BSC2086-TCC-Hickey- Unit 1 HW (ch. 15-16)

To focus on objects closer than 20 feet,

the ciliary muscles must contract.

A single ganglion cell outside of the fovea receives input from ______________ rod(s).

multiple

__________ receptors on cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and gland cells respond to acetylcholine.

muscarinic

Arrange the following structures in the order in which they vibrate when a sound wave enters the ear. (1) eardrum (2) endolymph (3) ossicles (4) oval window (5) perilymph

(1) eardrum (3) ossicles (4) oval window (5) perilymph (2) endolymph

Arrange the following structures in the order in which they would vibrate as a result of the tympanic membrane vibrating. (1) oval window (2) vestibular membrane and endolymph (3) ossicles (4) basilar membrane (5) perilymph

(3) ossicles (1) oval window (5) perilymph (2) vestibular membrane and endolymph (4) basilar membrane

Arrange the following events in correct sequence. (1) ganglion cells generate action potentials (2) action potentials travel through optic tracts to visual cortex (3) action potentials pass through optic chiasm (4) bright light is shone into the eye (5) action potentials pass through optic nerves

(4) bright light is shone into the eye (1) ganglion cells generate action potentials (5) action potentials pass through optic nerves (3) action potentials pass through optic chiasm (2) action potentials travel through optic tracts to visual cortex

Label the parts of the visual pathway.

1. Optic nerve 2. Optic chiasm 3. Optic tract 4. Superior colliculus 5. Lateral geniculate body of thalamus 6. Optic radiations 7. Visual cortex occipital lobe

Match ANS or SNS 1. Involuntarily controlled 2. Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons 3. A single neuron extends from the CNS to muscle 4. Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands 5. Consciously controlled movements 6. Innervates skeletal muscle

1. ANS 2. ANS 3. SNS 4. ANS 5. SNS 6. SNS

Match each definition to their specific vision disorder. 1. Cornea or lens is not uniformly curved, and the image is not sharply focused. 2. Clouding of the lens resulting from a buildup of proteins 3. Defective circulation to the eye may result in retinal degeneration or detachment 4. Excessive pressure buildup in the aqueous humor

1. Astigmatism 2. Cataract 3. Diabetic retinopathy 4. Glaucoma

Place the structures of the ear in order for the transmission and interpretation of sound waves from the external ear to the inner ear.

1. Auricle 2. External auditory canal 3. Tympanic membrane 4. Malleus 5. Incus 6. Stapes 7. Oval window 8. Perilymph of scala vestibuli 9. Vestibular membrane 10. Endolymph 11. Basilar membrane 12. Hair cells

1. Auricle 2. External acoustic meatus 3. Ceruminous gland 4. Tympanic membrane 5. Auditory ossicle 6. Auditory Tube

1. Collects and directs sound waves toward ear canal 2. Transmits sound waves to the tympanic membrane 3. Produces earwax 4. Vibrates and amplifies soundwaves 5. Transmits vibrations to the oval window 6. Enables air pressure to be equalized between the outside air and the middle ear cavity

Match the accessory structure of the eye with the correct function or description. 1. Eyebrows 2. Eyelids 3. Conjunctiva 4. Lacrimal apparatus 5. Extrinsic eye muscles

1. Eyebrows Help shade the eyes from direct sunlight 2. Eyelids Helps keep eye lubricated by spreading tears over the surface 3. Conjunctiva Thin transparent mucous membrane on the surface of the eye 4. Lacrimal apparatus Production of tears 5. Extrinsic eye muscles Movement of the eye

Place the structures an action potential will pass through to go from the photoreceptors to the visual cortex.

1. Rod and cone cells 2. Bipolar cells 3. Ganglion cells 4. Optic nerve 5. Optic chiasm 6. Optic tract 7. Thalamus 8. Occipital lobe

Place the events in the movement of soundwaves in the correct sequence from beginning to end.

1. Sound waves strike the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate. Sound waves strike the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate. 2. The malleus, the incus, and the stapes vibrate. The malleus, the incus, and the stapes vibrate. 3. The foot plate of the stapes vibrates in the oval window. The foot plate of the stapes vibrates in the oval window. 4. The perilymph in the scala vestibuli vibrates. The perilymph in the scala vestibuli vibrates. 5. The vestibular membrane vibrates. The vestibular membrane vibrates. 6. The endolymph vibrates. The endolymph vibrates. 7. Displacement of the basilar membrane occurs. Displacement of the basilar membrane occurs. 8. Movement of the basilar membrane is detected by hair cells of the spiral organ. Movement of the basilar membrane is detected by hair cells of the spiral organ. 9. Vibrations are transferred to the perilymph of the scala tympani. Vibrations are transferred to the perilymph of the scala tympani. 10. Vibrations are transferred to and dampened by the round window. Vibrations are transferred to and dampened by the round window.

Decide if each of these age-related losses are due to an increase or decrease in cellular and tissue function. 1. Age-related loss of taste can be due to a/an __________ number of sensory receptors. 2. Age-related loss of vision can be due to a/an __________ rigidity of connective tissue. 3. Age-related loss of hearing can be due to a/an __________number of hair cells. 4. Age-related loss of balance can be due to a/an __________number of hair cells.

1. decreased 2. increased 3. decreased 4. decreased

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of structures a signal passes when traveling through the autonomic nervous system? (1) autonomic ganglion (2) effector cells (3) preganglionic neuron (4) postganglionic neuron

3, 1, 4, 2

Which of the following is a true statement regarding the neurotransmitters of the ANS? Check all that apply. A. All preganglionic neurons are cholinergic. B. All postganglionic neurons are adrenergic. C. All cell bodies of postganglionic neurons have cholinergic receptors. D. Depending on the target, postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine or acetylcholine. E. Depending on the target, postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release norepinephrine or acetylcholine.

A. All preganglionic neurons are cholinergic. C. All cell bodies of postganglionic neurons have cholinergic receptors. D. Depending on the target, postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine or acetylcholine.

The autonomic nervous system is part of the __________ division of the peripheral nervous system. A. Motor B. Sympathetic C. Parasympathetic D. Central E. Craniosacral

A. Motor

The middle ear has four bones. T/F

F

Which nerve fibers cross in the optic chiasma?

Axons of ganglion cells from nasal halves of both retinas

Check all that apply. Which of the following may occur as an outcome of an autonomic reflex? A. Contraction of quadriceps femoris, resulting in knee extension B. Contraction of smooth muscle within a blood vessel C. An increase in the contraction strength of cardiac muscle D. Secretion of sweat from eccrine sweat glands

B. Contraction of smooth muscle within a blood vessel C. An increase in the contraction strength of cardiac muscle D. Secretion of sweat from eccrine sweat glands

Sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving __________. A. Anger B. Digestion C. Exercise D. Stress E. Arousal

B. Digestion

Which of the following statements is true regarding the visual projection pathway? Check all that apply. A. Light striking the lateral retina of the left eye is perceived by the right visual cortex. B. Light striking the medial retina of the right eye is perceived by the left visual cortex. C. Light striking the lateral retina of the left eye is perceived by the left visual cortex. D. Impulses created in the medial retina of the right eye do not decussate in the optic chiasm. E. The left optic tract consists of nerve fibers from both eyes.

B. Light striking the medial retina of the right eye is perceived by the left visual cortex. C. Light striking the lateral retina of the left eye is perceived by the left visual cortex. E. The left optic tract consists of nerve fibers from both eyes.

Which of the following is the correct naming sequence for the first and second neuron in an autonomic pathway? A. Postganglionic neuron / preganglionic neuron B. Preganglionic neuron / postganglionic neuron C. Somatic neuron / postganglionic neuron D. Sensory neuron / motor neuron

B. Preganglionic neuron / postganglionic neuron Correct

Which of the following is not a feature of the retina? A. Ganglion cells B. Photoreceptors C. Optic chiasm D. Optic disc E. Fovea centralis

C. Optic chiasm

Unlike a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utilizes A. one lower motor neuron with cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands as effectors. B. one lower motor neuron with skeletal muscles as effectors. C. two lower motor neurons with cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands as effectors. D. two lower motor neurons with skeletal muscles as effectors.

C. two lower motor neurons with cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands as effectors.

Which of the following structures is not important to the maintenance of balance and equilibrium?

Cochlea

Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise?

Cochlear hair cells

Mucous membranes line body cavities that open up to the external environment (e.g., respiratory and digestive passageways). These membranes help keep the organs lubricated and protected against microbial infection. Which of the following structures of the eye fits this functional description (and is a mucous membrane as well)?

Conjunctiva

Which of the following is not a parasympathetic effect? A. Constriction of the pupils of the eye B. Contraction of the urinary bladder C. Decreased heart rate D. Dilation of air passageways E. Increased gastric secretions

D. Dilation of air passageways

As a stereocilium bends, the tip link pulls ______ gates open.

K+

How is depolarization in a hair cell different than depolarization of a typical neuron?

Depolarization of a hair cell is due to movement of potassium.

Somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes for several reasons. Which of the following explanations is not correct?

Effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord.

Adrenergic receptors are located on postganglionic neurons. T/F

F

Adrenergic receptors respond to ACh. T/F

F

Cell bodies of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are located in chain ganglia. T/F

F

Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors are types of cholinergic receptors. T/F

F

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors respond to NE. T/F

F

The autonomic nervous system carries out many somatic reflexes that are crucial to homeostasis. True or False

False

The autonomic nervous system controls skeletal muscle. True or false

False

Place the tunics of the eye in the correct order from most internal to most external.

Internal to external: Nervous tunic 1 Vascular tunic 2 Fibrous tunic 3

A drug causes the pupils of the eye to dilate. Which of the following describes how this drug may work?

It is blocking muscarinic receptors.

Determine whether each example involves muscarinic, nicotinic, or adrenergic receptors.

Muscarinic: 1. Receptors on the heart that bind ACh 2. Receptors that initiate contraction of smooth muscle in the urinary bladder wall 3. Receptors on smooth muscle of Iris that bind ACh Nicotinic: 1. Receptors on neuron cell bodies in terminal ganglia 2. Receptors on neuron cell bodies in the sympathetic chain ganglia Adrenergic: 1. Receptors on cells of an apocrine sweat gland 2. Receptors on cells of air passageways that bind norepinephrine 3. Receptors that initiate a decrease in muscle tone in stomach wall

Match receptors with its location: Nicotinic Muscarinic Adrenergic

Nicotinic: Cell bodies of postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia Muscarinic: Cells of all parasympathetic effectors and some sympathetic effectors Adrenergic: Most sympathetic effectors

Atropine is sometimes used to dilate the pupil for eye examination. Which receptor would atropine block?

muscarinic receptors

Classify each situation as an example of an opposite or cooperative effect. A. The parasympathetic division constricts the pupils while the sympathetic division dilates the pupils. B. The sympathetic division stimulates an increase in heart rate while the parasympathetic division stimulates a decrease in heart rate. C. The sympathetic division stimulates mucus production by salivary glands while the parasympathetic division stimulates enzyme secretion. D. During sex, the parasympathetic division stimulates arousal while the sympathetic division stimulates orgasm.

Opposite: A. The parasympathetic division constricts the pupils while the sympathetic division dilates the pupils. B. The sympathetic division stimulates an increase in heart rate while the parasympathetic division stimulates a decrease in heart rate. Cooperative: C. The sympathetic division stimulates mucus production by salivary glands while the parasympathetic division stimulates enzyme secretion. D. During sex, the parasympathetic division stimulates arousal while the sympathetic division stimulates orgasm.

How does the avascular cornea acquire oxygen?

Oxygen diffuses from the atmosphere to the cornea.

Parasympathetic or sympathetic functions: 1. Running 2. Digesting 3. Excitement 4. Diuresis 5. Defecation 6. Embarrassment 7. Fight or Flight

Para: 2, 4, 5 Sympathetic: 1, 3, 6, 7

Parasympathetic or sympathetic functions: 1. Bladder wall contraction 2. Decreased digestive activity 3. Airway constriction 4. Increased heart rate 5. Digestive organ vasodilation 6. Gastrointestinal motility 7. Liver glycogen synthesis 8. Skeletal muscle vasodilation 9. Reduced urinary output 10. Increased sweat gland activity

Symp: 2, 4, 8, 9, 10 Para: 1, 3, 5, 6, 7

___________ fibers transmit a constant frequency of action potentials to blood vessels.

Sympathetic

Effector cells that respond to acetylcholine released from postganglionic neurons have __________.

muscarinic receptors

Axons from parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons within terminal ganglia. T/F

T

Binding of ACh to nicotinic receptors has an excitatory effect. T/F

T

Binding of NE to adrenergic receptors has an excitatory or inhibitory effect. T/F

T

Parasympathetic preganglionic axons are typically longer than postganglionic axons. T/F

T

Short wavelengths, from high pitched sounds, cause displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window. T/F

T

Terminal ganglia are at or near effector organs. T/F

T

The enteric nervous system can monitor and control digestive functions independently of the CNS. T/F

T

Which of the following is part of the spiral organ (organ of Corti)?

Tectorial membrane

The symptoms of asthma include constriction of the air passages. Fortunately, this can be treated with drugs called sympathomimetics. Based on this information, predict how these drugs help.

The drugs are agonists that stimulate adrenergic receptors in the air passages.

The binding of acetylcholine to __________ may be either excitatory or inhibitory on the effector cell.

muscarinic receptors

Which of the following is a similarity between a hair cell and a typical neuron?

They both depolarize as a result of positive ions entering the cell.

The part of the ANS that controls "fight" or "flight" is the sympathetic division. True or False

True

What is a difference between visceral reflexes and somatic reflexes?

Visceral reflexes involve somewhat slower responses than somatic reflexes.

The two classes of adrenergic receptors are __________.

alpha and beta

Due to its high turnover, if drainage of _________ is blocked, glaucoma can quickly result.

aqueous humor

Otoliths

are embedded in a gelatinous mass.

Neural networks that are formed by complex interconnections between neurons from the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system are called ____________.

autonomic nerve plexuses

Cochlear neurons are stimulated by

bending microvilli or stereocilia on the hair cells.

Each upward movement of the _____ causes the stereocilia of the inner hair cells to bend, opening ___ gates.

basilar membrane; K+

The cell bodies of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are located either within the ________ or the ________.

brainstem; lateral horns of the sacral spinal cord

In bright light conditions, visual acuity is best when light is focused on the __________ of the eye.

center

Parasympathetic terminal ganglia lie __________ their effector organ.

close to

The cells that are photoreceptors (detect color) are ___________.

cones

This tone keeps the vessels in a state of partial ______________ called vasomotor tone.

constriction

In low light conditions, only rods are activated, and visual acuity is best in the __________ of the eye.

corners

Parasympathetic preganglionic axons from the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem are in _____________.

cranial nerves

Due to the locations of the preganglionic cell bodies, the parasympathetic division is sometimes referred to as the ____________ division.

craniosacral

Propranolol is a drug that binds and blocks β receptors. Which of the following is a likely effect?

decreased heart rate

The direction from which a sound is coming can be determined by the

differences in the time that sound waves take to reach each ear.

The enteric nervous system is located in the __________.

digestive tract

A drop in firing ___________ a vessel by allowing the muscle to relax.

dilates

If a single structure receives innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS, it is called ________ innervation, and the effects of both divisions on that single structure usually result in __________ effects.

dual; opposite

The pigmented layer of the retina

enhances visual acuity by reducing scattering of light.

If a cell has α1 adrenergic receptors, it is sensitive to __________.

epinephrine

The auditory tube

equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and outside air.

The lens

focuses light on the retina.

The center of the retina is a pit called the ____________.

fovea centralis

The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons sometimes lie within the lateral horns of the ____________ of the sacral spinal cord.

gray matter

During the process of hearing, the ____________ the last structure(s) to vibrate.

hair cells are

An ___________ in firing rate constricts a vessel by increasing smooth muscle contraction.

increase

The preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic division of the ANS are located in the __________.

lateral horns of the spinal cord between the T1 and L2 vertebrae

This is because the parasympathetic division diverges significantly ________ than the sympathetic division.

less

The sympathetic division has a _________ widespread effect than the parasympathetic division.

more

In normal near vision light is refracted __________ than in distant vision; thus the lens is __________.

more; rounded

The position of the head with respect to gravity is determined by the

movements of otoliths in response to gravity.

Each cone synapses with _______ ganglion cell(s).

one

Thus the sympathetic division alone exerts ___________ effects on the vessel.

opposite

When both divisions of the ANS innervate a single structure, they usually produce ______________ effects on that structure.

opposite

A person loses all vision in their left eye. One possible cause could be damage to the

optic nerve in the left eye.

Increased activity of the ______________ division is generally associated with resting conditions.

parasympathetic

The __________ division of the ANS is characterized by long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.

parasympathetic

The _______________ division of the ANS functions mainly under ordinary, restful conditions.

parasympathetic

A sudden increase in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors in the walls of large arteries near the heart will cause

parasympathetic reduction of heart rate and sympathetic dilation of blood vessels.

Parasympathetic preganglionic axons from the spinal cord are in ___________________.

pelvic splanchnic nerves

The correct pathway for impulses leaving the retina is

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and optic nerve.

Dual innervation means that an individual effector

receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

As a result of ____________ stimulation, the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine or norepinephrine.

sympathetic

During the process of hearing, the ____________ is the first structure to vibrate.

tympanic membrane

The external ear terminates at the __________.

tympanic membrane