

ballast types

MAGNETIC - core & coil - magentic core with copper windings - obsolete HYBRID - cathode-disconnect ballasts - magnetic core-and-coil transformer with an electric switch - 60 Hz ELECTRONIC - solid-state, 20-60kHz - more expensive - more efficiencient, generate less heat, silent, no flicker, dimmable SPECIAL - low current ballast (T8 & slimline lamps) - high current ballast - energy saving - multilevel ballasts (change light levels evenly)

4 types of conduit 1. Metal Conduit 2. Flexible Metal Conduit 3. Non-metal conduit 4. Underground Conduit

METAL CONDUIT - Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC): thick walled, steel, stainless steel - Galvanized rigid conduit (GRC): galv steel - Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC): thinner walls, threaded - Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT): thinnest, not threaded, less $, NOT for hazardous, COMMERCIAL ** steel, brass, bronze for extreme corrosion FLEXIBLE METAL CONDUIT - Flexible Metallic Conduit (FMC): greenfield or flex, use anywhere except underground ** acoustic and vibration isolation (motors, transformers, ballasts) ** typical for wiring inside metal partitions - Sealtite: flex covered in plastic jacket, wet locations - Liquidtight Flexible Metal Conduit (LFMC): metallic flexible conduit covered by a waterproof plastic coating - Flexible Metallic Tubing (FMT): NOT FMC, a raceway NON-METAL CONDUIT (requires a separate ground wire) - PVC: corrosion resistant, indoor exposed, outdoor, underground - Rigid Nonmetallic Conduit (RNC): unthreaded, smooth wall - Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing (ENT): corrugated, moisture-resistant, flame retardant UNDERGROUND CONDUIT - PVC (less $, easier, more corrosion resistant) - direct bury, or encase in concrete, duct bank

steel conduit

NEC requires all power wiring be enclosed in rigid metallatic, corrosion resistant conduit - protects conductors - provides grounded metal enclosure - provides system ground path - protects against fire - supports the conductors - hot dip, sherardized (zinc dust), enameled, plastic covered 1. Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC): heavy wall steel, stainless steel 2. Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC): thinner walls, threaded 3. Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT): "thin wall", not threaded ** used in commercial and hazardous **

Considerations when selecting a system

OCCUPANCY and USE - flexible and adaptable = VAV or induction systems - simultaneous heating and cooling = multizone, dual-duct, terminal reheat - no recirculating air = fan coil, induction, dual duct SIZE - under 25 tons = direct expansion or heat pump REQUIREMENTS FOR CONTROL - individual room control = multi-zone or dual duct FUEL - fuel availablity and cost CLIMATE ZONE - hot arid = dehumidification not required (all-water), high diurnal swings (dual-duct and 4-pipe office quick response to outdoor temps) FIRE PROTECTION - fan room on each floor LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS - developer wants low initial cost (package AHU) - long term owner wants lowest cost over the lifetime (central plant)

power inverter vs. power capacitor

POWER CAPACITOR - stores energy similar to a battery - blocks DC but allows AC to pass - smooth out power supply - power flowing through a wire is analogous to water flowing through a pipe - A capacitor is like a rubber membrane sealed inside a pipe. Water molecules cannot pass through the membrane, but some water can move by stretching the membrane - current alters the charge on a capacitor POWER INVERTER - changes from DC to AC - does not produce power

sound power level (PWL) sound pressure level (SPL)

PWL: - a measure of the amount of sound generated by a source independent of it's environment SPL: - the sound in an enclosed space resulting from a source in that space, as effected by the characteristics of the space and the postition of the listener ** an end effect**

what type of glass for windows in elevator doors or hoistway doors

Per IBC 2901.4, laminated glass is required (not tempered)

best lamp type for a surgery room that can withstand interruption of the power supply choices: fluorescent, metal halide, ??

Per IEC: Backup possibility In case of interruption of the power supply, the light should be restored within 5 seconds with at least 50% of the previous lux intensity, but not less than 40 000 lux. Within 40 seconds the light should be completely restored to the original amount of lux.

ASRAE 55

Standard 55 specifies conditions for acceptable thermal environments and is intended for use in design, operation, and commissioning of buildings and other occupied spaces

Clean Air Act Title VI, Rule 608

Stratospheric Ozone Protection - establishes standards and requirements regarding the use and disposal of class I substances during the service, repair, or disposal of appliances and industrial process refrigeration - reduce use, safe disposal, recycle

surface types and sound affects

concave (domes) = FOCUS convex = DIFFUSE sound over a larger area flat = REFLECT hard, smooth reflects sound perforated = ABSORB and transmit, do not reflect

Types of Exposed Wiring - color coded insulation 1. Flexible Armored Cable AC (BX) 2. Metal Clad (MC) 3. Nonmetallic Romex (NM) 4. Nonmetallic Romex (NMC) 5. Service Entry (SE) (USE) 6. Underground Feeder (UFB)

conduit is the TUBING system to protect the wires 1. most common, bundles of cables enclosed in a steel spiral strip, best when flexibity to remodel or move fixtures 2. more applications than BX, galvanized steel sheath, copper coating, 3+ stories, more $, lower LCC, wet or dry, cable trays 3. nonmetallic jacket (plastic), no conduit, dry indoor only, res 3 stories max, permitted in wood framed construction not more than 3 stores and protected in walls 4. nonmetallic jacket, CORROSION resistant, damp ok, res 3 stories max 5. connects through exterior, can't be embedded, moisture & flame resistant coating, U for UNDERGROUND 6. underground cable for other than service runs, PVC jacket, wet, dry, corrosive, chemicals, copper, direct burial

zonal cavity method

divide space into 3 cavities: - CEILING cavity is above the fixture - FLOOR cavity is below the work plane - ROOM cavity is between work plane and light fixture - accounts for the fixture mounting height in relation to the work surface - part of the CU (connects a fixture to a space by relating the fixtures light distribution characteristic to the room size and surface reflectances)

dehumidification

enthalpy wheel with absortive dessicant

minimum flow pressure psi for typical fixtures

fire hose = 30 psi hose bibb = 30 psi toilet = 15 psi shower = 12 psi faucet = 8 psi

mounting mechanical equipment for sound control

flexible connections: - water / steam piping - electrical (FMC, Flex, Greenfield) - duct systems ** not flues - mount motors, fans, pumps on massive part of machine and install on vibration mounts or isolators - use belts or rollers in lieu of gears - use flexible hoses and wiring instead of rigid - use vibration damping material - acoustical lining - no contact between chasis and cabinet - seal openings at base of cabinet

fire triangle

heat - oxygen - fuel - FUEL = the building and contents - sprinkler water deprives HEAT - CO2/foam/chemical deprive OXYGEN

weight of gasses (per EPA) - where to place monitor? - where to vent?

lighter than air / will rise - place monitor high - hydrogen (2) - radon (10) - methane (16) - natural gas (19) ** air (29) heavier than air / will sink - place monitor low ** air (29) - argon (39) - CO2 (44) - ozone (48)

panthenon acoustics: long reverberation time or short reverberation time

long reverberation - reflective surfaces of the dome shape increase the reverberation time - larger spaces have longer RT than smaller spaces - a space with highly absorptive surfaces will absorb the sound and have a short reverberation time

evaporation

loss of latent heat

condensation

produces latent heat (rejects to the outside air)

solar heat gain through glass

q = Area x Design Cooling Load Factor

120/240-V, Single Phase, 3 wire Residential

single family residential, 10 kVA max load - load = current x voltage - load = 240V x 80A = 19200 = 19.2 kVA - 80A or 19.2 kVA max service - minimum disconnect: 100A, 2P, SN, 80AF - 2 hot wires at 120V + 1 neutral - major appliances need 240v, use both wires - watt W = (I) x V - current I = watt / volt

120-V, Single Phase, 2 Wire

smallest, isolated loads, 6 kVA max load - load = current x voltage - load = 120V x 50A = 6000 VA = 6 kVA - 60A service draws 50A max - min #8 AWG copper

amount of copper expansion

water temp : expansion in inches per 100 feet of length 100 : 1.12 120 : 1.35 140 : 1.58

preheat

ways to increase efficiency from the exhaust stream, saves $, reduces LCC 1. economizer cycle 2. heat wheel (sensible only) 3. enthalphy wheel (sensible + latent) ** compare to reheat

relationships between wet bulb and dry bulb

when WB equals DB: 1. 100% humidity 2. dew point 3. will have condensation on the wall when WB is less than DB: 1. air can hold more vapor 2. latent heat will be lost WB CANNOT be MORE than DB

NEMA ratings for switch enclosures

1: general, dry indoor use 3R: rainproof ("weatherproof"), outdoor enclosure 3S: sleetproof 4: water tight (not sleet proof) 4X: corrosion resistant 7-9: hazardous 12: industrial, indoor only, dirty environments

what is the most critical factor of visual acuity?

** CONTRAST is the most important factor of visual acuity ** (p 477) clearness of vision 1. the task 2. the lighting condition 3. the observer The Task: size, luminance (brightness), contrast, exposure time The lighting Condition illumination level, disability glare, discomfort glare The Observer health, age, adaptation level , fatigue, subjective / psychological

Single duct with Reheat Constant Volume with Reheat

** heats and cools ** better fresh air than VAV - delivers air throughout the building at constant volume and low temp - air is reheated just before it enters the room - better thermal control and fresh air than VAV - smallest distribution tree - called Terminal Reheat system when adjacent to the space - called Zone Reheat System when serving an entire zone - economizer cycle when outdoor air is cool enough - good control of temp and humidity, smaller ducts, smaller fans - combines return air + fresh air ** cools and dehumidifies the mixture (for hot humid) ** very inefficient because they simultaneously heat and cool the same zone ** highest operating cost for a large office building

6 factors of operative temperature

** the starting point of HVAC design 1. metabolic rate (activity) 2. clothing 3. air temperature 4. radiant temperature 5. air speed 6. humidity

elevator speeds

- (elevator rise)*(1.6) + 350 feet

arrange lamp types from shortest to longest lamp life

- 1,000 incadescent - 2,000 tungsten halogen - 9,000 fluorescent - 10,000 metal halide - 18,000 low pressure sodium (SOX) - 24,000 high pressure sodium (HPS) - 24,000 mecury vapor - 30,000 to 60,000 LED -100,000 Induction Lamp

elevator lobby depth

- 1.5 times the depth of the car - no less than 10 feet - standard elevator (51 inch) x (1.5) = 76.5 inch = 6.3 feet - standard elevator (54 inch) x (1.5) = 81 inch = 6.75 feet

height and spacing of outlets

- 12 inch to 18 inch AFF (15 inch typical) - 12 foot max spacing (no point is more than 6 feet from an outlet)

range of loudness

- 130 dB = pain - 120 = jet, siren, rock band - 80 = shouting - 65 = loud speech - 40-50 = normal speech - 30 = soft speech - 20 = whisper

ASHRAE Standard 62 - minimums for fresh air

- 15 CFM per person for commerical - 2 CFM per SF operable window area - Area window = 4% minimum of floor area - Aw = (SF room) * (0.04) - hospital, lab, commercial kitchen = 100% fresh air

minimum fresh air ventilation rate by ASHRAE 62

- 15 CFM per person minimum - varies by use of building

the 15/30 guideline

- 15 foot zone from the window wall can be daylit - the next 15 feet can ba part day part electric - 30 feet all electric (ideal for circulation)

120/208-V, single phase, 3-wire (small commercial)

- 2 hot wires at 120-V + 1 neutral - found within a building that does not need 3-phase/4-wire but requires voltage higher than 120-V - it is 2/3 of the full 120/208v, 3-phase, 4 wire system

sound masking

- 2 sounds perceived simultaneously - more effective when close in frequency - low frequency masks high frequency - noise control - pink noise masks noise in open office plans

geared traction elevator

- 20 stories, mid-rise, moderate speed - requires penthouse, counterweight, maintenance pit - for high capacity where speed is not as imporant (department store) - moderate LCC cost

human hearing

- 20 to 20,000 Hz - prebycusis: upper limit decreases with age - responds to sound logarithimically (not arithmatically) - the Inverse Square Law - doubling the intensity does not double the loudness

low voltage

- 24 v (120 v = line voltage)

wells

- 25 feet deep (shallow) to hundreds - 5 to 10gpm minimum yield for residential - use a pipe casing to shore

roof ponds

- 3" to 6" deep water - electricity opens the insulating panels

moving walks / ramps

- 5 degree max pitch walks - 15 degree max pitch ramps

standard wire gauge by AWG (American Wiring Gauge)

- 8 & 10: larger appliances (oven, dryer) - 10, 12, & 14: from elec panel to outlets - smaller number = thicker wire = more capacity & longer runs - 0000 (or 4/0) is largest

Class I Standpipe

- Dry Standpipe, no water - required more than 3 stories, sprink and unsprinklered - required when travel distance exceeds 200 feet - cannot be operated by occupants - fire dept uses hoses, 2.5 inch connections only - water is supplied by fire hydrant to the fire truck which acts as a pump

Unitary system

- HVAC system that pulls outside air into a serviced room through the mechanical unit - large buildings, allows for reduced duct ** use for separate utlity bills ** can be single-, multi-zone, heats and cools

lamp life (most to least)

- High pressure sodium (24,000 hours) - mercury vapor 24,000 - metal halide (10,000 to 20,000) - fluourescent (10,000 to 20,000) - incandesent (2,000 hours)

Hot Water Heater Temps

- IPC 140 for commercial kitchen/dishwasher - EPA 120 for residential showers - IPC 110 for commercial showers - IPC 105 for restaurant handwashing

reflector lamps

- R, BR, ER, PAR - reflective coating inside to allow beam focus control - flood or spot - R = soft glass interior use - PAR = hard glass, exterior use

decibel (sound intensity LEVEL)

- The decibel (dB) is one tenth of the bel (B): 1B = 10dB - a unit used to measure the intensity of a sound - a change of 6 dB is perceptible - a change of 10dB is doubling of loudness ** sound changes by 6dB by every doubling of distance**

zero refrigerants

- USGBC LEED EA7

system for individual control that is quiet, and minimal maintenance

- VAV = maximum individual control, quiet, minimal maintenance - package terminal units / fan coil units allow individual control but not as quiet or easy maintenance - single duct CAV are inexpensive to maintain, no individual control

Class II Standpipe

- Wet Standpipe - full of water, connected to pressurized municipal supply - first aid fire fighting before trucks arrive - can be used by occupants - 1.5 inch hose connections - has a gate valve (shut off valve) triggered by fire alarm - a check valve (backflow preventer) to prevent pollution

blower door nanometer flow hood duct blower

- a blower door is a fan that can be mounted in a door frame, used to pressurize or depressurize a building to measure air infiltration or leakage - a nanometer measures the pressure difference between 2 spaces - a flow hood is placed over a register or difusser to measure output - a duct blower is similar to a blower door, it is attached directly to the ductwork to measure for leakage

multizone system

- a collection of single zone systems served by a single supply fan - allows simultaneous heating and cooling - each zone has its own mixing box and t-stat - warm and cool air is delivered to the mixing box as determined by the t-stat - more ducts require more space, use for medium buildings with a central mixing box on each floor ** no longer permitted because not efficient

Storz connector

- a connection to couple hoses - no threads, slots and flanges

contactor

- a contactor is a switch - it uses MAGNETIC contact blocks of copper that are forced together to open or close the circuit - ie. a common light switch - can be remote controlled

thermistor

- a device whose electrical resistance varies with temperature

fuse

- a device with a fusible link or wire with low melting point - overload or short circuit melts the wire and opens the circuit - open circuit = deenergized - cartridge fuse: enclosed in a fiber tube - plug fuse: enclosed in a porcelain cup - Plug (T or S), Cartridge, Ferrule type, Knife Blade Types - single pole only

watershed

- a drainage basin - a roof ridge divides a roof into planes that shed water

water curtain

- a line of closely spaced sprinklers in combination with draft stops that are intended to retard the passage of fire through an opening - allowed in lieu of protected exterior openings (LABC) - increases fire rating of (e) wall in Adaptive Reuse

Chiller

- a machine that removes heat from a liquid by the refrigeration cycle - uses either a vapor compression or absorption cycle to cool - chilled water is typically distributed to heat exchangers (coils) in air handling units which cool the air in their respective space - the water is re-circulated back to the chiller to be cooled again - the chiller contains the condensor - the cooling coils transfer sensible heat and latent heat from the air to the chilled water, thus cooling and dehumidifying the air stream - condenser at the exterior of the building for heat rejection ** 4 catagories of chillers 1. reciprocating 2. centrifugal 3. screw driven 4. absorptive

Zonal Cavity Method

- a simplified method to calculate the light level in a room (footcandles) - a calculation of the LUMEN output of lamps, the number of lamps in each luminaire, and the efficiency of the luminaire based on a Coefficient of Utilization (CU) - used to determined lighting requirements of a space - upper, middle, lower cavity ratios - floor is below the work plane - ceiling: above fixture - room: between work plane and fixture FACTORS - total lumens (lumen per lamp, # of lamps) - floor area / room area - Coefficient of Utilization(CU) - maintenance factor - light loss factor, dirt accumulation - surface reflectances

indirect water heater

- a transfer medium to heat the water - steam from a boiler passes through coils in the tank

duct noise reduction

- absorptive lining (fiberglass board, NOT fleecy) - reduce turbulence - increase smooth laminar flow - reduce sharp bends - smooth transitions, large radiuses - baffles, honeycomb, sinusoid silencer duct liners: - lined supply and return to control fan noise - counteract fan noise with 90 degree bends (reduces efficiency) - minmimizes cross talk - reduces air flow turning vanes - smooth transitions, reduces turbulence - do not oversize ducts mufflers & silences: - reduce HIGH FREQUENCY fan noise - not effective for low frequency baffles: - reduces air flow - reduce fan noise but extreme pressure drop damping material - adhered to outside of ducts to reduce cross talk - prevents the thin walls from resonating active noise cancelling - LOW FREQUENCY - does not reduce air flow

noise criteria (NC)

- acceptable background noise - higher in public spaces - lower in bedrooms - use Noise Criteria curves to determine the maximum level of background noise for a space

circuit breaker

- acts like a switch - protects circuit from overload or short circuit - detects a fault condition and interrupt current flow - sized by amps of current (I) per NEC - operates as a fuse enclosed in a plastic case - manually switched, visual indicator

shade tint hue chroma

- add black (becomes darker)(less brilliant) - add white (becomes lighter)(more brilliant) - the color (red, blue, yellow) - the saturation, vividness

decible levels

- add logarithmically - subtract the difference, then add a factor to the larger dB per a chart 69-65 = 4 dB 69 + 1.5 = 71.5 dB combined

room criteria curves (RC)

- adresses the shortcomings of noise criteria curve (NC) - adopted by ASHREA in lieu of NC curves - acceptability of background mechanical noise

absorptive noise control

- affects noise only within that room - does not affect adjoining spaces

radiant panels with supplementary air

- air and water system - radiant panels in ceiling - fan blows air over chilled water pipes - concrete core system: plastic tubes imbedded in slab - ceiling panel system: alum, highest percentage of heat to ceiling - capillary tubes: grid of tubes imbedded in plaster

Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

- air terminal is below window - a small terminal unit that is often composed of only a blower and a heating and/or cooling coil (heat exchanger) ** use in hotels, condominiums, or apartments

Fan-Coil with Supplementary Air

- air terminal is below window - fan coil moves the room air and heats/cools - supplementary centrally conditioned, tempered fresh air is brought in at constant volume - fan coil moves the air over the heating/cooling coil - temp is controlled by regulating the amount of water flowing - efficient = high initial, LOW LCC - can heat, cool, and ventilate ** use in hospitals because return air is NOT recirculated, 100% exhaust

Induction system

- air terminal is below window - high velocity, high pressure, constant volume air is joined with secondary room air - room air is induced to join incoming jet of treated air - passes over coils to heat or cool - tstat controls flow of water or flow of secondary air - very little centrally treated air

energy

- aka: work energy (work) = (power) * (time) = kWh

microclimate

- albedo and conductivity - albedo is the fraction of the radiant energy received on the surface that is reflected - surfaces with low albedo absorb radiant energy (grass, wood, dark) - conductivity is heat flow through it

rank the size of distribution trees of different HVAC systems

- all air (largest) - air and water water - all water (smallest with local control of fresh air)

fan powered VAV system

- allows individual units to heat when the main supply is cooling - best for perimeter zones

spectrally selective glazing

- allows visible transmittance (VT) while blocking heat transmission

cross ventilation

- alot of fresh air - indoor temp is higher than outdoor temp - equal or greater number of outlet openings

stack ventilation

- alot of fresh air - indoor temp is higher than outdoor temp - equal or greater number of outlet openings

service switch

- also called "service disconnect" - the purpose of the switch is to disconnect service to the building - deenergize during a fire - locate near where the service conductors enter the building - easy access

interceptor

- also: a separator - filters and collects waste at the source before going to the waste stack - grease (kitchen), toxins (lab), industrial

LED

- ambient - directional - close spacing - narrow throw - overheat, burn out in hot temps, built in vent, run a duct to vent

short circuit

- an accidental connection between Phase and Neutral - shortens the circuit - there is no resistance in branch, so the current rises to a high level - circuits are protected by a fuse or a breaker which deenergizes the circuit - if not protected, high current will cause fire

substation

- an assembly of switchgear, transformer and meter

centrifugal pump

- an impeller on a rotating shaft - turbine pump - submersible pump (motor and turbine can be submerged)

gutter and downspout sizing

- annual rainfall, projected area of TOTAL roof = gutter diameter - annual rainfall, projected area of HALF roof = downspout diameter ** two downspouts per gutter ** gutter slope 1/16 inch to 1/2 inch per foot

inverse square law

- applies to sound and light - doubling the distance cuts intensity to 25% ** applies to sound intensity (I) in watts per square meter ** does not apply to sound intensity level (IL) which is measured in decibles

lamp shapes

- arbitrary (standard) (A) - pear shape straight neck - pear shape - straight - globe (G) - tubular (T) - parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR) - reflector (R) - elipticla reflector (ER) - mini reflector (MR)

harmonic currents or voltages

- are a result of non-linear electric loads - a rectifier (converts AC to DC)

aluminum conductors

- are larger than copper for same amperage (less efficient) - special requirements for licensed contractor - leads have to be cleaned before install to prevent oxidation

fluorescent

- argon and low pressure mercury - mercury + PCBS, minimal, bluish - phospor coating transforms UV radiation to visibile light - low ceiling - ambient / general lighting - don't perform outdoors (lumens lost) - pathway lighting - efficient, low initial cost, long life - preheat lamp with a starter (obsolete) - replaced by rapi- start - high output (HO), very high output (VHO) used in cold environment - instant-start (high voltage lamp start reduces lamp life)

busway (busduct)

- assembly of copper bus bars in a metal housing - vertical electrical chase - carries copper bus bars - carries large amounts of current (power) - when necessary to tap onto an electricl power conductor at frequent intervals along its length (high rise building) - can be ventilated busduct for heat

define sound

- audible pressure variation - only the source and the path can be modified by architecture - perception of sound is not an architectural problem - sounds travels slower than light - 1130 fps

neural networks

- automatic building controls that are capable of "learning" - ie. the Nest

load control

- avoid peak demand electrical charges by shutting off nonessential loads - to minimize electrical operating costs

generator

- back-up electrical system that operates automatically - converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

biological contaminants in water

- bacteria, virus, protozoa, coliform from human/animal waster - treat with chlorine

theater design / acoustics

- balance reverb and absorption - absorb (1): walls, floors, seats (open weave fabric) - reflect (0): ceiling - NC level (for HVAC) 20 to 35 max - splayed surfaces to prevent flutter echoes - faceted ceiling to disperse sound ** materials with high NRC, have low STC

gaseous lamps (ballast & inert gas)

- ballast causes flicker - fluorescent (mercury + PCBS, minimal), bluish - mercury (hazmat), bluish (3500k), HID - metal halide, bluish (3000 - 5000k), HID - high pressure & low pressure sodium, redish-yellow, HID

catchment area

- base of population within a geographical region - primary market - tied to economic feasibility - to determine if the catchment area can support the development - boundaries are determined by availability of transportation - # of people, income, distance

brightness ratio

- between task and surroundings - 1: 1/3

soil stack

- black water (toilet, urinal, shower) - vertical pipe connects to branch lines

color temp (kelvin)

- blue sky = 10,000-25,000 - cool north light = 8,000 - cool daylight / overcast = 6500K - cool white = 4,500 - metal halide and mercury vapor (3000 - 5000) - cool standard fluorescent 3,000 - 4,200 (3,500 K) - incandescent / tungsten (3000) - HPS (2100) - LPS (1750) - candle flame (1700)

odors

- body, perfume, food, cleaning, outgassing, copy machines, smoking - CO2 concentration is proportional to human concentration - FILTER with charcoal and INCREASE VENTILATION

types of wells

- bored wells (100 feet deep) - driven wells (least expensive) - jetted wells (use pressurized water) - drilled wells (hydraulic or pneumatic)

flutter

- buzzing or clicking caused by repeated echoes bouncing between 2 nonabsorbing parallel surfaces - ie. between shallow dome and hard, flat floor - change the shape of the reflectors, change to be non-parallel, or add absorption

lumen method (alternate to Zonal Cavity Method)

- calc to determine footcandles on the working plane footcandles (or lux) = lumens / area SF illuminance E = footcandles = lamp lumens x CU / area SF

water hardness

- calcium and magnesium salts - clog pipes, boiler corrosion, inhibits soaps - soften with zeolite (sodium ions) (ion exchanger) - water softners have to be recharged with a brine solution

types of photovoltaic cells

- can be crystalline, polycrystalline, or thin-film - NOT transparent

dual-condensor chillers

- can choose to reject heat to a cooling tower or to building heating via heat recovery condensor - a heat rejection condensor and heat recovery condenser

ice storage tank

- can store more energy than water - latent heat of fusion

luminous intensity

- candela (cp) - analogous to voltage in an electrical system - the force that generates light we see

color in water

- caused by organic matter, inorganic salts, dissolved gases - caused by iron and manganese - fine filtration or chlorine, or ozonation

odor in water

- caused by organic matter, inorganic salts, dissolved gases - filter through activated carbon

irritants

- caused by particulates and gas dispersoids - outgassing VOCs (formaldehyde, CFCs) - Ozone from copy machines, high-voltage electrical equip, ion air cleaners - INCREASE VENTILATION and particulate filters

sound pressure

- caused by the acoustic output being influenced by the environment between the source and the receiver - Pascals (Pa)

auditorium design

- ceiling and side walls distribute sound to the audience - combination of absortive and reflective surfaces - fully upholstered seats with open weave (for music) - add curtains at the back and side walls (for lectures) - add absorption to the cieling for movies ** adjustable treatments allow flexibility **

toxic particulates (asbestos)

- cement, vinyl floor tile, spray-on insulation - NOT filter or ventilation - remove or encapsulate

elevator safety mechanisms

- centrifugal govenor - excessive speed, sets brakes and shut off power - if does not stop, rail clamps engage to bring to smooth stop - final limit switches are activated if the elevator overruns the safe limit travel up or down - buffers installed in elev pit to cushion (cannot stop a falling car)

doppler effect

- change in FREQUENCY of a sound wave due to distance from the source

ceiling raceways

- cheaper and more flexible than floor systems - fast install

duct work efficiency

- cirular is more efficient than rectangular - reduce friction (turning vanes) - increased velocity = increased friction = noise high = 2,500 fpm medium = 2,200 to 2,500 fpm low = 1,000 to 2,200 fpm

switch (electrical switching device)

- closes and opens a circuit by physically moving electrical conductors into contact - breaks the circuit by interupting current - switches are rated by current, voltage, duty, poles, throw, fusibility, and enclosure - a switch is single single throw UNO - neutral cannot be broken per NEC (solid neutral)

sound absorption

- coefficient of sound absorption - materials partially absorb and partially reflect - coefficient of 1 = 100% absorption - coefficient 0 = 100% reflection

cold vs hot lightning bolts

- cold: shatter and kill but not ignite - hot: ignites flammables

Class III Standpipe

- combination - for first aid and full-scale fire fighting - both 1.5 inch and 2.5 inch connections - required when 30 feet taller than fire department access - supply water to sprinkler system

flashover

- combustion - fire gases reaching their ignition temperatures, causing the entire area's contents to become suddenly engulfed in fire, greatly increasing the temperature of the fire

Color Rendition Index (CRI)

- comparison to natural sunlight - 0 to 100, 85+ is very good - high CRI = for color critical (halogen & incandesent) - low CRI = high & low sodium high to low: - incandescent (excellent) - tungsten halogen (excellent) - fluor (very good) - metal halide (good) - mecury vapor (fair) - HPS (poor) - LPS (poorest)

passive fire protection (PFP)

- compartmentalize = containment - fire-resistant walls, floors, doors, fire stops, dampers, coatings - no electric activation (except fire doors, fire dampers, intumescents) - resistance rating in hours - delay structural collapse by creating a layer of char between the steel and fire

harmonic currents

- computers and ballasts - the neutral conductor must be counted as one of the 3 allowable conductors in a conduit before ampacity must be derated - linear vs. nonlinear loads - causes sharp increase in currents - increases the current in the neutral conductor (overheating the neutral)

focusing

- concave domes, vaults, or walls focus reflected sound into certain areas of the room - creates hot spots and dead zones - add absortion to the dome to eliminate focusing

hydrozone

- concept of landscaping - zoning landscape plant types by water needs - exotics: where water is plentiful

compartmentation

- contain fire and limit spread - separate occupancies, area limitations, exiting requirements, rated assemblies - concealed spaces (over suspended ceilings, pipe chase, raised floor) (use fire detection) - fire stops / fire walls around concealed spaces

smoke control

- control natural convection, stack effect pulls vertically, HVAC - confine smoke by excluding in refuge areas - curtain boards suspended from ceiling trap hot air and smoke - dampers, gaskets, auto-close, smoke barriers, curtain board slows the spread of smoke - dilution with 100% outside air - exhaust - active pressurization - negative pressure in fire zone: no supply or return, 100% exhaust to outside, balloon effect - positive pressure in refuge zone: no exhaust or return, 100% supply - pressurized stairs and vestibules to protect egress, wheelchair area of refuge, standpipes (smoke tower, smokeproof enclosure)

irrigation system

- controlled by DDC (direct digital control) - uses solenoid valves to control timers - zone area for different amounts of water delivery - tensiometer detects moisture in soil/air - every zone gets a tensiometer to override DDC

transient voltage surge suppression (TVSS)

- controls transient spikes, surges

earth tubes

- cool outdoor air before it enters the building - very deep and long - not economical

bus bar

- copper plate - conducts electricity within a distribution board (aka: panel) - fed by service entry or undergroud feeder - grounded by grounding plate and grounding rod - has multiple 20A circuits that connect to outlets

parts of the human eye

- cornea: light enters, clear outer lens - lens: focuses light - iris/pupil: controls the amount of light design for aging eyes is contrary to energy efficiency (frequent replacement of luminares, indirect lighting, low color temperature to filter out blue-green light)

cast iron for sanitary wastes lines in nonresidential

- corrosion resistant, abbrasion resistant, muffles sound, quick to install - ABS for ** residential drainage - PVC can be used for sanitary, not exterior, noise is an issue - copper for SUPPLY lines

2 classifications of electric light sources

- creates light from heat (incandescent, tungsten-halogen) - create light from gaseous discharge (fluor, mercury, sodium)

PV cells

- crystalline is best power generator - polycrystalline, less power, less cost - amorphous (thin film), least power, can be applied to other building materials

amp

- current (I) - the flow of electic charge - moving electrons in a wire

Ohms Law

- current I is directly proportional to the voltage V - current is inversely proportional to the resistance R - I = V/R - V = IR **DC current = I = Volts/Resistance **AC current = I = Volts/Impedance

alternating current (AC)

- current periodically reverses direction, a wave form (sine wave) - amplitude = frequency of 60Hz - electromagnetic inductance - when a conductor is moved in a magnetic field, a voltage is induced ** converts mechanical energy (movement) to electrical energy** - produced by an AC generator, called an alternator

water softening

- demineralization - removal of calcium and magnesium deposits - ion exchange - reverse osmosis - electrodialysis

bioloical contaminants bacteria, fungi, virus, dust, insects

- design and mainetenance of HVAC systems - Ultra-violet or Ceramic filter

types of thermal mass materials

- direct gain (water, masonry) - phase-change (eutectic salts) - indirect gain sunspace (rock beds) - roof ponds (for cooling in climates w/o snow)

absorption refrigeration cycle

- distilled water is the refrigerant - lithium bromide is the absorber - less efficient than the compression cycle - needs more heat rejection

double pole

- double pole switches are used to switch receptacles and appliances using 240Vcircuits

absorptive surfacing

- doubling = 3 dB reduction - tripling = 5 dB reduction - absorbtive coeff should be 0.2 to 0.5 - small holes render useless - in large rooms, ceiling treatment is more effective than wall treatments

preaction system

- dry pipe system - wait time for gate valve to open - mechanically actuated or manual - for areas sensitive to water damage or falsa alarm - museum, computer room, server room, dorms ** use Halon fire extinguisher in these areas

electric

- easy to install, low initial cost, simple operation, easy to control, flexible zoning - NORTHWEST - no storage, no exhaust flues, no supply air - expensive - 3413 Btu/kW - 95-100% efficient

reverberation

- echo - persistance of sound after the sound source has ceased - repeated reflections - reverberation time = the time required for a sound to decrease 60dB after the sound source has stopped - low absorption = sounds LIVE - relative to room proportions L:W:H - 2:1.5:1

echoes

- echoes are undesirable - speech is unitelligible - music is mushy - echoes are produced by the back wall and by the ceiling above the proscenium - add a panel to reflect sound back farther - add a panel to reduce back wall size - add absorption to the back wall

volt

- electromotive force (V) - analagous to water pressure - voltage is the product of current and resistance - V = IR

electronic ballasts vs conventional ballasts for fluorescent lighting

- electronic reduces humming and flickering - can be operated at a wider temp range - elec ballast is smaller, lighter, more energy efficient ** existing ballasts can be retrofitted ** can be dimmed

drip irrigation

- emits water - low pressure - spread out to serve a larger area ** micro irrigation delivers water to a single source (ie. a potted plant)

noise criteria curves (NC)

- establishes acceptable nonintentional and unintelligible background noise levels

passive cooling strategies

- evaporative cooling - earth shelter - rammed earth - roof ponds (evaporation) - down wind roof pond (prevents evaporation, provides a wind break, "quiet zone" (no wind) to cover ponf - roof garden / green roof (intensive v. extensive)

sound absorptive materials

- fibrous materials (pourous) - panel resonators - volume resonators - high absorptive/non-reflective = sounds DEAD ** absorb sound by changing sound energy into heat energy **

occupant behavior

- fire codes derived from panic behavior - detect cues - evaluate seriousness - coping behavior (fight or flight) (clear exit path)

siamese connector

- fire department connection at building exterior ground level - serve both sprinklers and standpipes - allows the connection of multiple hoses ** a check valve prevent backflow during fire-department pumper connection ** - a threaded cap (brass-to-brass) - a fiberglass or plastic cover can be broken for use

fire hydrant

- fire plug - connected to municipal water supply - fire truck connects to hydrant and acts as a pump to increase the water pressure - full on or full off (no pressure regulator at the hydrant) - NFPA recommend hydrants be colored chrome yellow

mercury vapor lamps

- first HID, now obsolete, UV radiation hazard - replaced by metal halide for better CRI and efficacy - low CRI (15-55) - high pressure mercury in a quartz tube - blue-green light requires color correction - LONG lamp life 24,000 hours - long time to start - street lights, parking lots, gyms 10'-0" AFF - only for non-color sensitive

direct current (DC)

- flow is constant and in the same direction - current flows in ONE direction, a straight line - batteries, solar cells, elevators, low voltage - more stable ** converts electrical energy to mechanical energy**

determinants of pipe size

- flow rate - pressure loss due to friction - smaller pipe diameter = more friction - greater flow rate = more friction - velocity 10 ft/sec is too noisy - velocity 6 ft/sec

gaseous discharge lamps

- fluorescent & HID (mecury vapor, metal halide, high-pressure sodium) - create light by producing an ionized gas instead of heating a filament - longer life, higher efficacy

sizing cooling system

- for an older home 1 ton for 500 sf - new home 1 ton for 1000 sf

describe the process of COMPRESSIVE refrigeration and decribe the 3 basic components (aka: compact refrigeration)

- for cooling only - the transfer of heat due to a STATE CHANGE of a refrigerant - refrigerant as gas is compressed to high pressure vapor - condensed to a liquid and RELEASES latent heat - the same liquid expands and vaporizes; ABSORBS latent heat 1. compressor: compresses refrigerant gas to a high pressure vapor, has an electrical motor which increases $ and adds life cycle cost 2. condensor: vapor passes through condensor coils where latent heat is released, exhaust heat to exterior away from the building ** the condensor is the HOT side, HIGH pressure, latent heat RELEASED 3. evaporator: the refrigerant flows out of the condensor, through an expansion valve which depressurizes the liquid refrigerant back into gas. The vapor passes through evaporator coil where it is released into the building for cooling. ** the evaporator is the COOL side, LOW pressure, GAS (vapor) ** latent heat ABSORBED

Load Collector Ratio (LCR)

- for evaluation of passive solar performance - to estimate $ savings achieved with passive solar strategies - heating load divided by the area of the collector

Variable Air Volume system (VAV)

- for larger buildings, zoned, for flexibility (office buildings, retail) - adjusts the volume of air instead of the temperature of the air - each zone has a t-stat/damper that varies the volume of air - dampers close off supply, reduced CFM, variable amount of fresh air ** serves hot climate, internal-load dominates (offices) ** not for cold climate, skin dominated buildings ** cannot simultaneously heat and cool different zones ** poor fresh air intake

cistern

- for storm water collection - rain harvesting gray water for toilets or irrigation

fiber optics

- for telecom industry - smaller and lighter than copper, can carry more information - telephones, cable, LAN - transmits throughlight pulses - a core + several layers of claddings - straight line or zig zag

pipe hangers

- for vibration, noise, expansion - required at turns and junctions - spacing is determined by pipe size - clevis hanger - strap hanger - trapeze hanger

mechanical space requirements

- forced air and air-water : 3% to 9% of gross - all-water: 1% to 3% of gross - boiler and chiller room = 2x the length of the equipment - 12 to 18 feet tall

indoor air pollution

- formaldehyde, CO2, methanol - worsened by supertight building with low natural ventilation 1. limit pollution at the source 2. isolate unavoidable sources 3. provide adequate fresh, filtered air (flush mode, building commissioning) 4. building maintenance

reach range

- forward reach / side reach = 15 inch to 48 inch - 20 inch deep obstruction = 48 inch max - 24 inch deep obstruction = 44 inch max - 10 inch obstruction side reach = 48 inch - 24 inch obstruction side reach = 46 inch

gray water

- from lavs, roof drains, swales - recycled water from site drainage - no human waste (NOT effluent) - can be used for flushing and irrigation

outlet & device boxes

- galvanized sheet metal - nonmetal boxes can be used with NM and NMC conduit - use cast iron or cast aluminum for outdoor/wet locations

required locations of GFCI receptacles

- garage - shed - basement - crawlspace - exterior - bathroom, kitchen (wet)

single pole

- general purpose for light switches - on & off - standard 120V

passive heating strategies

- geothermal heat pump - stack effect - trombe wall (when view is not a concern) - vented trombe wall (convection)

veiling reflections

- glare caused by the image of a light source being reflected from a viewing surface intp the eye - reduces contrast and reduces visibility - a bright veil spread over the the object - reduce by providing general ambient lighting - ie. veiling reflections when you have to tilt a shiny magazine to avoid glare - a problem in offices for writing and reading

sunpath projection methods

- gnomonic sundials and sunpeg chart - equidistant: sun chart, horizontal polar - rectilinear: vertical cylindrical - stereographic: circular, equal spacing

low-e glass

- good for NE cold climate - allows both visible and near infrared to be transmitted - prevents long wave radiation (heat) from escaping

sanitary sewer

- gravity fed, not pressurized, human waste, black water has to be treated

storm sewer

- gravity fed, not pressurized, runoff only, not treated

waste stack

- gray water (no human waste) - dishwasher does not connect directly, it drains to sink first - vertical pipe connects to branch lines

shading elements

- greek portico - japanese engawa - brise-soleil - FLW deep overhangs - plantation veranda - loggia, colonnades, porches, galleries, arcades

grounding ground fault interupter

- ground = a wire in addition to hot and neutral, prevents shock, provides a path for the fault - GFI = ground fault interrupter, kitchen (48 inch FF), cuts off power - GFCI = ground fault CIRCUIT interrupter, monitors the current flowing from hot to neutral. If there is any imbalance, it trips the circuit

halon

- halogenated hydrocarbon, Halon 1301 - a gas stored as a liquid - a gas with flame-extinguishing capabilities - won't harm contents with water - ozone depletion - replaced by mists, foams, inerting gases, and clean agents - protect a building's contents rather than the structure

Air Handling Unit (AHU)

- heart of HVAC - blowers, fans, filters, cooling coil - heats, cools, dehumidifies, filters, supplies fresh air, exhausts to exterior - can be Central AHU, Unitary AHU, Furnace AHU, Package AHU

all water systems

- heat and cool only, no air quality control - no filter or dehumidifier ** temperature only

enthalpy wheel

- heat transfer wheel that transfers sensible + LATENT heat - aluminum wheel with a coating that allows aborption and release of humidity - allows for drying or humidifaction of the supply stream - dessicant dehumidifier

air and water system

- heating and cooling by water trees - central air provides filtering, humidity control, and fresh air - temp is controlled by regulating the amount of water flowing - use where return air cannot be recirculated (labs, hospitals) - heating OR cooling is a 2-pipe system - heating AND cooling is a 4-pipe system - serves perimeter zones of large building - boiler, chiller, 100% outdoor fresh air ** can be expanded easily by extending pipe runs ** 100% outside air = makeup air unit (MAU)

roof characteristics

- high albedo + high emittance resists solar heat gain the best - reduce heat island - T-EPDM is best - Hypalon is second best - white concrete tile

early suppression fast response sprinklers (ESFR)

- high fires - high velocity droplets

induction lamp

- high frequency generator produces high frequency current which circulates on the coil in the power coupler - ionizes mercury vapor inside the glass which produces UV radiation - gas is ionized by an induction coil - 80+ CRI -100,000 hours

gearless traction elevator

- high rise, high speed - requires penthouse, counterweight, maintenance pit - office tower, apartment building - highest LCC (more motors)

primary voltages

- high voltage served to the building - 2400, 4160, 7200, 12470, 13200

high pressure sodium (HPS)

- highest efficacy HID, poorest CRI - standard HPS, color corrected HPS, white HPS - no UV radiation, do not rupture - requires high voltage ignition - redish-yellow - exterior: general site lighting, private roads, parking lots - needs to be supplemented by instant-on emergency lighting - interior: storage warehouse, barns - higher CRI than low pressure sodium - 2100 Kelvin

house sewer (building sewer)

- horizontal drain at the bottom - at 3 feet beyond the building line to sewer main

3 grades of wiring devices

- hospital grade (green dot) - federal specification grade (industrial & commercial spec grade) - UL general purpose grade (residential grade) - devices that operate at line voltage (120, 208, 240, 480)

design day

- hotter or cooler than 98% of other days - size of system will handle 98% of the conditions

Sound Transmission Class (STC)

- how well a building partition attenuates sound (range 25 - 60) - code minimum per IBC = 50 - the decible reduction in noise - interior partitions, ceilings/floors, doors, windows and exterior wall - used for sound isolation between spaces - depends on width of cavity, stud and screw spacing - 1 sheet of 1/2″ drywall on both sides of wood stud = STC 33 - add insulation = 39 - double drywall = 45 - STC 45 loud speech not audible - STC 50 loud instruments/stereo not audible - STC 60 superior soundproofing, most sounds inaudible - techniques: separation/isolation, air cavity, high mass concrete & CMU - berm or outdoor wall = STC 15 - conifers 100' = STC 5 - steel doors = +/- 50 STC - operable partitions = +/- 40 STC - 1/2" insulated glass = 28 STC - 3/4" insulated glass = 30 STC ** materials with HIGH STC, have LOW NRC

Life cycle costs

- include Design fees, Salvage value, Repair costs ** not land costs

active fire protection

- includes manual or automatic fire detection and fire suppression - requires electric or electronic activation or a degree of motion

5 types of lighting systems

- indirect: 90% directed to the ceiling, 12" to 18" from the ceiling, inefficient, no glare, pleasant - semi-indirect: 60% to 90% to the ceiling, low glare, low efficiency - direct-indirect / general-diffuse: 50% to the ceiling, light in all directions - semi-direct: 60% to 90% to the work plane, ceiling reflectance not less than 70% - direct: all downward, sharp shadows, theatrical, highlights

carbon dioxide

- inerting gas - extinguishes fires of flammable gas and liquid - extinguishes by displacing oxygen - cools by absorbing combustion energy - concentration is too high for human

Building Commissioning

- inspecting, testing, starting up & adjusting building systems (HVAC, hot water, lighting) - test that they are performing as designed - expanded version of traditional testing, adjusting and balancing (TAB) - evaluate consumption to minimize waste - begins in design phase, Owner hires a Commissioning Agent CxA - construction phase is most critical when systems are started up - should continue for 1 year after occupancy - Architect can CxA for add service (B101) - GC is responsible for testing

pressure reducer valve (pressure regulator)

- install at the hand hold when supply pressure is too high for fixture

intensity of sound (I) vs. intensity level (IL)

- intensity of sound (I) is measured in watts per cm2 - intensity is inversly proportional to the square of the distance - intensity level measured in dB - double the distance reduces by 6 dB

SEER seasonal energy efficiency ratio

- jan 2006 - all residential air conditioning - 13 minimum

disinfection

- kills microorganisms in water that cause disease - prevents regrowth - chlorine, nanofiltration, UV radiation, ozone, heat, etc

277/480V, 3-phase, 4-wire (large commercial)

- large multi-story office, large industrial - mostly fluorescent or HID lighting, and 120V load does not exceed more than 33% of total load - 277V for lighting, 480V for machinery - 3 hots + 1 neutral - Neutral connects to center of 3-phase transformer - 277V light fixtures use 1 hot + 1 neutral - 480V, 3-phase motor uses 3 hots - requires additional dry, step-down transformers to step down from 480 for 120V loads - single phase transformer uses 2 hots to step down to 120/20V, single phase, 3-wire (receptacles, computers) - 3-phase transformer uses 3 hots to step down to 120/240V, 3-phase, 4-wire (3-phase motor or single phase heater) ** smaller feeder, smaller conduit, smaller switchgear offset cost of additional transformers

all-air systems

- larger buildings - large distribution trees - use high velocity to increase efficiency and reduce duct size - more friction and more noise ** regulate IAQ (temp & humidity) - negative pressure for control of smoke, dust, odor (kitchen) configurations: - single zone - single duct VAV - fan powered VAV - multizone - single duct with reheat - double duct

schmutzdecke

- layer of biological slime on top of sand filter - washed off or replace sand layer

intumescent fire protection

- layer of paint on the structural steel - bubbles seal cracks - delays structural collapse by creating a layer of char between the steel and fire ** passive fire protection (PFP)

dead vs live space

- live = long reverb for MUSIC (opera house, pipe organ) - dead = short reverb for spoken word (poetry, lecture hall)

parallel circuit

- loads are placed in parallel - voltage is consistant; current varies at each load - 2 or more branches - parallel is the standard arrangement in buildings

auxiliary fire alarm system

- local system with direct connection to municipal fire - schools, government offices, museums

locating boiler and chiller rooms

- located next to each other or in the same room - at least one exterior wall for ventilation - ceiling height at least 12 feet - long and narrow is better than square - better on ground floor but not required - noisy

wavelength of sound

- low frequency = long wave - high frequency = short wave - speech = 300 to 4000 Hz - male voice 500Hz - femail voice 900 Hz - people are more sensitive to high and medium - general range is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz - speech is 125 Hz to 8000 Hz

Induction Lamps

- low pressure mercury vapor - the gas is ionized by an induction coil (not an electron stream) - 100,000 hours - instantenous restrike time - good for public areas

secondary voltages

- low voltage distributed within the building - 120, 208, 240, 277, 480

aluminum conduit

- low weight, less than EMT (lower labor) - more expensive material cost than steel - better corrosion resistance - less voltage drop ** will damage concrete

switching configurations to optimize daylighting where to use dimming? where to use switches?

- manual switching is not effective - one control point per 450 SF (or fraction of) - 15/30 guideline - automatic dimming and establish zones - dimming is effective in the perimeter zones that receive enough natural daylight (south, east and west) - north exposure perimeter is very narrow - determine the maximum room depth that receives at least half of it's light from daylight

vapor retarder

- materials with low permeance - reduce the flow of water vapor - place on the warm side - heat flows from the hotter to the colder (carries moisture) - stop the flow of water vapor before the vapor can come in contact with its dew point temperature within the assembly (before it condenses and causes mold) - also acts as air barrier

escalator (critical dimensions)

- max run = (1.7) * rise - rise maximum 30 degree pitch - 100 fpm - efficient, heavy traffic, 5-6 floors max - not accepted as a required exit - min vertical clearance 7 feet - treads = 16 inch deep - risers = 8 inch high - typical widths nomimal:actual 32 inch : 24 inch 40 inch : 32 inch 48 inch : 40 inch

underfloor raceway

- maximizes flexibility - underfloor steel ducts cast into conc floor - cellular metal floors is metal decking used for conduits - under-carpet wire, thin, flat, 120V, voice and data, carpet tile

intensity level (IL)

- measured in decibles (dB) - doubling the distance reduces intensity level (IL) by 6dB

duct leakage test

- measures the airtightness of forced air HVAC ductwork - 3 components: a calibrated fan, a register sealing system and a device to measure fan flow and building pressure - Air Flow CFM25 - Leakage Area (cumulative size of holes) - Duct Leakage to Outside - Blower Door Subtraction (total amount of leakage) ** a blower door is a fan that can be mounted in a door frame, used to pressurize or depressurize a building to measure air infiltration or leakage - Pressure Pan Test

pH level of water

- measures the level of hydrogen - 0 to 7 = acidic, corrosive, rust (add a neutralizer) - 5.5 = acid rain - 7 = potable (6.5 to 8.5 per EPA) - 7 to 14 = alkaline (carbonate, bicarbonate, or hydroxide) - use pH level to determine treatment for corrosion, chemicals, disinfection

deluge system

- mechanically activated - zoned - high hazard

underground service

- more attractive, more reliable, long life - expensive - direct burial without raceway reduces cost

daylighting design

- more energy efficient, improved behavior - provide sufficient light while minimzing glare and heat - orientation: elongated to maximum north-south facade exposure - form: 15 feet deep can be completely daylight, 15 to 30 feet can be partially day & electric lit, more than 30 feet is all electric

sound transmission

- more rigid structure transfers sound more easily - rigid, airtight connections provide an excellent path for structure-borne sound

wet-pipe system

- most common - immediate response triggered by heat - automatic sprinkler - in protectected area

squirrel-cage induction motor

- most common in building equipment - invented by Nikola Tesla - Type B (standard fans, blowers, pumps) - an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field

copper plumbing pipes

- most common, corrosion resistant, supply to fixtures - joints are soldered - expands in length only, need expansion joints - 3 types Type K - green: - thickest walls, strongest - strength lengths, hard temper - coils, soft temper - underground supply Type L - blue: - strength lengths, hard temper - coils, soft temper - the majority of building plumbing Type M - red: - thinnest walls, weakest - straigt lengths only - low pressure ONLY, chilled water systems, exposed lines, drainage Type DWV - yellow: - only non-pressurized drainage, waste, or vent

branch circuit design

- multi outlet (lighting, appliance, or receptacle) (50A max) - multi appliance - single item (dedicated) refrig, microw - separate lighting, receptacles, appliances (best practice, not code) - general purpose 20A with #12 AWG - max receptacle load for general lighting is 3 V-A per SF - assume 1.5A per outlet - 6 outlets on a 15A circuit - 8 outlets on a 20A circuit - (2) 20A appliance circuits to supply kitchen & dining - installed appliances (dishwasher, disposal) cannot be circuited to general appliance circuit - kitchen countertop outlets are wired by at lease 2 circuits

septic system

- no sewer, septic tank - requires percolation test by Geotech, hired by owner - solid settles to the bottom, has to be pumped out - liquid effluent flows to distribution box - four ways to drain to soil: 1. leach field, cannot build (methane and feces), requires low water table 2. drywell and seepage pit requires low water table 3. recharge leachfield, for phytoremediation, makes compost 4. mounded leach field if soil is not absorptive enough ** use SAND FILTERS if high water table or water body nearby, completely closed so not contaminating soil, raised vents for methane, raised maintenance vent for cleanout, number of filters depends on volume

equivalent spherical illumination (ESI)

- optimum lighting, uniform - all shadows and bright spots eliminated - no veiling reflections (glare free)

parts of the ear

- outer ear - middle ear (eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup) - stirrup is a piston - inner ear (fluid, hair movement in the cochlea)

escalator formation

- parallel stacked (going to work, business, civic center) - parallel linear (subway, airport) - parallel walkaround (meander, museum, shopping) - scissor stacked (2-directional) - scissor walkaraound (2-directional)

automatic transfer switch (ATS)

- part of emergency and stand-by power - 3 pole, double throw - automatically transfers to emergency power service

direct contact water heater

- passes hot gas directly through water - expensive - best for constant demand for hot water (laundry, food processing, industrial)

fire dampers

- passive fire protection products used in HVAC ducts to prevent the spread of fire inside the ductwork through fire-resistance rated walls and floors - held open by fusible links

smoke damper

- passive fire protection products used to prevent smoke passage in smoke barriers - activated by fire alarm smoke detectors or fire suppression system - pneumatic actuator

sensitivity to sound

- people are more sensitive to high and medium - general range is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz - speech is 125 Hz to 8000 Hz - most common sounds are made up of a wide range of frequencies - varies according to age ** gender is irrelevant

number of fire extinguishers

- per occupancy - per SF, NFPA

chemical contaminants in water

- pesticides, mining, industrial waste - filter

4 types of security systems and how they are used

- photoelectric cells are for PERIMETER (secures doors and windows) - pressure sensor: pressure on floor (protects ROOM) - ultrasonic detectors: high frequency to sense intruder (ROOM protection) - photoelectric beams: infrared beams broken by intruder movement

living machines

- phytoremediation of black water from toilets - black water goes to septic tank - liquid effluent flows to enclosed chamber / anerobic - plants absorb - algea and bacteria ** can use for toilet flush NOT irrigation

vent stack

- pipes extending up from a fixture and through the roof to allow airflow - keeps pressue in the drainage system equalized

elevator mechanical rooms

- place above hoistway - at least as wide as the elevator shaft - at least 12 inch deeper than the hoistway

reflected glare

- polished mirror surfaces (specular) - a problem in offices for light reflecting off of monitors

microphor

- porta-potty - mobile toilet cannot connect to sewer - has a tank for temporary storage - no supply water, no water standing in the bowl - air plane, train, festivals

water types

- potable: treated, aquifer, rivers, lakes - gray: from faucets, dishwasher, LAUNDRY, rainwater, can be used for irrigation and flushing - black: toilets, urinals, shower, living machine

tungsten-halogen lamps

- produces light by heating a filament - quartz tube (high temperature glass) - halogen gas or iodine added to the argon/nitrogen mix - retards evaporation of the filament and extends life - higher temperature - best for PRECISION REFLECTORS - lamps are encapsulated in secondary glass envelope to contain hot quartz fragments if ruptured - PAR (Parabolic Aluminized Reflector) - divide the number by 8 to get the diameter of the lamp - PAR64 = 8 inch diameter lamp - halogen headlights, outdoor flood lights, boat lights - MR-16 (precision reflector unit) for display lighting - ejects heat through the back - 2" diamter

positive displacement pump

- reciprocating (plunger moves back and forth) - rotary pump (helical or spiral rotor)

recuperative gas boiler boiler fuel economizer recuperative fuel economizer

- recovers sensible and latent heat from the exhaust - cools the exhaust to acheive condensation - reclaimed heat preheats incoming cold water - increases the efficiency of heating only

energy recovery wheel / heat wheel

- recovers waste heat energy (sensible heat) from the exhaust air - rotating wheel transfers waste heat from exhaust into the supply ** use in very hot, cold, or humid

colored gas in fire sprinkler head per temperature rating

- red or orange = 135 to 170 (ordinary) - yellow or green = 175 to 225 (intermediate) - blue = 250 to 300 (high) - black = 400 to 650 (ultra high)

special incandescent lamps

- reflector lamps (R, BR, ER, PAR) - have a reflective coating inside the glass - for accurate light beam control (flood or spot) - EPACT 1992 minimum efficacy made most reflectors obsolete - Energy Saving Lamps (ER & BR) - designed to meet EPACT 1992 - eliptical reflector - bulge reflector

vertical displacement ventilation (thermal displacement method)

- relies on density differences between strata - for classrooms - not noisy, good IAQ, energy efficient - cool supply air at low levels, remains stratified with cool at the bottom and hot air at the top - warm air rises and carries contaminants like CO2 - reduces cooling load

metal halide

- replaced mercury vapor because better CRI (80-90) - better color temp (3000 to 4100 k) - 6,000 to 10,000 hours - can explode, need special encasing, UV radiation hazard - high ceiling (too hot for low ceiling) - outdoor performance, sports, stadium - building facade - landscape lighting - low voltage

ballasts

- required by gaseous discharge lamps - high ignition voltage - supplies controlled voltage in pre-heat and rapid start - supplies voltage to start the lamp by striking an arc - limits curerent once the lamp is started

quick response sprinklers

- required for light hazard occupancies - hotel, motel, office - RTI (response time index of 50 or less)

residential sprinklers

- required in all rooms except bathrooms less than 55 sf - closets with least dimension not exceeding 3 feet - open porches, garages, - attics & crawl spaces - entrance foyers not the only way out

ventilation

- requirements depend on the size of the room and activity - minimums per code based on Occupancy group - minimum operable windows & mechanical ventilation rates - outdoor air CFMs - total recirculated CFMs - minimum number of air changes ** kitchens, toilets, fumes = exhaust direct to outside, no recirculation

impedance

- resistance (Z) ** in alternating current AC, comprised of resistance and reactance and causes a phase change between voltage and current called power factor

Thermal Resistance (R-value)

- resists heat transmission (aka: insulation) ** lowest per inch of thickness: concrete snow batt insulation air space with foil

hot arid passive cooling

- roof ponds - thermal mass - night flushing - courtyards & fountains ** evap coolers are NOT passive

pressure relief value

- safety device that opens when pressure exceeds set maxminum - for water heaters

low pressure sodium (SOX)

- saturated deep yellow light - highest efficacy, poor CRI - 100% lumen maintenance - 18,000 hours - public roads, highways (NOT parking or private roads) - at observatories because the yellow can be filtered out by telescopes - 1750 kelvin

Biometric testing / security

- scan of a person's iris, fingerprint, face, retina, ear, voice, DNA - people recognition as a form of security - identification and verification - also used for parental control, to determine if someone is a minor (ie. Microsoft Kinect)

hot arid design response (SoCal, Texas, Arizona)

- shade from direct sunlight (overhangs, deep recessed windows) - small high windows - use thermal mass material to store heat to be released at night - night ventilation - inner courtyard with water and plantings - pools reduce temp by evaporation - roof ponds ok for one- to two-story buildings - evaporative coolers cool AIR only (not latent heat)

SC shading coefficient

- shading coefficient - glass only (not include frame)

turning vanes

- sheet metal devices inside ductwork for a smoother more gradual change in direction - can cause the ductwork to become less efficient

reverberation for room design

- short reverb for speech (0.35 s) - long reverb for music (reinforce direct-path sound by reflection)

sunpeg chart (p 1535)

- show exact position of solar radiations - shadows on architectural model - sun position on an architectural model - sun penetration patterns

plumbing fixture flow rates per energy policy of 1992

- shower: 2.5 gal - faucets 2.5 - toilet: 1.6

Spectral Distribtion Chart

- shows the light spectrum produced by a lamp - It is a graph showing the relative intensities of a light source at each wavelength - They are the most practical way to compare the quality of light created by different light sources

placing conduit in concrete slab

- similar to placing rebar - cover with at least 3/4 inch - diameter cannot be greater than 1/3 the slab thickness - spacing at least 3x the outside diameter ** not aluminum (alum corrodes concrete)

cablebus

- similar to ventilated busduct - uses insulated cables instead of busbars

elevator control methods

- single automatic: only 1 call at a time, user has exclusive control - selective collective control: all the calls in one direction, then all the calls in the other direction - group automatic: computer controls and dispatches for efficiency

switches

- single pole - 2 pole - 3 way - 4 way - momentary contact - 2 circuit - maintained contact - usually 15A or 20A at 120V or 120/277V

3-way switch

- single pole, double throw - a switch that controls a single circuit by 2 path choices

water heater

- size by peak hourly demand - recovery rate (gallons of cold water it can heat in 1 hour)

branch design - office

- small office = 1 outlet per every 40 sf or 10 linear feet - large office = 1 outlet per 100 sf - corridor outlets every 50'-0" for cleaning - no more than 6 outlets per 20A circiut - assume 1.5A per outlet

DER DIstributed Energy Resources

- small scale power generation at the point of use - fuel cells, microturbines, reciprocating engines, load reduction, wind, photovoltaics

define acoustic transmission and describe 3 methods of acoustic transmission

- sound transfer from one part of a building to another - slowed by mass, air gap, and structural discontinuity - high mass, less rigid, isolators, resilient clips 1. Airborne transmission - air pressure creates vibration (ie. voices) - prevent by structural isolation - add mass 2. Impact transmission - ie. footsteps - isolate the source or cushioning it (carpet vs hardwood) 3. Flanking transmission - sound transmitted by indirect path (around, under, or over a partition)

branch design - residential

- space receptacles 6'-0" - each room controlled by at least 2 circuits - don't put all the lighting on one circuit - assume 1.5A per outlet - kitchen: (2) 20A branches for all and only the receptacles in kitchen/pantry/dining, countertop convenience should be GFCI - bathrooms: 1 20A GFCI (not shared with fan or lighting) - garages: max 4 outlets pr 20A circuit - 2 GFCI weatherprotected at exterior

toplighting strategies

- splay the walls of the aperature - use baffles to prevent glare - raise ceiling height for high skylights - light pipes, heliostat

split system

- splits the hot side from the cold side of the system - cold side (consisting of the expansion valve + cold coil) inside bldg - hot side (the condensing unit)is outside the building - not for large, multi-story building - long pipe runs and duct work ** use a chilled-water system instead **

illuminance

- sprinkler head analogy: rate of water flow = lumens amount of water per unit of time per sq ft = footcandles (lux)

electrical closet

- stack vertically if multi-story - no other piping or ducts - 4'-0" min clear between opposing panels

pendant sprinkler head

- stopper bulb filled with color coded fluid - red = 155 degrees, standard for residential and commercial - fluid expands when heated, breaks the bulb to trigger - deflector spreads water

turbidity

- suspended matter in water (silt, clay, organics) - filtration - coagulation (bonding agent)

oil-fired boiler (page 341) - hydronic and electric controls

- the EXPANSION tanks - accomodates the expansion of the water in the system - t-stat: wall mounted, turns on oil fire and circulating pump - remote switch: next to t-stat, emergency shut off - pressure relief valve: set for 30 psi, initial cold pressure is 12 psi - stack temp control: senses stack temp and stops oil injection if ignition has not occured - drain valve: at the low point in system - aquastat: maintains temp of boiler water 180 degrees - oil burner: at the bottom, responds to t-stat and auastst - hot water supply: at top of boiler - hot water return: bottom of boiler - pressure-reducing valve: at the cold water supply main, admits cold water when pressure drops below 12 psi, has a check valve to prevent backflow of boiler water into the water main - shut-off valve: near cold water supply main, for maintenenace - circulator: centrifugal pump that moves water through the system, at hot water supply side - flow control valve: at hot water return side, prevents flow by gravity when circulator is not running

static head (air pressure)

- the amount of air pressure required to overcome loss of pressure due to friction - friction is caused by air moving through the ducts, registers, fittings - measured in inches of water - more pressure = larger fans = more operating cost

foot candle (fc) / lux (lx)

- the amount of illumination on a surface - luminous flux per unit area - 1 lux = one lumen per square meter footcandles = lumens / area sqft footcandle = illumination (E) = intensity / distance2 = candlepower/d2

noise intensity (I)

- the amount of sound energy a second across a unit area - watts per square cm - doubling the distance reduces noise intensity (I) to 75% of the original - 1/4th the original intensity

Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC)

- the amount of sound energy absorbed upon striking surface - 0 is perfect reflection/reverberation - 1 is perfect absorption/attenuation theaters - absorb (1): walls, floors, seats (open weave fabric) - reflect (0): ceiling duct lining: 0.7 NRC minimum per ASTM ** materials with high NRC, have low STC

Flux (Lumen SI)

- the amount of visibile light emitted by a source - the flow of light into a space

code requirements for natural ventilation

- the area of operable windows required in a naturally ventilated building equals a percentage of the floor area being ventilation - IBC = 4% floor area minimum - UBC = 5% floor area minimum

operative temperature

- the average of dry bulb and mean radiant temp (MRT) - measured on a globe thermometer - globe thermometer accounts for both the air temperature and the radiant effects of surrounding surfaces

a ton of refrigeration

- the capacity of a refrigeration system - 12,000 Btu = 1 ton

switchboard (lower voltage) switchgear (higher voltage 600V)

- the central distribution center - includes transformer and meter, switches, circuit breakers - distributed to panel boards then to branch circuits - branch circuits = wires and conduit - distributes "bulk power" into smaller "packages" - "deadfront": enclosed in metal box

branch circuit

- the circuit conductors (the outlets served) - the branch circuit comprises only 2 circuit wires - sized for the load connected to it - separate lighting, convenience receptacles, and appliances - general purpose is 20A #12 (switch legs can be #14) - appliance branch limited to 50A - individual designed for the load connected to it\ - allows expansion + spare circuits 1 plug = 1.5A - ie. 15A circuit limited to 9A /1.5A per outlet = 6 outlets per circuit

diffusion

- the converse of focusing, when sounds reflects off convex surfaces - a diffuse sound field is desireable for music - sound levels remain constant throughout the space - solution arranged from least to most: 1. flat ceiling plane 2. angled ceiling plane toward audience 3. convex ceiling surface

ampacity

- the current carrying capacity - determined by maximum safe operating temperature of the insulation - depends on gauge, insulation, temperature - NEC requires that ampacity be derated if the number of conductors exceeds 3 (not counting the neutral) - the neutral conductor counts as one if harmonic currents - insulation is rated by voltage (300 or 600 V for buildings)

coefficient of utilization (CU)

- the efficiency of the luminare (lumens) - ratio of amount of lumens produced to the amount reaching a surface - a high CU allows more light to reach the desired surfaces ** combined fixture efficiency, room proportions and surface reflectances - used in the zonal cavity method - common 0.5 to 0.8

efficacy

- the energy efficiency of a luminare (watts) - ratio of total lumen output to total power watt input - lumens per watt - daylight has high efficacy (less heat per lumen than electric sources) Arrange from low efficacy to high efficacy: - incandescent (7% efficient) - tungsten-halogen - fluorescent (22% efficient) - mercury vapor - metal halide - HP sodium - daylight/sun low lighting efficacy = high building energy use

fusible link sprinker head

- the link joint will melt and come apart at a specified melting point

critical distance

- the maximum length of drain pipe between a trap and air vent - max 48 times the pipe diameter

ballast factor

- the measured ability of a ballast to produce light - not a measure of energy efficiency - a low ballast factor may save energy, but will produce less light

candlepower (candela SI)

- the measurement for the intensity of a source - same as luminous intensity - the quantity of light generated by a source - the amount of light produced from 1 candle equals 1 candlepower (1 candela) - the force that generates light

fixture units

- the measurement of the amount of water needed to operate a plumbing fixture - used to determine total load - flush valve = 10 fixture units - flush tank = 5 - washing machine = 1.5 to 3 - lavs = 2

metering

- the meter is before the service entry switch - readily accessible to utility personell - install for conservation - avoid peak electricity use - load control = load shedding, peak demand control, peak load regulation - load shedding shuts off non-essential loads

elevator regulations

- the most strictly regulated building component - ANSI A17.1 - also NFPA, ADA, NEII

pole

- the number of "poles" is the number of separate circuits which are controlled by a single switch - a "2-pole" switch has two separate identical sets of contacts controlled by the same switch - 1P, 2P, 3P, 4P, 5P

throw

- the number of "throws" is the number of separate wiring path choices other than "open" that the switch can adopt for each pole - A single-throw switch has one pair of contacts that can either be closed or open. - A double-throw switch has a contact that can be connected to either of two other contacts - a triple-throw has a contact which can be connected to one of three other contacts

static head (water pressure)

- the pressure lost when pushing water vertically - 1.0 psi = 2.3 feet of lift - 0.433 psi per foot - need to have enough pressure at the top - the height of a vertical column of water is called "head" - HEAD (ft) = Pressure (psi) x 2.31 ft

air temperature

- the primary determinant of comfort - comfortable 69-80 - tolerable 60-85

metabolism

- the process of converting food fuel calories to energy - give off heat to maintain stable body temperature

luminous flux

- the quantity of light - the amount of lumens - analogous to flow of water, or current of electricity - lumen is the measure of photometric energy

deadband

- the range of temperature within which neither heating or cooling is required

Conductance (C-value)

- the rate at which a specific thickness of material conducts heat - number of BTUs per hour that pass through one square foot of material - the amount of heat lost through one SF of any given material per hour ** the reciprocal of Resistance ** R is the number of house it would take for 1 BTU to pass through a material of a given thickness ** low conductance = high R-value = prevents heat loss

heat loss in buildings Heating Load (Qh)

- the rate at which heat needs to be added to maintain comfort - calc heat loss per hour to size the heating system - air infiltration (requires air barrier) - building envelope (conductivity and resistance of materials, walls) (Q infiltration) + (Q wall) + (Q slab)

ballast efficacy factor

- the ratio of ballast factor to power - lumens per watt - the amount of light produced by a specific ballast-lamp combination - used to compare the efficiency of various systems

Sound Absorbtion Coefficient

- the ratio of sound intensity absorbed by a material, 1.0 is max possible

transmission loss (TL) noise reduction (NR)

- the ratio of the sound reradiated by a barrier relative to the amount of sound incident on the barrier - stiffness reduces transmission loss - mass increases transmission loss - the difference in sound intensity between 2 rooms - is related to the transmission loss (TL) of the barrier

Venturi effect

- the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a constricted section of pipe

creep

- the reflection of sound along a curved surface - whisper dome - can be heard at points along the dome, inaudible away from the surface

Reheat

- the reheat process is employed when the discharge temperature required to dehumidify an air stream results in air that will overcool the area when delivered in the required volume - required to maintain space temperature control - control of relative humidity levels, but involves simultaneous heating and cooling, they are especially energy intensive - situations where the process is unavoidable: surgery rooms, labs, clean rooms, high ventilation requirements with low cooling requirements, large assembly spaces when empty ** increased LCC, drops 90 degree to 30 degree then reheats to 70 degree, not efficient, prohibited by code

bagasse

- the residue from processing sugar cane - an agricultural product made into panels - also rice straw, wheat straw

sound power

- the source's acoustical output - does not consider the environment - expressed in WATTS

sabin

- the unit of sound absorption - 1 sabin = 1 square foot of totally absorptive surface - reverb time T = room volume / acoustical absorption - named after Wallace Sabine

VAV is more efficient than constant volume because

- the use of variable-pitch blades or variable-speed fans allows air volume to be modulated from zero to the required demand

optimum design for fire safety

- thermal mass (doesn't burn easily) - high ceilings (collect smoke) - windows allow fire fighting and rescue - noncombustible overhangs (prevent vertical spread) - elevated water storage (supply water before fire fighters arrive)

internal load dominated (ILD)

- thicker, taller buildings have more space away from climate influences - electric lighting - generate heat and need cooling year round - single- duct VAV system

skin load dominated (SLD)

- thin, tall buildings - nearly all spaces have an exterior wall - need heat in cold weather - need cooling in hot weather - mostly daylit ** smaller buildings ** ** climate dicates if heating or cooling is needed **

building cost energy method

- to compare annual energy costs of the design building to a baseline building - need to be less than baseline to get LEED credit - also system performance method and prescriptive criteria

tone chord note pitch

- tone = single frequency - chord = combination played simultaneously - note = a specific frequency - pitch = the number of wave forms per second

glare

- too much contrast

air gap

- top of sink to top of faucet - the overflow opening located 2" minimum below the faucet - prevents suction and contamination of water supply ** required in refrigerators and sterilizers to prevent contamination due to any possible backup of sewage through the waste piping

reflectance reflectance coefficient

- total reflected light to total incident light - black = 0 - white = 100

transformer

- transforms AC current from one voltage to another - changes VOLTAGE not POWER - cannot be used with DC current - an iron core with coils to change AC volts from substation to building, voltage drop, step down to 480V for building use - second tranformer to step down to 120V for outlets - owner provides for commercial - utility provides for residential - generate heat, need to be cooled & vented - oil-filled for outdoor use - dry or resin-filled for indoor (air cooled) - have to be on a slab (NOT pole mounted) - more insulation + underrating lowers lifetime operating costs - single phase or 3 phase

incandescent filament lamp

- tungsten filament inside gas-filled glass - nitrogen & argon retards evaporation of the filament - current passes through high resistant filament creates heat - generates light - glass bulb coated with white silica for diffusion - operate at undervoltage to prolong life (less replacements) - overvoltage for shorter life in a group replacement system like stadiums - most inefficient

transmission loss (TL) and noise reduction (NR)

- two concepts in noise reduction - TL is the difference between the sound power incident on a barrier in a source room and the sound power radiated into a recieving room on the other side of the barrier ** add mass and resiliency ** not affected by sound-absorbing panels ** - NR is the difference of intensity (dBA) between 2 rooms separated by a barrier - depends on the area of the barrier, the transmission loss of the barrier, and the absorption of the surfaces in the recieving room (the quiet room) ** thickness is irrelevant ** sound-absorbing panels reduce noise in the loud room only

floor raceways

- underfloor raceway - cellular metal floor raceway - cellular concrete floor raceway ** not allowed in corrosive or hazardous applications ** expensive, inflexible

operating characteristics of incandescent

- undervoltage increases life, but reduces amount of light lumens, power consumption, efficacy, and bulb temp - overvoltage (stadiums) decreases life, but increases amount of lumens, power consumption, and efficacy

sidelighting strategies

- unilateral from 1 side: best for desk task, increased glare - opposite walls: light from 2 walls - bilateral: 2 sides not opposite, most uniform light - windows high on walls will allow more uniform and more deep - use adajcent walls as reflectors, - use ceiling as reflector (light shelf) - splay the side walls of the opening (reduces contrast) - daylight filters (trellis, blinds, translucent glass) - summer shading (overhangs)

pipe connections

- union (for maintenance and repair) - adapters to allow different materials to be joined (galvanic action) - fittings for steel and brass are iron, cast iron, or brass

Foot Lambert

- unit for measuring brightness as reflected from a surface - lumens per square foot - candela per square meter ** measures LUMINANCE **

watt

- unit of electrical power - watt W = (I) X (IR) - watt W = (I) x V - a watt equals a volt-amp

ADA flush

- urinals 44 inch AFF max per 4.18.4 Flush Controls - toilets 44 inch AFF on wide side per 4.16

Water loop heat pump

- use a continuous flow of water to heat and cool - water-source HVAC cannot distribute fresh air, need a fan coil at each zone - heat pumps extract heat from the loop from areas that need to be cooled and add heat to other areas - loop is 65 degrees to 90 degrees - central boiler and central cooling tower ** minimizes energy use in a temperate climate where heating and cooling are needed at the same time

ray diagrams

- use for analyzing reflected sound distribution - assumes specular reflection - incident and reflecting angles are equal

reciprocating chiller

- use in a small building with low demand and not much heat rejection - air cooled - reciprocating compressor uses pistons driven by a crankshaft - delivers a small amount of refrigerant at a very high pressure - ozone depleteing

dry-pipe system

- use in areas subject to freezing, unheated area - wait time - filled with compressed air or nitrogen until gate valve is opened - garages, covered walkways - more $ than wet-pipe

steel or galvanized steel plumbing pipes

- use only where water is non-corrosive - Schedule 40 wall thickness

noise criteria

- used to establish acceptacle background noise levels

demand controlled ventilation (DCV)

- uses a CO2 sensor to adjust ventilation - best for spaces where occupancy varies greatly during the day (bowling alley, assembly hall) - not a high concentration of contaminants that needs to be exhausted (dry cleaner, pets, kitchen) - not a good choice for spaces with odors that need to be vented constantly

all-air system (forced air)

- uses air as its heat transfer medium (not water or refrigerant)(no pipes) - cool or heat by conditioned air - air holds less heat than water - large distribution trees, nosier than hydronic systems - most comfortable - air is heated, cooled, humidity-controlled, filtered and freshed with outdoor air - can distribute allergens and cooking odors throughout heated space - low initial cost, high LCC because maintenance costs ** requires 3% to 9% of GROSS area (6% for office)

Package Air Handling Unit (AHU)

- uses compact refrigeration - unit mounted on roof is a package unit (PU) - can be split (multi-zone or single zone) - shut down by zone - LOW initial cost - HIGH Life Cycle Cost (LCC) - does not need floor space - a large metal box containing a blower, heating or cooling elements, filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers

centrifugal chiller

- uses compressive refrigeration cycle - can be steam or electric - use in medium buildings - have few moving parts - energy efficient and give a higher refrigerant flow than a similarly sized reciprocating compressor - higher volume but low pressure applications - a chiller compressor which uses a continuous flow of fluid through an impeller - ozone depleteing

economizer cycle

- uses outdoor air when cool enough to mix with recirculated - 60 degrees outdoor temp - more fresh air (IAQ), filters air (IAQ) and even distibution

upfeed water supply system

- uses pressure in the water main (40 to 80 psi) directly to supply fixtures - must be strong enough to work the highest fixture after loss to static head pressure - limited to 40' to 60'

Thermal energy storage

- uses water, rocks, or ice to store heat or cool to use later - use less expensive, off-peak energy to cool - ice stores latent and sensible heat - ice occupies 1/8th of the space of water

stack vent

- vents the SOIL STACK from highest point of connection through roof - methane

standpipe

- vertical BRASS pipe - located in stairwell or vestibule if stair is pressurized - required in 4 or more stories & exceeding 150 feet tall - serves as a fire hydrant - active fire protection system - requirements set by NFPA 14 Standpipe and Hose

stroboscopic effect

- wagon wheel effect - like strobe light, movement - yellow = approach - blue/green = space appears larger - warm = space appears smaller

Central AHU

- water based - chiller - split refrigeration - boiler - heat - requires a mechanical room - HIGH initial cost - VERY LOW LCC

diatomaceous earth filter

- water filtration method - precoat or diatomite filter

downfeed system

- water from the main is pumped to storage on the roof - GRAVITY feed to fixtures - pressure at fixture = (0.434 psi) x (feet from tank) - height of the zone is limited by the max pressure at the fixture (45 to 60psi) - maximum distance from top = 150 feet = 80 psi ; or use pressure-reducing valve - top of the zone is 35 feet below the storage tank where the minimum pressure is 15 psi - minimum distance from the top = 35 feet = 15 psi

Hydronic System (all-water system)

- water is heat transfer medium - water is a more efficient heat transfer medim than air - only heat and cool - cannot control humidity, use where dehumidification not required (hot arid) - slim distribution trees - water to radiators, baseboard convectors, or radiant panels - air quality is addressed by a separate system (ie. fan coil) - 2 pipe: hot in one pipe, cold in the other - 4 pipe: one circuit for hot, one for cold (quick response to outdoor temps for hot arid) - 3 pipe: a single return pipe for hot & cold ** efficient and easy to control ** can be expanded easily by extending pipe runs ** air does not mix between zones, good for area where air contamination is a concern (smoke from fire)

direct water heater

- water is in direct contact with heated surface - gas flame below - a typical residential water heater

typical components of overhead eletrical service entry to multiresidential building (MEEB page 1169)

- weatherhead: connects incoming overhead wires (#8 insulated minimum) to rigid conduit mounted on building - porcelain wire holders attach incoming wires to building above the weatherhead - rigid conduit is galvanized 1 inch minimum, holds 3 conductor service entrance cable, #8 minimum - meter on meter socket - ridig conduit terminates with 1/2 inch galv iron pipe with ground wire that leads to ground rod - 3/4 inch ground rod below grade 8 feet min to 10 feet max, connected by ground clamp - galv 1 inch conduit transitions to building interior at galvanized fitting - leads to wiring trough which branches to service entrance switches (1 per household) (alternate locations for meters) - each service entry switch branches to circuit to load

absorptive chiller

- when you have waste heat or waste steam - driven by heat to produce chilled water - less efficient than compressive chillers - no moving parts - no CFCs, distilled water based or salt solution, add glycol - uses absorptive refrigeration cycle: uses HEAT in lieu of MECHANICAL to compress and transport the refrigerant vapor to the condenser - a conventional chiller uses a mechanical means to compress and transport the refrigerant vapor to the condenser - larger chiller with a lot of heat rejection, heat has to be cooled - water cooled condensor with an exterior cooling tower - can be powered by hot water from solar collectors ** use when electricity is expensive but fuel costs are low ** use when you cannot exhaust heat to the exterior

LEDs

- wide application - low light output - use little power - fast response - full range of colors

conductors

- wiring that carries electric current - metals with LOW RESISTANCE to flow - BEST: silver, gold, platinum - then aluminum & copper - aluminum (larger, not efficient, cheaper, more resistance, leads have to be cleaned before installation) - copper (more expensive, less resistance, lower LCC) - wire, cable, busbars that carry electric current - 16 gauge to 4/0000 (largest) - cable = 6 gauge insulated or larger, or several together - wire = 8 gauge or smaller - smaller AWG size means larger wire

outdoor design temp

- working average of low temps in a region - to determine heat loss

120/208v, 3-phase, 4-wire (conventional commercial)

-120/208v, 3 phase, 4 wire (for all except very large bldgs) - 3 hots 120V + 1 neutral - Neutral connects to center of 3-phase transformer - 120V light fixtures, receptacles, and computers use 1 hot + 1 neutral - 208V, 3-phase motor uses 3 hots - 208V, single phase loads (heater) uses 2 hots

1. PBCs sources 2. remediation

1. Electrical appliances, conduit insulation, plasticizers, fluorescent lights, pigments, naturally occurs in soils (need to encapsulate) 2.1979 EPA Ban requires removal

define: 1. foot candle (fc) / (SI lux) 2. lumen (lm)

1. FOOT CANDLE is a measure of LIGHT LEVEL - the amount of illumination on a surface - a surface illuminated by 1 candle ** 1 fc at the floor level for egress (11 lux) ** can reduce to 0.2 fc for performance with auto restore to 1 fc ** 10 fc minimum at 30 inches AFF fc = lumens / area fc = E = illuminance = intensity (candlepower) / distance 2 2. LUMEN is a measure of LIGHT OUTPUT - a unit of luminous flux that measures the total output of a light source - the amount of light that flows through one square foot of surface area located one foot from a one candlepower source

1. VOCs sources 2. how to remediate

1. building materials (paint, carpet, adhesives, formaldehyde) 2. Carbon, charcoal, ozone filter

ADA elevator controls

1. call button 42 inch AFF 2. door reopening device 5 inch to 29 inch AFF 3. floor designation, both jambs, 60 inch AFF 4. hall lantern 72 inch AFF 5. grouped emergency calls 35 inch AFF min 6. floor buttons: 54 inch side approach, 48 inch front approach

1. candlepower (candela) 2. footcandle (lux) 3. foot lambert (candela per sq meter)

1. candlepower (candela) = luminuous intensity, luminus flux, flow 2. footcandle (lux) = illuminance incident light, incoming light 3. foot lambert (candela per sq meter) = luminance, light leaving a surface, brightness

Types of Feeder Systems: 1. cable tray 2. wire & conduit 3. busduct 4. cablebus

1. cheapest material cost, low LCC 2. highest labor cost, Low LCC 3. highest material cost, lowest labor cost 4. highest LCC

larger building HVAC system types

1. direct refrigerant 2. all-air: single zone, VAV, multizone, single duct with reheat, double duct constant volume 3. air & water: induction, fan coil with supplementary air, radiant panels with supplementary air, water loop heat pump 4. all water system

dry-bulb wet-bulb

1. dry bulb is the temp of the air-water mixture as measured on a dry-bulb standard thermometer ** measures SENSIBLE heat 2. wet bulb is the temp of the air-water mixture as measured on a sling psychrometer. It is a more critical measure of heat in high humidity because it is an indicator of stress when the human body is near the upper limits of temperature regulation by perspiration ** measures LATENT heat

humidification

1. enthalpy wheel 2. evaporative cooling (mechanical and passive) (hot arid) provides cooling and humidification at the same time

1. smoke sources 2. remediation

1. fire, kitchen hood 2. Carbon, charcoal, ozone filter

5 types of valves

1. gate valve - shut off, causes hammer if not completely off 2. globe valve - regulates flow, also on/off, (hose bibb, faucet) 3. check valve - backflow preventer, vacuum breaker, prevents siphonage 4. angle valve - a shut off valve at the fixture 5. solenoid valve - electrically charged, landscape sprinkler

3 characteristics that define coloration

1. hue (the color) 2. brilliance (the amount of white)(value) 3. saturation (vividness, the amount of color)(chroma)

3 priorities of FLS

1. life 2. property 3. building operation

compare: 1. fire prevention 2. fire detection 3. fire containment 4. fire suppression

1. limit combustibles (flame spread and flammability)** Review Ch 55 2. alarms, detectors ** Review Ch 32 3. compartmentation, smoke control 4. sprinklers, standpipes (sprinkler pipe can be either plastic or copper)

1. radon sources 2. remediation

1. naturally occuring below grade 2. 1988 EPA Advisory - no action required if less than 4 pCi/L - monitored and periodic testing - subslab depressurization (4pci/L) - allows to vent by pipes, vent pipe 12" above the roof 10' away from window or opening - soil-gas retarder, - seal cracks in foundations and crawl spaces - dampproofing - drain tile loop - radon detector

1. Lead sources 2. remediation

1. paint, lead pipes, soil with paint exposure 2. 1978 EPA Ban - Exemption for Elderly Care - Lead Safe Certified Contractor - Airlock, moisten surface to prevent dust

1. Biohazard sources 2. remediation

1. parasites, deadly viruses 2. Center for Disease Control (cannot filter)

1. dust, allergens sources 2. remediation

1. particulates 2. HEPA, Ion, or MERV filter

5 methods of on-site storm water infiltration

1. permiable pavers and permiable pavement (drain pipe below) 2. runnel (a narrow channel for water to run through) 3. bioretention cell lined with non-permiable clay 4. infiltration pit lined with geotextile filters contaminants (same as dry well, seepage pit, detainment basin) 5. bioswale (grass swale with geotextile filter, roadway or parking)

1. methane sources 2. remediation

1. septic systems, agriculture, landfill 2. ventilate

steps of water purification

1. settle out heavy solids (sedimentation 2. coagulation (add bonding agent/metals) 3. flocculation (attracts & solidifies suspended matter, forms "floc") 4. sedimentation (forms sludge at the bottom) 5. add fluorine, chlorine, acidity, softener, aerated 6. then pressurized - for drinking water, treat sewage, storm water, and industrial waste water

prescriptive code vs. performance code

1. spell out exactly how something is to be done - energy saving TECHNIQUES - ie. ASHRAE 2. outlines the required level of performance - up to the the designer how to acheive - energy saving STANDARDS

5 pumps for wells

1. suction pump - less than 25' 2. deep-well jet pump - 25 feet to 100 feet 3. turbine pump - deep well, high capacity 4. submersible pump - residential, below water line, pump to a tank 5. jet pump/venturi pump - above grade, venturi effect creates suction to drive the water to the surface

1. Mold sources (Sick Building Syndrome) 2. remediation

1. too much moisture, not enough ventilation 2. remove it / wash it - Ultra-violet or Ceramic filter (hospital or lab) - increase ventilation (high rise)

compare: 1. storage tank system 2. circulating storage tank system 3. tankless system

1. uses same tank to heat and store, can be direct or indirect 2. water is heated by a coil and circulated through a storage tank, pumped to fixtures, hot water on demand (solar systems) ** immediate NOT instantaneous ** required in hospital, lab, commercial kitchen 3. no tank, instantaneous, quick heat in a heat coil at point of use ** warm climates with less demand for hot water

saturation line / dewpoint line

100% humidity - when WB equals DB - will have condensation on the wall

Typical sound levels (dB)

140: defening, near jet or artillery fire 130: pain jet aircraft departure 120: feeling, hard rock band 100: very loud, crowded, full symphony 80: moderately loud 70: loud, urban traffic 60: moderate, general office 50: quiet, large public lobby 40: quiet, private office 30: very quiet bedroom 20: whisper, theater 10: just audible, recording studio

plastic plumbing pipes

4 types for cold water, joints are melted together with a solvent - ABS (black, for sanitary drain, waste and vent, ** ok for water supply) ** PVDC and CPVC (ok for hot water) - PE (cold water only, exterior, resists becoming brittle) - PVC (for pressurized Municipal supply, Schedule 40 min wall thick, place below frost line, most common, for POTABLE)(180 degree max) - corrosion resistant, lighter weight, less $, flexible, shock resistant (mobile homes) - can't dissassemble, less recycle, deteriorates in UV light, needs more supports, softens when exposed to hot, water 180 degree max)

fluorescent lamp operation

EFFICACY: lumen output per unit of power input LUMEN MAINTENANCE: decreasing light output as lamp ages LAMP LIFE: time TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY: response to enviroment DIMMING: reduces energy consumption, output reduction

calculate Luminance (L) of of a light source

luminance = L = (illuminance) x (reflection factor) L = ER illuminance = E = intensity (I) / distance squared

total heat loss through a building material or assembly (q)

q = (U)(area)(Ti - To) ** underestimates summer heat gain through a building roof ** does not account for color, roof mass, and time of day

typical receptacle specification

receptacle, duplex, 2 pole, 3 wire, grounding type, 20 A, 250V federal specification grade, for indoor use

3 refrigerants: range from most destructive to "green"

- CFC (freon) - HCFC - HFC

coefficient of heat transmission (U value)

- U = 1/R - the overall rate of heat flow through an assembly - includes airspaces and interior/exterior air layers - the reciprocal of the sum of R-values ** materials with SLOW transmission: masonry, concrete, tile ** materials with HIGH transmission: aluminum

furnace

- a PACKAGE heat generator - burn gas or oil to heat AIR - combustion chamber + fan + flue vented to outside **no damper** - filter on the return side to trap particulates (IAQ) - upflow furnace: return air supplied at the bottom, delivered at the top through a bonnet, use when ductwork above furnace (attic or ceiling space) - downflow furnace: opposite flow, use when ductwork below the furnace (basement or crawl space) - horizonal furnace: limited headroom (crawl space) - LOW LCC - use for small demand because low speed sends hot air a short distance - coefficient of performance (COP) = 1.2

electrical resistance heaters

- a PACKAGE heat generator - for local use (not ducted) - ie. baseboard, space heater, radiant wires, radiant panels - best for individual control (hotel room) - no space required for ducts or pipes - expensive - use in warm climates because you don't have to use it often - coefficient of performance (COP) = 5.0

hot water boiler

- a PLANT heat generator - burn gas to heat WATER to serve: hot water baseboards or radiators faucets, laudry, dishwasher indirect heating (to local water heaters) heating (fan coil, induction, radiator/convector, radiant heat panels) - generates steam can be used for: chiller compressor (lowers LCC, absorptive chiller, cogen, trigen) converter to heat water

converter

- a boiler that heats up water through steam

hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC)

- a temporary replacement for CFCs - an organic compound - less damage to ozone - a greenhouse gas

sling psychrometer

- a thermometer with a wet cloth/wick around the bulb ** the saturated cotton holds latent heat - swing in the air to cause evaporation - in dry air = quick evaporation evaporation of water from the wick lowers the temperature, produces a low wet-bulb temp - in moist air = low evaporation, higher wet-bulb temp - a large difference between wet & dry bulb temp means low relative humidity - aka: whirling psychrometer - uses distilled water

British Thermal Unit (Btu)

- a unit of heat energy - the amount of heat needed to cool or heat 1lb of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit - a measure of heat in power & steam generation, & HVAC (Btu per hour)

clo

- a unit to quantify the effects of clothing - clothing insultates and moderates conduction, convention, radiation - 1 clo = typical American man business suit = 0.15 clo/lbm

air conditioner unit

- also called incremental unit (aka: a window unit) - simplest system - self-contained, nonducted - does not have circulating water - the condensor uses outdoor air directly so it is mounted through exterior wall or roof - air passes over an evaporator then back into the room ** best for single rooms or single zone ** use when air conditioning load is under 25 tons

heat transfer

- always hot to cold transfer ** 2nd law of thermodynamics

hygrometer

- an instrument used for measuring the moisture content in the atmosphere - also a concrete test for moisture, to determine if suitable to apply floor finishes

chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

- an organic compound used as refrigerants (aka: Freon) - contribute to Ozone depletion, a VOC, a greenhouse gas - highest ozone depletion potential (ODP) - highest global warming potential (GWP) - phased out by Montreal Protocol - interim replacement is HCFCs - final replacement is HFCs

earth coupler

- an underground heat exchanger that transfers heat to and from the ground - use earth's constant subterranean temperature to warm or cool air or fluid - also called geothermal, earth tubes, air-to-soil heat exchanger, earth channels, earth canals, earth-air tunnel systems, ground tube heat exchanger, hypocausts, subsoil heat exchangers, thermal labyrinths, underground air pipe, ground-coupled heat exchanger ** only suitable for low-rise

trigeneration

- combined cooling heat and power (CCHP) - simultaneously produces electricity, heating, and cooling

cogeneration

- combined heat and power (CHP) - uses an engine to simultaneously produce electricity and heat (steam)

small buildings: methods to provide heating only

- electrical resistance heaters (baseboard, infrared, radiant panels) - gas-fired - hot water boiler - hot water baseboard and radiator (lamallea fins) - radiant panels - warm air furnace (ducted, more comfort)

small buildings: cooling only

- fans (1 degree decrease for every 15 cfm increase) - unit Air Conditioner (low initial cost) - evaporative cooling (misting, lower DB, raise RH, no total change)

ground-source heat pump geothermal heat pump

- geo exhange - provides hot water, heat and cooling - closed loop plastic (HDPE) pipes are close to the surface - takes heat from the soil in winter, discharges heat to soil in summer - heat comes from the Sun that warms the earth (NOT the center of the earth) - water or refrigerant, need glycol anti-freeze - loop configurations: vertical, horizontal, slinky, pond, groundwater, standing column

passive cooling

- heat gain prevention and heat dissipation without mechanical/electrical - heat gain prevention techiques: microclimate & site design, solar control, building form and layout, insulation) - passive cooling by thermal mass & heat sink - natural cooling by ventilation, radiative cooling, evaporative cooling, and earth coupling

air-air heat pump

- heat is pumped from inside to outside in summer - pumped outside to inside in winter

baseboard heating / radiator

- heat radiates from coil, no fans - radiant heat panel in slab or walls - flame spread rating ASTM for finishes in proximity

heat pump (general concept)

- heats and cools - transfers heat by the principles of refrigeration - heat = reverse refrigeration (a PACKAGE heat generator) - uses the evaporator as a condenser and vice versa - efficiency as a heater decreases as the outside temperature drops - minimum 30 degree outside (cannot be used in cold climate) - supplement with solar energy system to preheat air - air-air, water-air, water-water, ground source, water loop - single package (unitary) on roof or split system (separates compressor to be outside, 2 pieces of equipment) - high initial cost, draws free heat ** best for moderate climate, mild winter ** use when air conditioning load is under 25 tons ** coefficient of performance (COP) = 2.4

direct expansion

- indoor air cooled directly by being passed over the evaporator coil - heat rejection unit (the compressor) is outside - evaporator is inside

water source heat pump

- interior closed water loop connects all heat pumps of all zones - can cool one zone and heat another zone simultaneously - supplement with boiler or cooling tower - good for motel (some rooms full sun, some full shade) - heat sharing with hot water supply

psychometric chart

- measure air temp, relative humidity, radiant temp, & air speed - used to calculate how much heat and moisture to be added or removed by HVAC - vertical line = dry bulb - diagonal line = wet bulb ** saturation point where WB and DB intersect - curve = relative humidity - enthalpy line = accounts for air temp (sensible) + moisure (latent) - horizontal line = humidity ratio (amount of moisture by weight) ** does not account for cultural differences to find point of condensation: - follow DB vertical to intersection with %RH - follow horizontal to the left = dew point - diagonal back is line of constant enthalpy & WB temp

degree day

- measures the approximate average yearly temperature difference between inside and outside - (indoor temp 65)-(ave outdoor temp over 24 hours) - add up the total number of degree days, used to calc yearly fuel consumption, size the system

effective temperature (ET)

- measures the combined effect of DB temp, humidity, air movement (convection) and radiant energy - a thermal sensation, not an actual thermometer temp - ie. "real feel"

hot-humid design response (southeasten US, Florida)

- mechanical cooling required - plan for maximum ventilation ** AIR MOVEMENT for evaporation - narrow floor plans with cross ventilation - large open windows, porches, breezeways - deciduous shading + double roof - thermally lightweight materials so that they don't store heat to be released at night

combination hydronic and forced-air system

- perimeter hot water with overhead air handling - tankless hot water loop circulates at the perimeter - air handling unit and overhead duct system connected to an exterior condensing unit

oil

- petroleum product, requires nearby storage, more maintenance - NORTHEAST - 5 types from most refined/most expensive to least No. 1 ** No. 2 (most common for residential & light commercial boilers) - 137,000k-141,000 Btu/gal - 65-85% efficient No. 3 ** No. 4 (larger commercial) ** No. 5 light or heavy (larger commercial, 146,800-152,000 Btu/gal) No. 6

vapor compression

- refrigerant under pressure - a chemical going through a compression cycle - the refrigeration cycle ** cools ONLY ** use heat pump for cool and heat

comfort chart

- relationship between dry bulb and % humidity 1. as humidity increases, air temp needs to decrease to maintain comfort 2. as temp drops, sun or mechanical radiation need to increase 3. when temp & humidity rise, air speed needs to increase

Thermal Conductivity (k-value)

- the ability of a material to conduct heat (time rate) - the amount of heat loss per hour through 1 SF of a 1 inch thick material when the temp differential is 1 degree (Btu per hour) - used to calculate Conductance (C) and Resistance (R) - R = thickness inches / conductivity (k) high conductivity = heat sink low conductivity = insulation

insolation

- the amount of solar ENERGY received by a given area (Btu per SF) during a given time - total solar radiation on a horizontal surface

emissivity

- the measure of an object's ability to absorb and then radiate heat - reflective mirrors are low emissivity reflects - absorptive black body have high emissivity - reducing emissivity improves insulating ability (low e glass) - low e reduces heat loss through glass by reflecting heat back into the space ie: foil on insulation is an example of using emissivity to reduce heat transfer ie: a thermos retains temperature by reflecting the temperature back into the fluid

natural gas

- the most efficient fossil fuel (MIDWEST) - clean burn, low cost, limited availability - 1050 Btu/cubic foot (lower heating value than propane) - 70-80% efficient

Cooling Load (Qc)

- the rate at which heat needs to be removed to maintain comfort - total load derived from 6 heat types - 3 internal: (people + equipment + lights) * (CLF) - 3 external: (radiation + infiltration + envelope) * (CLTD) ** design for worst case at 12noon because sun is highest ** determines total Btuh at peak ** convert to tons: 12,000 Btu per 1 ton

irradiance

- the rate of energy that is being delivered to a surface area at any given time (watts per SF) - the rate at which power is being delivered to a surface

relative humidity (what is comfort range?)

- the ratio of the percentage of moisture in the air relative to the maximum amount the air can hold at a given temperature without condensing - comfortable range: 30% to 65% - tolerable range 20% to 70% - in summer, the air temp rises so it is more difficult to lose heat through convection and must rely on evaporation - as humidity rises, evaportation is more difficult - "real feel" is much hotter than the air temperature would indicate - relative humidity can be determined by locating the intersection of the wet and dry-bulb temperatures on a psychrometric chart - the two thermometers coincide when the air is fully saturated - when WB is less than DB it means that air is dry, latent heat will be lost ** 100% humidity when wet bulb temp equals dry bulb temp ** warm air holds more moisture than dry air

dew point

- the temperature at which vapor condenses - as dry bulb drops, air temp gets cooler and cannot hold as much vapor so the vapor condenses ** DB = WB

thermal lag time

- the time it takes for radiant heat entering a space to be absorbed into the room air and become part of the load on a cooling system - determined by thermal capacity in the materials

enthalpy

- the total heat in a substance - sensible heat + latent heat (moisture)

geothermal energy

- thermal energy generated from the center of the earth - earth heat - conduction from the core to the surface

how to reduce lifecycle cost of refrigeration cycle

- use steam power - use a steam boiler to produce steam power - electrical power plant - cogeneration - trigeneration

design equivalent temperature difference (DETD)

- use to calc heat gain through an envelope - does not use temp differential - accounts for air temp, effects of sun, thermal mass storage, color of finishes (albedo) and daily temp range

propane

- use when natural gas is not available - clean burn, pressurized tanks - 2500 Btu/cubic foot (higher heating value than natural gas) - 70-90% efficient

describe the process of evaporative cooling

- water or air is circulated a saturated pad - heat is removed from the medium as it circulates - the cooled medium is distributed to the interior - works only in hot dry (Arizona) where outdoor air has low humidity which allows the humid air to evaporate - more economical than refrigeration, only 1 motor instead of 3, simpler, no refrigerant, fewer parts ** reduces the air temperature, produces cool air ONLY ** does NOT reduce enthalpy (total heat)

thermal bridging

- where framing interupts insulation - a penetration of the insulation layer by a highly conductive or noninsulating material - allows heat to flow through the path of least thermal resistance - ie. where framing interupts insulation - the effects are greater in metal than wood ** has to be eliminated, more insulation does not help

hydrofluorocarbons (HFC)

- will replace HCFCs and CFCs - a non-ozone layer depleter per EPA - lowest ozone depletion potential (ODP) - lowest global warming potential (GWP) - aka: Haloalkane - also used for fire retardents, fire extinguishers

describe the 4 methods of heat transfer

1. Conduction - heat loss through contact - through an assembly - most loss is through the ground 2. Convection - heat loss through fluid/gas movement - fan or window opening - air temp is 85F or less - convective transfer is not possible when air is 98.6F 3. Radiation - heat waves - from a warmer surface to a cooler surface 4. Evaporation - state change fluid to gas - liquid to vapor (latent heat is ABSORBED) - vapor to liquid (latent heat is RELEASED)

describe 4 climate zones

1. cold zone: all of Canada, NE US, Wyoming, CO 2. temperate zone: middle latitudes, NW and NE US 3. hot-humid zone: southeasten US (Florida) 4. hot-arid zone: SoCal to SoTex

Name the 3 methods of producing chilled water and chilled air

1. compressive refrigeration (compact refrigeration)(vapor compression) 2. refrigeration by absorption 3. evaporative cooling (works in hot arid only)

small buildings: heating/cooling systems

1. furnace with cooling coils (air to air, water to water) 2. direct expansion 3. combination hydronic and forced-air system 4. air-air heat pump (refrig cycle to heat and cool) 5. ground source heat pump 6. water source heat pump

ranges of the psychometric chart

1. hot & humid = high DB + high WB = cool & dehumidify 2. hot arid = high DB + low WB = cool and humidify 3. cold = low DB + low WB = heat 4. temperate = cool (ie. California)

External Loads: infiltration (Qi)

Qi = (1.08 Btuh/CFM) x (CFM) x (To - Ti) x CLTD CFM = (air change per hour) x (room volume CuFt) x (1hr/60min) ** sensible heat gain or loss, unintentional ventilation ** measured by Crack Method or air-change method, install an air barrier

Internal Cooling Load: lighting (Ql)

Ql = (3.41 Btu/watt) x (watts per lamp) x (# lamps) x (# fixtures) x CLF ** 1 watt = 3.41 Btu/hr (does not include heat from ballast for fluorescent)

Internal Cooling Load: equipment (Qm)

Qm = (number of equipment) x (Btu/hour) x CLF

Internal Cooling Load: people (Qp)

Qp = (number of people) x (Btu for activity) x CLF ** sensible heat and latent heat (breathing and evaporation)

External Loads: radiation (Qr)

Qr = (SC) x (SHGC) x (area of glass) x CLTD - significant factor through windows - SHGC: Solar Heat Gain Coefficient - time of day (12noon) - exposure (NESW) - location (latitude)

External Loads: envelope (Qw)

Qw = (U) x (area of wall - area of windows) x (To - Ti) x CLTD - U = 1/R - R = sum of all R-values (including air films) - exterior film = 0.17 - interior wall film = 0.68 - interior ceiling film = 0.61 ** calculates heat gain by CONDUCTION through wall ** only surfaces with exposure to outside (exterior walls and roof)

how to calculate air flow rate

V = airflow rate in cubic feet per minute ACH = air changes per hour V = (ACH) * (room volume) / 60 mins per hour

Minimum R-values for Zones 1-8

Zone 1 = R15 Zones 2-8 = R20