BSC1005-Unit 1 (Ch. 1 + Ch. 2 + Ch. 3)

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule composed of two polyncleoride chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid are nucleic acids.

atomic number

the number of protons in each atom of a particular element. Elements are ordered by atomic number in the periodic table of elements

Antibiotic resistance evolves in bacteria when ______.

the presence of antibiotics favors bacteria that already have genes for resistance

Biosphere

the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth (or analogous parts of other planets) occupied by living organisms

Cell

the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic organisms typically consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed

Atom

the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

Biology

the study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution

atomic mass

the total mass of an atom

Technology

the use of living organisms or biological processes for the purpose of developing useful agricultural, industrial, or medical products, especially by means of techniques, such as genetic engineering, that involve the modification of genes.

Ecosystem

a biological community of interactions organisms and their physical environment

buffer

a chemical substance that decreases the hydrogen (H+) concentration in a solution

molecule

a group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

solution

a liquid consisting of a homogenous mixture of two or more substances: a dissolving agent, the solvent, and a substance that is dissolved, the solute

mass

a measure of the amount of matter in an object

pH scale

a measure of the relative acidity fo a solution, ranging in value from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic)

polar molecule

a molecule containing an uneven distribution of charge due to the presence of polar covalent bonds (bonds having opposite charges on opposite ends). A polar molecule will have a slightly negative pole

Science

a process for learning about the natural world that tests ideas using evidence gathered from nature

chemical reaction

a process leading to chemical changes in matter, involving the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds. A chemical reaction involves rearranging atoms, but no atoms are created or destroyed

Evaporative coding

a property of water whereby a body becomes cooler as water evaporates from it

aqueous solution

a solution in which water is the solvent

reactant

a starting material in a chemical reaction

Electron

a subatomic particle with a single unit of negative electrical charge. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom

proton

a subatomic particle with a single unit of positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom

Compound

a substance containing two or more different elements in a fixed ratio; for ex) table salt (NaCl) consists of one atom of the elements sodium (Na) for every atom of chlorine

Element

a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical means. Scientists recognize 92 chemical elements that occur naturally and several dozen more that have been created in the laboratory

base

a substance that decreases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution

Acid

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution

Hypothesis

a supposition or tentative explanation for phenomena facts, or a scientific inquiry that may be tested, verified or answered by further investigation or methodological experiment

periodic table of the elements

a table listing all of the chemical elements (both natural and human-made) ordered by atomic number (the atomic number of protons in the nucleus of a single atom of that element)

Hydrogen bond

a type of weak chemical bond formed when a particularly positive hydrogen atom from one polar molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom in another molecule (or in another part of the same molecule)

isotope

a variant form of an atom. Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons

The information in a living organism flows from

a)DNA to membranes. b)proteins to DNA. c)DNA to proteins. d)proteins to membranes. e)None of the choices is correct. answer: c

Artificial snakes in area one experience a 65% attack rate, but those in area two experience a 7% attack rate. Which prediction is most logical?

a)King snakes will resemble coral snakes with or without coral snakes present. b)King snakes living with coral snakes will resemble coral snakes more than king snakes living without coral snakes. c)King snakes living with coral snakes will resemble coral snakes less than king snakes living without coral snakes. answer: b

These two snakes are remarkably similar. The coral snake (right) is very poisonous. Consider these hypotheses: H1: The coral snake's bright color pattern warns off predators. H2: The king snake mimics the coral snake to avoid predation. H3: The benefit to king snakes depends on coral snakes' presence. Scientists test hypothesis 1: The coral snake's coloration warns off predators. They place artificial snakes where coral snakes live to determine which ones are attacked least. Which colors of artificial snakes should the scientists use?

a)brown artificial snakes and yellow artificial snakes b)red artificial snakes, yellow artificial snakes, and black artificial snakes c)artificial snakes with yellow heads and black bodies, and artificial snakes with yellow heads and red bodies d)brown artificial snakes and artificial snakes with red, yellow, and black rings answer: d

Within all living organisms, a series of chemical reactions known as metabolism allows these organisms to

a)convert energy from one form to another. b)recycle matter from one form to another. c)both a and b. answer: c

Which of these are signs that a work is truly scientific?

a)many cited references b)no external review c)information is from 20 years ago d)author has conflicts of interest due to financial arrangements e)all of the options are correct answer: a

Which is the largest unit of organization in living things?

a)organelle b)organ c)biosphere d)population e)organism answer: c

Not all science discoveries are based on experiments. Which would be best described as science based on exploration?

a)sequencing the human genome b)describing a new bird species from the Philippines c)a project to find preserved specimens of the probably extinct Rocky Mountain locust frozen in glaciers d)all of the above answer: d

Scientists plan an experiment to test hypothesis 3: The protection that king snakes receive by mimicking coral snakes will depend on the presence of coral snakes. They place artificial king snakes in one area where coral snakes live and in a second area where coral snakes do not live. The artificial snakes in area one experience a 65% attack rate, while the artificial snakes in area two experience a 7% attack rate. This data _______ hypothesis 3.

a)supports b)does not support c)is irrelevant to answer: a

Darwin proposed the theory of evolution through the process of natural selection. Darwin used the term natural selection to mean

a)the idea that living organisms today descended from a succession of ancestral species. b)an individual organism changes during its lifetime to adapt to its natural environment. c)some heritable traits of a population are selected for (or against) by environmental conditions. answer: c

which domain(s) consist(s) of prokaryotic cells?

Bacteria and Archaea

A newly discovered multicellular organism obtains food by digesting dead organisms. Such an organism is most likely a member of the kingdom _________.

fungi

Which of the following is not a chemical reaction?

ice melts to form liquid water

Explain how hydrogen bonds are different from ionic and covalent bonds

in a covalent bonds, two atoms share one

Domain

in biological taxonomy, a domain, also super-kingdom, realm, or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the 3-domain system of taxonomy devised by Carl Woese et al in 1990

Kingdom

in biology, kingdom is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain, kingdoms are divided into smaller groups called phyla

Hypothesis-driven science

involves constructing a specific testable explanation for a phenomenon based on a set of observations. After testing explanation, conclusions can be drawn depending on whether the results you obtained support or refute the explanation

Prokaryotic cell

is a cellular organism that lacks an envelope-enclosed nucleus

Discovery Science

is a scientific methodology which emphasizes analysis of large volumes of experimental data with the goal of finding new patterns or correlations, leading to hypothesis formation and other scientific methodologies

Controlled experiment

is a scientific test done under controlled conditions, meaning that just one (or a few) factors are changed at a time, while all others are kept constant

Theory

is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.

Genome

is all genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA. the genome includes both the genes and noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA

Scientific method

is an empirical method of acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century

Protist

is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus

Evolution

is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations

An atom's innermost electron shell _______

is filled when it has two electrons

Some people in your study group say they don't understand what a polar molecule is. You explain that a polar molecule _______

is slightly negative at one end and slightly positive at the other end

Gene

is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA

describe the structure of the atom, including all subatomic particles, their sizes, charges, and location in the arom

atoms consist of 3 basic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. The nucleus (center) of the atom contains the protons (positively charged) and the neutrons (no charge)

Natural selection

is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change

Taxonomy

is the scientific study of naming, defining and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics

Fluorine's atomic number is 9, and its mass number is 19. Which of the following is true of fluorine?

it contains 9 protons and 10 neutrons

know the maximum number of electrons that may occupy an elements first and second shells

the first shell can hold 2 electrons and the second shell can hold up to eight (2+6)

Explain two observations which led to Darwin's theory of natural selection, and explain what is meant by differential (unequal) reproductive success

-overproduction and competition -individual variation

List and describe the 10 levels in the hierarchy of life

1. Atom: a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons 2. Molecule: a phospholipid, composed of many atoms 3. Organelles: structures that perform functions within a cell. 4. Cells: human blood cells 5. Tissue: human skin tissue 6. + 7. Organs and organ systems: organs such as the stomach and intestine make up part of the human digestive system 8. Organisms, populations, and communities: in a park, each person is an organism. Together, all the people make up a population. All the plant and animal species in the park comprise a community 9. Ecosystem: the ecosystem of central park in New York includes living organisms and the environment in which they live 10. The Biosphere: encompasses all the ecosystems on Earth

List the 3 domains of life and identify what characteristics are unique to each domain

1. Bacteria: cells do not contain a nucleus 2. Archaea: cells do not contain a nucleus; have different cell wall from bacteria 3. Eukarya: cells contain a nucleus

Describe the two major processes in an ecosystem and explain the role of organisms in these two processes

1. cycling of nutrients 2. one way flow of energy from sunlight to consumers

List and define/explain each of the steps in the scientific method

1. make an observation 2. ask a question 3. form a hypothesis or testable explanation 4. make a prediction based on the hypothesis 5. test the prediction 6. use the results to make new hypothesis/prediction

List and describe the 7 properties and processes associated with life

1. order: living cells are the basis of the complex organization 2. ReproductionL all organisms reproduce to have another generation 3. Growth and Development: inherited information from DNA 4. Energy processing: after eating, you get energy to power its own activities 5. Response to the environment: organisms respond to the things that happen in the environment 6. Regulation: regulates an organisms internal environment, keeping it within limits to sustain life 7. Evolutionary adaptation: organisms that are able to adapt to their environment

What are eukaryotic genes composed of?

DNA

Explain the difference between the use of the word "theory" in everyday and correct, scientific use of the word. Include a discussion of how a hypothesis and a theory are related

In everyday language a theory means a hunch or speculation. A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment

Explain what Darwin meany when he described evolution as "descent with modification"

It is the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor

Differentiate between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic: are organisms make up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane encased organelles Eukaryotic: are organisms made up of cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus that holds genetic material as well as membrane-bound organelles

ion

an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring an electrical charge

Covalent bond

an attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons

Chemical bond

an attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms

ionic bond

an attraction between two ions with opposite electrical charges. The electrical attraction of the opposite charges holds the ions together

neutron

an electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge) found in the nucleus of an atom

trace element

an element that is essential for the survival of an organism, but is needed in only minute quantities. examples of trace elements needed by people include iron and zinc

Product

an ending material in a chemical reaction

radioactive isotope

an isotop whose nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particle and energy

Identify the types of molecules capable of hydrogen bonding

any molecule which has a hydrogen atom attached directly to an oxygen or a nitrogen is capable of hydrogen bonding. hydrogen bonds also occur when hydrogen is bonded to fluorine, but HF group does not appear in other molecules

matter

anything that occupies space and has mass

Eukaryotic cell

are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope

Differentiate between ionic and covalent bonding

covalent bonds are formed between two non-metals, whereas ionic bonds are formed between a metal and non-metal

What is the primary way that people get fluorine in their diet?

drinking fresh water

Information flow in biological systems is necessary for negative or regulative feedback to operate. Which of these examples does NOT involve flow of information providing feedback?

drought kills many trees

Differentiate between natural and artificial selection

natural selection is by chance while in artificial the genes are chosen

Explain how neutral atoms become ions

neutral atoms can be turned into positively charged ions by removing one or more electrons

Which of the following is a producer?

oak tree

Discovery science is primarily based on ____.

observation

Emergenet property

property in which a collection or complex system has, but which the individual members do not have

Artificial selection

selective breeding is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotype traits by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together

In the process of evolution by natural selection illustrated in the accompanying figure, which of the following is the mechanism or agent of natural selection?

selective predation

list the 3 physical states of matter

solid liquid gas

What does "adaptation" mean in an evolutionary context?

the accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time

half-life

the amount of time it takes for 50% of a sample of radioactive isotope to decay

Regulation in biological systems depends on feedback, which is an example of information flow. When diabetes destroys insulin-producing cells, what information flow is disrupted?

the body is unable to send signals that indicate the amount of sugar in the blood

Life

the condition that distinguishes animals and plants form inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change proceeding death

solvent

the dissolving agent in a solution. water is the most versatile known solvent