Protestant Reformation
What were the main ideas of Calvinism?
1. Man is naturally sinful. 2. Salvation is through faith alone. 3. Predestination of elect
What were the main points of this document?
1. Salvation is through faith alone, not actions (good works, indulgences, baptism, confirmation, communion, confession, last rights). 2. Every Christian is equal to the Pope in God's eyes. Everyone should be able to interpret the Bible and approach God. 3. Church Doctrine (teachings) should be based on the Bible alone, not the Pope's preferences or Church tradition).
What were the decisions of the Council of Trent regarding changes in the Catholic Church Doctrine?
1. Still held that only the Church can interpret the Bible. 2. Faith + Works = Salvation (not faith alone). 3. Tradition + the Bible = Church Doctrine. 4. Still had indulgences (couldn't sell them).
What were the main goals of the Jesuits?
1. They founded many schools throughout Europe (Teachers were mostly trained in classical studies and theology). 2. Convert non-Christians to Catholicism, so they sent out missionaries. 3. Stop Protestantism from spreading.
Describe Predestination.
A belief that God knows what will happen in the future. He knows what everyone will do, and where they will end up.
Why did Henry VIII eventually turn against the Catholic Church?
Ann Bolin convinced him that the Pope was the enemy of God because he wouldn't grant Henry a divorce against Catherine of Aragon.
How did Prince Frederick of Saxony keep Luther alive?
He "kidnapped" him and held him in secrecy, giving him food and shelter.
Why did Martin Luther want to reform the Catholic Church?
He believed that they were corrupt in taking advantage of the peasants (selling them indulgences, telling them they'd get out of Purgatory or go to Heaven).
What did Luther do for Prince Frederick while in captivity?
He rewrote the New Testament in German (which was highly illegal and could have resulted in immediate death for anyone involved).
What church did Henry create and who was the head of that church?
Henry created the Anglican Church, and he himself was head of it. He granted himself a divorce with his new power.
What was the Act of Supremacy?
It stated that the King of England was and always had had power over the Church.
Describe a modern day example of a "Martin Luther" who goes against a powerful institution and manages to affect broad change.
Joseph Smith Jr. - Founded Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons). He wrote the Book of Mormon and strayed from Christianity in order to start this new religion. 1. Humans have the potential to achieve godhood if they follow Mormon teachings. 2. There is no original sin. 3. God the Father has a physical body.
What was the eventual result (end result) of him creating this document?
Luther was put on trial at the Diet of Worms, where he was excommunicated from the Church and thrown out. His works were burned, and everyone was ordered not to give him any food, shelter, or comfort.
How did the changes in attitudes and values of the Renaissance help cause the Protestant Reformation? (FOCUS ON THE RENAISSANCE VALUES WE COVERED)
Many of the values played a valuable (lol) role in the Protestant Reformation. Skepticism led to people questioning the information the Church has given them, secularism and classicism led people to straying from the Church to learn more about our world.
How was Germany split with regards to their Christianity and geography?
Northern Germany was mainly Protestant, southern Germany was mainly Catholic, and Eastern Germany was non-religious/other.
What did the Anabaptists believe in? Why?
People who had been baptized as children should be "baptized again" as adults, since they did not make the decision to do it as a child.
Name at least five Protestant Denominations.
Presbyterians, Methodists, Lutherans, Anglicans, Baptists
What document did Luther write that listed his issues with the Church?
The 95 Theses
How were these ideas spread?
The 95 Theses were taken off of the Church doors and taken to a printing press, where it was copied and sent throughout Germany.
How was the Church corruption partially responsible for the Protestant Reformation? (GIVE EXAMPLES OF CORRUPTION/POOR BEHAVIOR)
The Church sold indulgences, and the clergy took part in things like sex, a wealthy lifestyle, etc. Luther despised these things, as did his followers.
Who were the Jesuits and who founded them?
The Jesuits were a religious group founded by Ignatius of Loyola.
What occurred throughout Germany during the time when the German people thought Luther was dead?
The Peasantry was protesting and destroying/burning down the churches.
How did the kings' need for power lead to the Protestant Reformation?
The king broke away from the Church in order to form his own and grant his own divorce. Once he did this, his subjects had to follow (thus, almost all of England was breaking away from the Church).
How did the printing press help the Protest Reformation begin and spread? (THINK OF NEW BIBLES AND THEIR EFFECTS AND THE 95 THESES)
The printing press copied the 95 Thesis and Luther's German Bible quickly, resulting in them spreading quickly throughout Germany. This helped Luther gain a following and more people to rise up against the Church.
