BUAD309 Ch. 6, chapter 11, Chapter 13, Chapter 18, HRM 360 ch.5, Buad309 Chapter 7 Exam Questions

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1) An example of change in the nature of the workforce is an increase in ________. A) college attendance B) mergers and consolidations C) capital investment D) divorce rates E) cultural diversity

In the context of social learning, explain the four processes that determine a model's influence on an individual.

1. Attentional processes: People learn from a model only when they recognize and pay attention to its critical features. We tend to be most influenced by models that are attractive, repeatedly available, important to us, or similar to us in our estimation. 2. Retention processes: A model's influence depends on how well the individual remembers the model's action after the model is no longer readily available. 3. Motor reproduction processes: After a person has seen a new behavior by observing the model, watching must be converted to doing. This process demonstrates that the individual can perform the modeled activities. 4. Reinforcement processes: Individuals are motivated to exhibit the modeled behavior if positive incentives or rewards are provided. Positively reinforced behaviors are given more attention, learned better, and performed more often.

What are the four referent comparisons that add to the complexity of equity theory?

1. Self-inside: An employee's experiences in a different position inside the employee's current organization. 2. Self-outside: An employee's experiences in a situation or position outside the employee's current organization. 3. Other-inside: Another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization. 4. Other-outside: Another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization.

FALSE

10) Companies with dominant market share are less susceptible to the forces of change than smaller businesses.

100) One of Carl's department employees was severely injured on the job. Carl has called in psychological counselors to talk to the other employees and scheduled a series of safety trainings for the department to be completed by the end of the week. He has also asked the HR personnel to talk to the department about the disability insurance that the company offers and make sure that his employees know what is available. Carl is using ________ to help cope with the stress caused by his employee's injury. A) demands B) action research C) resources D) innovation E) appreciative inquiry

101) Political uncertainties, economic uncertainties, and technological change are examples of the ________ factors of potential stress. A) structural B) environmental C) organizational D) personal E) social

102) Jerry is feeling very stressed because his boss expects a project to be delivered to the client within a very unreasonable deadline. Jerry has to work nights and weekends to make the deadline. Jerry is feeling stress due to a(n) ________ factor. A) environmental B) organizational C) economic D) structural E) personal

103) Family issues, economic problems, and personality characteristics are examples of the ________ factor of potential stress. A) social B) environmental C) structural D) psychological E) personal

104) Benny is stressed with the new corporate reorganization. He now reports to a foreign office that has usurped many of his responsibilities, including the contract labor for his projects. Therefore, he's working with new and less qualified contractors with whom he doesn't have a relationship. However, the managers of the other departments find themselves in the same boat, and every day they are able to laugh over lunch about their new managerial impotence. ________ is helping Benny handle his stress. A) Emotional contagion B) Cognitive dissonance C) Social support D) Time management E) Self-efficacy

105) Risa has to work long hours and sometimes weekends, losing out on family time. Risa doesn't find her long hours overly stressful, but rather she sees it as her contribution to maintaining her family's equilibrium and well-being and bettering her children's future. In which country is Risa most likely employed? A) Venezuela B) United States C) Canada D) United Kingdom E) Netherlands

106) Rudolf is dealing with impending layoffs at work. Yesterday, at a pharmacy, he measured his blood pressure and it was high. He also notices that when he thinks about the future, his heart rate accelerates. Rudolf is demonstrating ________ symptoms of stress. A) psychological B) physiological C) behavioral D) personal E) reactive

107) Excessive smoking, substance abuse, and sleep disorders are all examples of ________ symptoms of stress. A) personal B) psychological C) behavioral D) physiological E) pathological

108) Which of the following types of jobs is least likely to create stress and reduce satisfaction? A) jobs that make multiple and conflicting demands B) jobs that provide a high level of feedback C) jobs that lack clarity about the employee's duties D) jobs that provide the employees less control over the pace of their work E) jobs that provide a low level of variety

FALSE

109) Experience on the job tends to be positively related to work stress.

FALSE

11) Change is not as inevitable for companies as it is for individuals.

TRUE

110) The single factor most consistently related to stress in the workplace is the amount of work that needs to be done, followed closely by the presence of looming deadlines.

113) Louise is overwhelmed with the new tasks that she has been assigned after the department merger. Each day, she arrives at work and makes a list of the new tasks, writes a number next to each one according to the urgency of completion, and schedules a time to complete each one. Although she's still stressed, Louise is able to get most of the work done and feels better at the end of the day. Louise is using ________ techniques to reduce her stress. A) job enrichment B) goal setting C) relaxation D) time-management E) job enlargement

114) Which of the following statements is not true regarding organizational approaches to managing stress? A) With goal-setting in the organization, individuals perform better when they have specific and challenging goals and receive feedback on their progress toward these goals. B) Redesigning jobs to give employees more responsibility, more meaningful work, more autonomy, and increased feedback can reduce stress. C) Managers should consider decreasing employee involvement in decision making because evidence clearly shows that decreases in employee empowerment reduce psychological strain. D) Increasing formal organizational communication with employees reduces uncertainty. E) Some employees need an occasional escape from the pace of their work.

115) Organizationally supported programs that focus on the employee's total physical and mental condition, such as helping them quit smoking or control alcohol use, are called ________ programs. A) job redesign B) relaxation C) employee involvement D) organizational development E) wellness

116) Elaine is very good at what she does, but she is constantly stressed by internal deadlines assigned to co-workers, obligatory meetings, and time lost in unrelated idle cubicle chatter. Today, after a meeting with her supervisor, she has been given more responsibility for her work, is able to set her own deadlines, decline attendance to various department meetings, and telecommute two days a week. Elaine's boss is using which of the following organizational strategies to reduce her stress? A) job redesign B) organizational communication C) employee involvement D) organizational development E) process reengineering

15) Which of the following reactions from employees is preferable as a response to change? A) silence B) apathy C) resignation D) open discussion E) increase in the use of sick time

16) It is easiest for management to deal with resistance when it is ________. A) concealed B) deferred C) passive D) implicit E) overt

17) A(n) ________ resistance to change clouds the link between the change and the reaction to it and may surface weeks, months, or even years later. A) overt B) immediate C) active D) explicit E) deferred

18) Which of the following resistances to change is overt and immediate? A) loss of loyalty B) increased absenteeism C) loss of motivation D) increased error E) complaint

19) Which of the following resistances to change is implicit? A) strike B) increased error C) resignation D) complaint E) work slowdown

2) Organizations are increasingly adjusting their processes and positioning their products as environment friendly and sustainable in order to increase their appeal to consumers. This is a response to changes in ________. A) demographic trends B) social trends C) cultural trends D) legal requirements E) nature of the workforce

20) Organizations have built-in mechanisms—like their selection processes and formalized regulations—to produce stability. When an organization is confronted with change, these mechanisms act as a counterbalance to sustain stability. Which of the following organizational sources of resistance to change is represented by these mechanisms? A) group inertia B) selective information processing C) employee-orientation D) structural inertia E) product-orientation

21) Which of the following is an example of an individual source of resistance to change? A) limited focus of change B) product orientation C) fear of the unknown D) structural inertia E) employee orientation

22) As a result of changing technology and unstable environment, your company is planning to undertake restructuring of the business. The employees in your company are worried about this upcoming change and many of them are anxious due to a fear that they will lose their jobs as a result of this change. But that is not the case. The company only wants to restructure its business units, and it is not planning to cut down on jobs. In such a situation, which of the following techniques is most likely to be used by your company to deal with the employees' resistance to change? A) implementing changes fairly B) education and communication C) participation D) manipulation and cooptation E) coercion

23) Which of the following is an example of an organizational source of resistance to change? A) limited focus of change B) security C) fear of the unknown D) selective information processing E) habit

24) Limited focus of change is a major source of resistance to change that originates from an organizational source. It indicates that ________. A) groups in the organization that control sizable resources often resist change B) changes in organizational patterns may threaten the expertise of specialized groups so these groups tend to resist change C) organizations have structural inertia that acts as a counterbalance to sustain stability D) organizations consist of a number of interdependent subsystems and one can't be changed without affecting the others E) even if individuals want to change their behavior, group norms may act as a constraint

25) Selective information processing is a major source of resistance to change. It indicates that ________. A) changes in organizational patterns may threaten the expertise of specialized groups so these groups tend to resist change B) individuals hear what they want to hear and they ignore information that challenges the world they've created C) limited changes in subsystems tend to be nullified by the larger system D) groups in the organization that control sizable resources often resist change E) even if individuals want to change their behavior, group norms may act as a constraint

26) After restructuring, your division has had trouble filling the open positions with appropriate candidates. The selection processes used by human resources have not yet adjusted to the new criteria required for the restructured job positions. This problem is an example of which kind of resistance to change? A) structural inertia B) limited focus of change C) group inertia D) threat to expertise E) threat to established power relationships

27) Which tactic for overcoming resistance to change basically assumes that the source of resistance lies in misinformation? A) implementing changes fairly B) participation C) education and communication D) coercion E) cooptation and manipulation

28) Which of the following tactics for overcoming resistance to change is most likely to be beneficial when employees' fear and anxiety are high? A) manipulation B) building support and commitment C) participation D) implementing changes fairly E) coercion

29) Procedural fairness while implementing changes is especially important when ________. A) the organization is facing intense competition B) the employees have participated in the decision-making process C) the employees perceive the outcome as negative D) the environment in which the business operates is dynamic E) the employees are resisting the change due to group inertia

3) Tescra Education is an educational publishing company that provides textbooks in the area of higher education. The company has been in business for almost 20 years now and has earned substantial profits during this period. Which of the following trends, if true, would drive the company to change its business strategy? A) a rise in the cost of electronic products such as iPads and e-book readers and subscription charges for educational apps B) an upward trend in students' preference for face-to-face interaction with instructors using traditional classroom learning techniques C) a need for learning environments where students feel safe to apply the knowledge they've acquired in the classroom to real-life situations D) a decrease in the number of people going back to school to upgrade their skills, due to an economic boom E) an increase in the number of laws and regulations related to intellectual property

30) Using covert influence to overcome resistance to change is called ________. A) negotiation B) conciliation C) education D) coercion E) manipulation

31) If individuals resisting change are included in making change decisions in an attempt to gain their support, this approach is called ________. A) cooptation B) exploitation C) arbitration D) coercion E) conciliation

32) Which tactic to overcome resistance to change is a relatively inexpensive way to gain the support of adversaries, but may backfire if the targets become aware of the tactic? A) negotiation B) conciliation C) manipulation D) coercion E) arbitration

33) "Buying off" the leaders of a resistance group by giving them a key role and seeking their advice not to find a better solution but to get their endorsement is an example of ________. A) coercion B) cooptation C) procedural fairness D) distributive bargaining E) operant conditioning

34) The application of direct threats or force upon resisters is called ________. A) negotiation B) cooptation C) manipulation D) coercion E) arbitration

36) You have decided to involve the sales personnel in planning for the change and in stocking appropriate new items to sell to gardeners. The method for overcoming resistance that you have chosen is ________. A) education and communication B) participation C) negotiation D) manipulation E) coercion

37) You have threatened to eliminate positions and even to close down the company if your sales personnel don't change their attitudes. The method for overcoming resistance that you have chosen is ________. A) education and communication B) participation C) negotiation D) coercion E) cooptation

39) Which of the following, if true, would weaken the argument to use coercive techniques in this situation? A) The company cannot afford to hire temp workers to handle the backlog and complete the work on time. B) The company has taken several efforts to improve the level of employee morale and motivation. C) The company's current work volumes are quite high. D) The company recently learned that one of its clients utilizes the services of a rival content management firm. E) The company just finished its peak season, during which employees were required to work overtime and on weekends.

TRUE

40) Underscoring the importance of social context, other work shows that even individuals who are generally resistant to change will be more willing to accept new and different ideas when they feel supported by their coworkers and believe the environment is safe for taking risks.

TRUE

41) Resistance to change can be positive if it leads to open discussion and debate.

TRUE

42) Cooptation combines manipulation and participation.

TRUE

43) Employees are more accepting of changes when they are committed to the organization as a whole.

48) Who developed a three-step model for change that included unfreezing, movement, and refreezing? A) John Kotter B) David McClelland C) Douglas Surber D) Lawrence Summers E) Kurt Lewin

49) Which of the following is one of the three steps in the Lewin's three-step change model? A) analysis B) movement C) evaluation D) dreaming E) designing

5) Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument that Fony Corp. should upgrade its technology? A) Employees fear that the new technology will render them obsolete. B) The company will be able to recover the cost of the technology within four years of implementation. C) The new technology is expected to reduce the company's overall cost of production. D) The company's main client is threatening legal action after it had to recall nearly 2 million notebooks owing to defective batteries. E) The technology which the company is considering adopting was recently developed and has not yet been successfully implemented in a real business context.

50) ________ is one way to achieve unfreezing of an organization's status quo. A) Increasing the driving forces directing behavior away from the status quo B) Incorporating a structural inertia in the structure of the organization C) Increasing employee investment in the status quo D) Decreasing management's investment in change E) Increasing the rigidity of the organizational hierarchy

51) Who built on Lewin's three-step model to create a more detailed eight-step plan for implementing change? A) John Kotter B) David McClelland C) Douglas Surber D) Lawrence Summers E) Henry Mintzberg

52) Which of the following is the first step in Kotter's eight-step plan for implementing change? A) Create a new vision to direct the change and strategies for achieving the vision. B) Establish a sense of urgency by creating a compelling reason for why change is needed. C) Plan for, create, and reward short-term "wins" that move the organization toward the new vision. D) Form a coalition with enough power to lead the change. E) Communicate the vision throughout the organization.

53) Which of the following is the last step in Kotter's eight-step plan for implementing change? A) Form a coalition with enough power to lead the change. B) Establish a sense of urgency by creating a compelling reason for why change is needed. C) Communicate the vision throughout the organization. D) Reinforce the changes by demonstrating the relationship between new behaviors and organizational success. E) Consolidate improvements, reassess changes, and make necessary adjustments in the new programs.

54) John Kotter built on Lewin's three-step model to create a more detailed approach for implementing change. Which of the following steps in Kotter's eight-step plan for implementing change represents the unfreezing stage in Lewin's three-step model? A) Plan for, create, and reward short-term "wins" that move the organization toward the new vision. B) Consolidate improvements, reassess changes, and make necessary adjustments in the new programs. C) Create a new vision to direct the change and strategies for achieving the vision. D) Empower others to act on the vision by removing barriers to change and encouraging risk taking and creative problem solving. E) Reinforce the changes by demonstrating the relationship between new behaviors and organizational success.

55) Which of the following steps in Kotter's eight-step plan for implementing change represents the movement stage in Lewin's three-step model? A) Establish a sense of urgency by creating a compelling reason for why change is needed. B) Plan for, create, and reward short-term "wins" that propel the organization toward the new vision. C) Form a coalition with enough power to lead the change. D) Create a new vision to direct the change and strategies for achieving the vision. E) Reinforce the changes by demonstrating the relationship between new behaviors and organizational success.

56) Which of the following steps in Kotter's eight-step plan for implementing change represents the refreezing stage in Lewin's three-step model? A) Plan for, create, and reward short-term "wins" that move the organization toward the new vision. B) Consolidate improvements, reassess changes, and make necessary adjustments in the new programs. C) Create a new vision to direct the change and strategies for achieving the vision. D) Empower others to act on the vision by removing barriers to change and encouraging risk taking and creative problem solving. E) Reinforce the changes by demonstrating the relationship between new behaviors and organizational success.

57) ________ is a change process based on systematic collection of data and selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicate. A) Organizational development B) Action research C) Planned change D) Process consultation E) Organizational restructuring

58) The step in the action research process where information is gathered about problems, concerns, and needed changes is known as the ________ stage. A) feedback B) evaluation C) diagnosis D) action E) prognosis

59) ________ is a collection of change methods that seek to improve organizational effectiveness and employee well-being. A) Organizational development B) Organizational polarization C) Operant conditioning D) Organizational restructuring E) Action research

6) An example of change in competition is ________. A) U.S. manufactured Toyota vehicles B) collapse of Enron Corporation C) Iraq-U.S. war D) increased interest in urban living E) a decrease in interest rates

60) The deemphasizing of hierarchical authority and control in organizational development is referred to as ________. A) horizontal integration B) power equalization C) trust and support D) respect for people E) vertical blending

61) ________ is a method of changing behavior through unstructured group interaction. A) Action research B) Planned modification C) Process consultation D) Sensitivity training E) Psychoanalysis

62) Which of the following is an organizational development technique that involves an outsider assisting a manager to identify what to improve and how? A) action research B) intergroup development C) appreciative inquiry D) process consultation E) social reinforcement

63) Rather than looking for problems, ________ seeks to identify the unique qualities and special strengths of an organization, which can then be built upon to improve performance. A) appreciative inquiry B) action research C) team building D) process consultation E) social reinforcement

64) Which of the following is a step in the appreciative inquiry process? A) analysis B) dreaming C) inferring D) classifying E) collaboration

65) Appreciative inquiry (AI) is an organizational development technique. Which of the following statements is true regarding appreciative inquiry? A) It tries to identify discrepancies among member perceptions and solve these differences. B) It uses high-interaction group activities to increase trust and openness among team members, improve coordinative efforts, and increase team performance. C) It involves an outside consultant who helps the manager to analyze processes within his or her unit and identify what to improve and how. D) It consists of four steps including discovery, dreaming, design, and destiny. E) It seeks to change groups' attitudes, stereotypes, and perceptions about each other.

66) Which of the following steps of the appreciative inquiry attempts to identify what people think are the organization's strengths? A) dreaming B) destiny C) collaboration D) inferring E) discovery

67) During the dreaming step of appreciative inquiry, participants ________. A) identify the organization's strengths B) use information from the discovery phase to speculate on possible futures C) find a common vision of how the organization will look in the future D) write action plans and develop implementation strategies E) recount times they felt the organization worked best

68) During the design step of appreciative inquiry, participants ________. A) find a common vision of how the organization will look in the future B) use information from the discovery phase to speculate on possible futures C) identify the organization's strengths D) recount times they felt the organization worked best E) write action plans and develop implementation strategies

FALSE

69) Appreciative inquiry refers to a change process based on the systematic collection of data and selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicates.

7) A paper sales company designs and offers a new method of purchasing and shipping commercial quantities of paper through its Web site. The company used to do its business through its sales representative. This is an example of a(n) ________ change. A) accidental B) secondary C) planned D) cognitive E) integrated

TRUE

70) Organizational development (OD) is a collection of change methods that try to improve organizational effectiveness and employee well-being.

FALSE

71) Sensitivity training emphasizes changing behavior through structured group interaction.

TRUE

72) In the case of process consultation, the consultants do not solve the organization's problems but rather guide or coach the client to solve his or her own problems after jointly diagnosing what needs improvement.

TRUE

73) Intergroup development seeks to change groups' attitudes, stereotypes, and perceptions that groups have of each other.

FALSE

74) Appreciative inquiry involves identifying and fixing problems.

8) ________ are persons who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing refinement activities. A) Early adopters B) Free riders C) Laggards D) Change agents E) Whistle-blowers

81) Which of the following types of changes involves a new idea being applied to initiating or improving a product, process, or service? A) continuous improvement B) double-loop learning C) innovation D) process reengineering E) organizational streaming

82) Which of the following statements is true regarding innovation in organizations? A) Organic structures negatively influence innovation. B) Interunit communication is low in innovative organizations. C) Short tenure in management is associated with innovation. D) Innovation is nurtured when there is an abundance of resources. E) Innovative organizations reward both successes and failures.

83) Bart has a new idea for a way to cut costs in his department, but he is not willing to share his idea with his boss because the last department head that tried new cost cutting methods was recently fired because the new methods could not achieve expected results. Based on the example, how can Bart's company improve the culture to create innovation? A) flatten the organizational structure B) reward both successes and failures C) increase the resources in Bart's department D) encourage communication between various departments E) conduct team-building activities

84) Which of the following actions can extinguish risk taking and innovation? A) long tenure in management B) encouraging experimentation C) rewarding for the absence of failures rather than for the presence of successes D) using organic organizational structures E) using an organizational structure that scores low on vertical differentiation, formalization, and centralization

85) Brian's team just had a research breakthrough. They'll need several thousands of dollars to complete the project. Brian has called a series of meetings in which he's promoting the significance of the new discovery, explaining the economic benefits that will result from the final project, and answering questions. Brian is a(n) ________ within his company. A) change agent B) arbitrator C) manipulator D) idea champion E) stress creator

86) Idea champions display characteristics associated with ________ leadership. A) narcissistic B) transformational C) autocratic D) transactional E) laissez-faire

87) ________ involves correcting errors using past routines and present policies. A) Process reengineering B) Single-loop learning C) Circular logrolling D) Double-loop learning E) Organizational restructuring

88) ________ involves correcting errors by modifying the organization's objectives, policies, and standard routines. A) Action research B) Double-loop learning C) Process reengineering D) Single-loop learning E) Organizational restructuring

89) In order to make their firm a learning organization, managers should ________. A) increase the number of hierarchical levels in the organization B) avoid the use of cross-functional teams C) penalize mistakes D) increase the degree of departmentalization E) redesign the organizational structure

9) Management of a company threatens to close a manufacturing plant in the company whose employees are resisting an across-the-board pay cut. But this threat is actually untrue. In this case, which of the following tactics of overcoming resistance to change is being used by the management? A) procedural fairness B) negotiation C) conciliation D) manipulation E) arbitration

TRUE

90) Belonging creates paradoxes between establishing a sense of collective identity and acknowledging our desire to be recognized and accepted as unique individuals.

TRUE

91) Paradox theory states the key paradox in management is that there is no final optimal status for an organization.

FALSE

92) Short tenure in management is associated with innovation.

TRUE

93) Passion for change among entrepreneurs is greatest when work roles and the social environment encourage them to put their creative identities forward.

FALSE

94) Double-loop learning is an error correction process that relies on past routines and present policies.

FALSE

95) Learning organizations use single-loop learning.

TRUE

96) Where the allostatic load is too great and too prolonged, we may experience psychological or physiological stress symptoms.

98) ________ is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, demand, or resource related to what the individual desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important. A) Change B) Stress C) Innovation D) Stimulation E) Creativity

99) Which of the following stressors is likely to produce less strain than the other stressors? A) confusion over job responsibilities B) office politics C) lack of unity of command D) red tape E) pressure to complete tasks

39) Which of the following statements is true? A) The impact of sexual harassment is individual, not organizational. B) A clear understanding of the actions that constitute sexual harassment does not exist. C) Today, the rise of overt forms of sexual harassment presents a major concern for organizations. D) Women in positions of power in an organization are free from sexual harassment by male subordinates. E) Curtailing sexual harassment requires higher-order intervention programs as managers cannot be expected to help in this regard.

A clear understanding of the actions that constitute sexual harassment does not exist

According to the expectancy theory, the performance-reward relationship is the degree to which ________. A) the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to desired outcomes B) organizational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs C) organizational rewards are perceived as attractive by the individual D) the individual believes that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance E) organization rewards correspond with the individual's level of effort

A) According to expectancy theory, the performance-reward relationship indicates the degree to which the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome.

58) ________ involves a detailed consideration of evidence and information relying on facts, figures, and logic. A) Controlled processing B) Serial processing C) Parallel processing D) Selective processing E) Automatic processing

A) Controlled processing

________ refers to bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person. A) Core self-evaluation B) Authoritarianism C) Self-monitoring D) Machiavellianism E) Agreeableness

A) Core self-evaluation

Jeanne Edwards works as a campaign manager at Rainforest Alliance Trust, a forest protection organization in Indonesia. She is currently working on the Palm Oil Campaign which aims at establishing stringent laws against companies which aggravate deforestation to extract palm oil for commercial use. Her role is to establish allies with other forest protection organizations and companies which use eco-friendly products that set good examples for other companies to follow. Jeanne allied with Griffin and Powell, a large multinational company, which, unknown to Jeanne, also has strong ties with local logging groups in Jakarta. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Jeanne had an availability bias while establishing an ally with the company? A) Griffin and Powell ensures that all their CSR initiatives on forests are regularly and substantially publicized. B) Jeanne has adequate experience in leading such campaigns. C) Jeanne is well acquainted with various research techniques. D) Jeanne has access to environmental records maintained by the Information Ministry. E) Rainforest Alliance Trust has strong networks with local environmental research organizations.

A) Griffin and Powell ensures that all their CSR initiatives on forests are regularly and substantially publicized

With reference to the Big Five Model, which of the following is a difference between highly agreeable and less agreeable people? A) Highly agreeable people tend to do better in interpersonally oriented jobs than less agreeable people. B) Highly agreeable people are less compliant and less rule abiding than less agreeable people. C) Highly agreeable people tend to be less satisfied in their jobs than less agreeable people. D) Highly agreeable people engage in less organization citizenship behavior than less agreeable people. E) Highly agreeable people have more tendency to engage in organizational deviance than less agreeable people.

A) Highly agreeable people tend to do better in interpersonally oriented jobs than less agreeable people.

Why do people who perceive themselves as victims of interactional injustice often blame their immediate supervisor rather than the organization at large? A) Interactional justice or injustice is intimately tied to the conveyer of the information. B) Interactional injustice usually occurs during face-to-face encounters. C) When people are not treated with respect they tend to retaliate against those closest at hand. D) Interactional injustice is in the eyes of those who perceive they are disrespected. E) Interactional injustice is most often the result of the impersonal policies of the organization.

A) Interactional justice describes an individual's perception of the degree to which she is treated with dignity, concern, and respect. When people are treated in an unjust manner (at least in their own eyes), they retaliate (for example, badmouthing a supervisor). Because people intimately connect interactional justice or injustice to the conveyer of the information, we would expect perceptions of injustice to be more closely related to the supervisor.

Johanna Murray, a climate campaigner at The National Footprint Foundation, is known in her organization to be a campaigner of caliber and high performance. She has strong networks with the ministry of environment and allies with several environmental organizations in the country. Over the years, she has gained substantial knowledge on the issue of climate change. However, recently when she was asked by her manager to prepare a consolidated report on a conference she attended on climate change, it reflected major loopholes and limited information from the conference. Which of the following, if true, substantiates that Johanna had an anchoring bias? A) Johanna was moved by the arguments put forth by the first speaker. B) Johanna participated actively in the interactive session conducted at the end. C) The speakers at the conference consisted of renowned environmental scientists and activists. D) Johanna has attended several conferences where the panel consisted of eminent scientists. E) Johanna was shocked by the startling facts shown during the concluding session.

A) Johanna was moved by the arguments put forth by the first speaker

Jonah is currently trying to decide whether or not to allow Kate to be part of a delegation that will represent their company at an international business expo. Apart from allowing the company to market its business to potential clients, the expo will give the members of the delegation a chance to meet and network with various industry professionals and gain valuable industry insights. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Kate's chances of being selected? A) Kate is socially inept and tends to display her true disposition and attitude in every situation. B) Kate behaves differently in different situations and occasionally presents striking contradictions between her public persona and her private self. C) Kate has a strong sense of independence and often gets work done without any support from others. D) Kate is often in agreement with others' ideas and opinions. E) Kate is gregarious and comfortable in changing contexts and ambiguous situations.

A) Kate is socially inept and tends to display her true disposition and attitude in every situation.

MBO emphasizes goals that are ________. A) tangible, verifiable, and measurable B) achievable, controllable, and profitable C) inspirational, verifiable, and creative D) tangible, rewarding, and assigned E) profitable, attainable, and self-set

A) Management by objectives (MBO) emphasizes participatively set goals that are tangible, verifiable, and measurable.

The ________ is a personality assessment consisting of 100 questions where respondents are classified as extraverted or introverted, sensing or intuitive, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving. A) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator B) Birkman Method C) Karolinska Scales of Personality D) Keirsey Temperament Sorter E) Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis

A) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

56) Treesa Mayering recently began her first job at a PR firm called Pro as a copywriter. Her job involves creating scripts for press releases, advertisements, and other media events. She has been working under the guidance of Will Preston, the senior copywriter. Treesa, who has no prior experience in this job, had worked on scripts for advertisements and online brochures alone when she was asked to work on a press release for the first time. Will reviewed Treesa's script and sent her an e-mail full of detailed corrections, which she promptly implemented. However, when Will looked at the script later, he felt that it did not represent a significant improvement of her first draft. Which of the following, if true, would best explain this outcome? A) The feedback provided by Will was not elaborate and comprehensive enough. B) Treesa took a lot of time to implement Will's corrections and revise her script. C) Treesa was hired because she demonstrated considerable analytical and creative thinking skills in her pre-employment tests. D) Will routinely e-mailed feedback on scripts for advertisements, online brochures, and press releases to his team members. E) Will believed that Treesa's understanding of his e-mailed feedback would be accurate.

A) The feedback provided by Will was not elaborate and comprehensive enough.

Self-inside, one of the four referent comparisons in the equity theory, refers to ________. A) an employee's experiences in a different position inside the employee's current organization B) an employee's experiences in a different position outside the employee's current organization C) another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization D) an employee's experiences in a similar position outside the employee's current organization E) another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization

A) The referent comparison of self-inside refers to an employee's experiences in a different position inside the employee's current organization.

Which of the following statements is true about people with positive core self-evaluations? A) They are committed to their goals and set ambitious goals. B) They view themselves as powerless over their environment. C) They tend to question their capabilities and capacities. D) They lack persistence to achieve goals. E) They tend to be disliked by superiors and co-workers.

A) They are committed to their goals and set ambitious goals.

According to the attribution theory, which of the following behaviors is most likely to be attributed to an external cause? A) a behavior that scores high on consensus B) a behavior that scores low on distinctiveness C) a behavior that scores high on consistency D) a behavior that scores low on traceability E) a behavior that scores high on rigidity

A) a behavior that scores high on consensus

________ explains the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we assign to a given behavior. A) Attribution theory B) Equity theory C) Object relations theory D) Attachment theory E) Cultural schema theory

A) attribution theory

Anne Warner, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, is in charge of implementing a campaign activity where she needs to increase the use of renewable energy in the villages of Vietnam. For her project, she uses the rational decision-making model to implement activities. She has just completed identifying an appropriate criteria for decision making and has allocated weights to the criteria. Which of the following is Warner most likely to undertake next according to the model? A) develop options of wind, solar, and hydro energy B) analyze the problems of the project C) determine goals of the project D) select hydro energy as the best option E) weigh advantages between solar and wind energy

A) develop options of wind, solar, and hydro energy

According to the attribution theory, ________ is one the three main factors which attempts to determine an individual's behavior. A) distinctiveness B) perverseness C) flexibleness D) resilience E) timorousness

A) distinctiveness

Which of the following dimensions of the Big Five model indicates a person's ability to withstand stress? A) emotional stability B) extraversion C) openness to experience D) agreeableness E) conscientiousness

A) emotional stability

________ refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong. A) Escalation of commitment B) Fundamental attribution error C) Randomness error D) Risk aversion E) Availability bias

A) escalation of commitment

) Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others? A) fundamental attribution error B) bandwagon effect C) contrast effect D) emotional dissonance E) self-fulfilling prophecy

A) fundamental attribution error

Milton Rokeach created the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS), which consists of two sets of values, namely ________ values and ________ values. A) instrumental; terminal B) fluid; stable C) flexible; essential D) unique; general E) flexible; enduring

A) instrumental; terminal

When we rank an individual's values in order of their ________, we obtain the person's value system. A) intensity B) content C) context D) fluidity E) flexibility

A) intensity

Which of the following is a factor present in a perceiver which may affect perception? A) interest B) similarity C) sound D) proximity E) background

A) interest

23) Reuben Williams, the marketing manager for F&B Industries, is frustrated. He feels that the production division repeatedly lets his division down. Although the latest marketing strategy announced that a new product would be available in the market by July, the production division was unable to complete the production of the first batch till August. The production manager claims that manpower is short and the targets placed on the production division are unreasonably high. To resolve this deadlock, they will be meeting soon. This meeting is an example of ________ communication. A) lateral B) grapevine C) diagonal D) upward E) downward

A) lateral

Tracy Winter works at a publishing firm in London and recently received an e-mail from the human resource department of her company asking her to study the behavior of a colleague, Cindy Camp, including her attention toward her work, without Camp's knowledge. Winter now needs to scrutinize Camp's behavior and notice if she is free from distractions and pays sufficient attention to her tasks. Which of the following is Winter conducting? A) observer-ratings survey B) informational interview C) knowledge survey D) participant observation E) focus group survey

A) observer-ratings survey

In ________, a co-worker or another observer does an independent assessment of personality, with or without the subject's knowledge. A) observer-ratings surveys B) paid surveys C) knowledge surveys D) deviation surveys E) cadastral surveys

A) observer-ratings surveys

When two people witness something at the same time and in the same situation yet interpret it differently, factors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in the ________. A) perceivers B) target C) timing D) context E) situation

A) perceivers

A(n) ________ refers to a discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state. A) problem B) decision C) instinct D) intuition E) perception

A) problem

Which of the following is a decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome? A) rational decision-making model B) flexible decision-making model C) distributive decision-making model D) associative decision-making model E) integrative decision-making model

A) rational decision-making model

Harriet Kirby, a fund raising manager at a women's rights organization, experienced a bad incident last year with the public relations manager of a banking company who had committed to sponsor a charity event. The bank backed out at the last minute. This year, when a renowned international bank executive showed interest in sponsoring the organization's upcoming annual event, Kirby rejected their participation. She felt that banks have a casual approach toward charity events, and it is risky to involve them in the event. Which of the following is Kirby most likely to be characterized by? A) selective perception B) cognitive dissonance C) self-serving bias D) bandwagon effect E) self-fulfilling prophecy

A) selective perception

Individuals engage in ________ because it is impossible for them to assimilate everything they see and can take in only certain stimuli. A) selective perception B) cognitive dissonance C) self-serving bias D) emotional labor E) self-fulfilling prophecy

A) selective perception

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the ________ type are practical and prefer routine and order and focus on details. A) sensing B) extraverted C) feeling D) perceiving E) intuitive

A) sensing

What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of S versus N stand for? A) sensing/intuitive B) social/perceiving C) stable/negligent D) sympathetic/thinking E) shrewd/feeling

A) sensing/intuitive

Individuals low in self-monitoring ________. A) tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation B) are pragmatic, maintain emotional distance, and believe ends can justify means C) have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and are arrogant D) are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable E) tend to dislike themselves and view themselves as powerless over their environment

A) tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation

Which of the following terms describes basic convictions that "a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct"? A) values B) attitudes C) emotions D) feelings E) traditions

A) values

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, introverted-intuitive-thinking-judging type of people are ________. A) visionaries B) organizers C) conceptualizers D) executors E) methodists

A) visionaries

Explain how a manager motivates employees with reference to Herzberg's two-factor theory.

According to Herzberg, the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Therefore, managers who seek to eliminate factors that can create job dissatisfaction may bring about peace, but not necessarily motivation. They will be placating rather than motivating their workers. As a result, Herzberg characterized conditions such as quality of supervision, pay, company policies, physical working conditions, relationships with others, and job security as hygiene factors. When they're adequate, people will not be dissatisfied; neither will they be satisfied. If we want to motivate people on their jobs, Herzberg suggested emphasizing factors associated with the work itself or with outcomes directly derived from it, such as promotional opportunities, personal growth opportunities, recognition, responsibility, and achievement. These are the characteristics people find intrinsically rewarding.

Which of the following does the heredity approach state? A) An individual's personality is determined by the social background one is brought up in. B) An individual's personality is determined by molecular structure of the genes. C) An individual's personality is influenced by the economic settings he/she is surrounded by. D) A person's personality traits are created by the company he/she keeps i.e., his/her friends and family. E) A person's personality traits are largely influenced by global trends and characteristics.

B) An individual's personality is determined by molecular structure of the genes.

The ________ is a personality assessment model that taps basic dimensions which encompass most of the significant variation in human personality, namely extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. A) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator B) Big Five model C) Birkman method D) Keirsey Temperament Sorter E) Forté Profile

B) Big Five model

Johanna Murray, a climate campaigner at The National Footprint Foundation, is known in her organization to be a campaigner of caliber and high performance. She recently worked on a campaign against global warming during which she worked extremely hard to achieve project milestones. However, the campaign failed as it could not achieve the desired objective. Due to this, her manager, Brenda Owens gave her a poor performance appraisal. In the appraisal, Brenda said that Johanna was not motivated and failed to reach out to 25,000 people through Internet media to spread awareness about climate change. Which of the following, if true, weakens Brenda's statement? A) Johanna lacks experience in publicizing campaigns using Internet media. B) Brenda was unable to make time for Johanna to brief her on the tasks involved in carrying out the campaign's media strategy. C) Johanna recently moved from the agriculture campaign to the climate campaign. D) Johanna's previous job involved an extensive amount of researching on environmental issues. E) Brenda is known in the organization to be a fair and unbiased manager.

B) Brenda was unable to make time for Johanna to brief her on the tasks involved in carrying out the campaign's media strategy

1) Which of the following statements is true with regard to communication? A) Communication cannot be used to motivate and control employees in an organization. B) Communication involves the transfer and understanding of meaning. C) Communication involves the mere imparting of meaning to another person or group. D) Perfect communication is not dependent on a channel and its richness. E) Perfect communication results in dissimilar mental models.

B) Communication involves the transfer and understanding of meaning.

What is the major problem with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a measure of personality? A) It has an excess of classifications, which tends to confuse a person. B) It forces a person to be categorized as either one type or another. C) It does not have a clear demarcation between different personality types. D) It tends to overemphasize intuitive traits over analytical traits. E) It indicates results related exclusively to job performance.

B) It forces a person to be categorized as either one type or another.

24) Which of the following is a unique advantage of lateral communication? A) Lateral communication helps in the transmission of ideas and information. B) Lateral communication occurring with management's knowledge and support can be beneficial even if it does not follow the formal vertical structure. C) Lateral communication facilitates emotional expression, enhances motivation, and helps the organization control its employees effectively. D) Lateral communication facilitates coordination at the intradepartmental level. E) Lateral communication works quickly as it does not follow the stages of the communication process.

B) Lateral communication occurring with management's knowledge and support can be beneficial even if it does not follow the formal vertical structures

Naomi Fisher, a sales manager at Pure, a water purifier company, had a new member, Leah Marshall join her team. Though during Leah's interview, Naomi felt she would be a productive sales executive, her performance has often been below the mark. Consistently in the past three months, Leah has been unable to reach her targets and is falling substantially behind on her annual targets. Naomi assumes that Leah is not determined and motivated enough to do what it takes. Which of the following, if true, weakens Naomi's assumption? A) Leah has often arrived late for team meetings conducted in the morning. B) Leah has been assigned a sales territory where consumers are from low income groups. C) Leah has good interpersonal skills and gets along well with her customers. D) Research showed that the company's largest competitor had a lower turnover than they did. E) Naomi recently received feedback from other team members that Leah is often uncooperative.

B) Leah has been assigned a sales territory where consumers are from low income groups

Which of the following personality traits indicates the degree to which a person is unemotional and pragmatic and believes that ends can justify means? A) extraversion B) Machiavellianism C) agreeableness D) self-concordance E) narcissism

B) Machiavellianism

49) Which of following is true regarding social networking? A) Individuals between ten and eighteen years of age are the fastest growing group of users of Facebook. B) Many organizations have developed their own in-house social networking applications. C) The use of social networking sites eliminates cyber loafing at work. D) Social networking sites are primarily for interpersonal communication and have no business-related uses. E) Social networking is a protected activity that cannot be intercepted

B) Many organizations have developed their own in-house social networking applications.

Laura Simpson, a campaign manager at a child rights organization in Jakarta, planned a marathon for celebrities to raise money for underprivileged children. Though all arrangements for the event had been made, a few days before the event she realized that on the same day there was a political rally happening in the city which will block access to the route on which the marathon was supposed to be undertaken. In such a situation, what is Simpson, who suffers from a self-serving bias, most likely to say? A) I did not do sufficient research on public events in the city. B) My colleagues did not inform me about the rally. C) The director had warned me of this. I should have known better. D) I should have weighed feasibility options for the event. E) I should have established better contacts to know about this update.

B) My colleagues did not inform me about the rally

The proponents of reinforcement theory view behavior as ________. A) the result of a cognitive process B) environmentally caused C) a reflection of the inner state of the individual D) a function of one's power need E) a product of heredity

B) Reinforcement theory takes a behavioristic approach, arguing that reinforcement conditions behavior. Reinforcement theorists see behavior as environmentally caused

48) Which of following is true regarding text messaging? A) They represent the best means to communicate long messages that must be archived. B) The guidelines for business use of texting are still evolving. C) They represent a secure mode of communication that cannot be intercepted. D) Instant messaging is not dependent on the availability of Internet or computers. E) Text messaging is transmitted primarily via computers

B) The guidelines for business use of texting are still evolving.

Alex was sent to Beijing to help local managers solve the problem of growing worker dissatisfaction at their manufacturing facility located in the city. As part of his visit, he decided to have a town hall meeting with the workers to understand the problems that they were facing and the reasons for their discontent. The turnout at the meeting was substantial; however, when asked for their opinions and suggestions, the crowd fell silent. As a result, Alex was unable to determine the reason for employee dissatisfaction. Which of the following, if true, best explains this situation? A) A small portion of the workers at the facility belong to the baby boomers generation. B) There is an unequal distribution of power in the company. C) The employees are genuinely concerned about improving their lot. D) Alex was sent to Beijing as he was one of the few employees who were conversant in the local language. E) On previous occasions, the company has yielded to employee demands.

B) There is an unequal distribution of power in the company.

38) Ideally, a chain network should be used when ________. A) high speed of information transfer is desired B) accuracy of information is most important C) the network is expected to facilitate emergence of a leader D) high member satisfaction is desired E) the teams using the chain network are self-managed teams

B) accuracy of information is most important

With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the investigating type prefer ________. A) activities that involve helping and developing others B) activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding C) physical activities that require skill, strength, and coordination D) ambiguous and imaginative activities that allow creative expression E) activities in which there are opportunities to influence others

B) activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding

Which dimension of the Big Five model refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others? A) conscientiousness B) agreeableness C) extraversion D) openness to experience E) emotional stability

B) agreeableness

Which of the following is an example of externally caused behavior? A) An employee postpones a meeting because he overslept. B) An employee is late to work because of a punctured tire. C) An employee was fired because he violated a company policy. D) An employee was promoted when he achieved more than the assigned objectives. E) An employee closed a sale with an important corporate client because of his excellent negotiation skills.

B) an employee is late to work because of a punctured tire

A manager doing performance appraisals gives more weight to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of 6 or 9 months earlier. This shows that the manager's perception is affected by a(n) ________ bias. A) self-serving bias B) availability C) impact D) distinction E) hindsight

B) availability

________ bias refers to the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easily accessible. A) Anchoring B) Availability C) Overconfidence D) Confirmation E) Hindsight

B) availablity

32) The ________ network is a type of formal small-group network that rigidly follows the formal and hierarchical levels of command. A) matrix B) chain C) wheel D) all channel E) cross-functional

B) chain

Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors? A) traceability B) consistency C) verifiability D) relatedness E) affect intensity

B) consistency

Jessica recently joined a new company and was first introduced to Michelle, her cubicle neighbor. Michelle came across as amiable and cheerful. During lunch she met another colleague, Carrie, who did not come across as friendly as Michelle. In this situation, Jessica's interpretation of Carrie's personality is most likely to be affected by a ________. A) confirmation bias B) contrast effect C) fundamental attribution error D) self-serving bias E) bandwagon effect

B) contrast effect

________ refers to the evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics. A) Halo effect B) Contrast effect C) Confirmation bias D) Stereotyping E) Anchoring bias

B) contrast effect

Which of the following terms refers to choices made from among two or more alternatives? A) inquiry B) decision C) perception D) intuition E) rationalization

B) decision

What is the first step in the rational decision-making model? A) developing alternatives B) defining the problem C) identifying the decision criteria D) weighing the decision criteria E) evaluating the alternatives

B) defining the problem

17) Communication that flows from one level of a group or organization to a lower level is called ________. A) intrapersonal communication B) downward communication C) upward communication D) lateral communication E) horizontal communication

B) downward communication

53) Which of the following communication channels provides the highest information richness? A) e-mail B) face-to-face conversations C) online group discussions D) voice mail E) memos and letters

B) face-to-face conversations

16) Which of the following is the final step in the communication process? A) silence B) feedback loop C) all-channel transmission D) decoding E) encoding

B) feedback loop

40) Which of the following represents the informal communication network in an organization? A) feedback loop B) grapevine C) chain network D) all-channel network E) wheel network

B) grapevine

Which of the following terms refers to factors such as one's biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup determined at conception? A) social identity B) heredity C) behavioral contagion D) self-concordance E) social loafing

B) heredity

David Myers is of the opinion that people who drive SUVs are rash drivers. He feels that people driving SUVs do not respect road rules and always violate traffic regulations. What personal factor is most likely to be affecting Myers' perception of SUV drivers? A) his financial background B) his expectations C) his interest D) his motive E) his personality

B) his expectations

4) Synergy Inc. has recently assigned some of its best employees to form a cross-functional team and complete a project from a new client. Many of the employees on this team are apprehensive about the structure and dynamics of how they will function as a group and accomplish this goal. To energize the employees, their immediate manager is holding a meeting with them next week where he will provide them some additional training in strategies and methods that may work well for the team. The manager's initiative to hold this meeting fulfills the ________ function of communication. A) filtering B) information C) emotional expression D) control E) informal

B) information

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people with an ENTP personality type are most likely to be ________. A) illogical B) innovative C) intuitive D) skeptical E) stubborn

B) innovative

Elaine Chamberlain works as a research executive at an environmental organization. Though her colleagues are helpful and friendly, because of her shy nature, she often eats her lunch at her desk and has limited interactions with them. She is glad that her nature of work does not require her to interact with her co-workers to a high extent. Which of the following types is Chamberlain most likely to be characterized as according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification? A) social B) introverted C) exhibitionist D) gregarious E) extraverted

B) introverted

Phyllis Stintson needs to decide whether to start a campaign against deforestation in Indonesia. Though her research team has provided substantial information on the high feasibility of the project, Stintson does not go ahead with the project. Stintson's decision is most likely influenced by which of the following if she made the decision by drawing unconscious references from several different experiences in the past? A) optimization B) intuition C) fundamental attribution error D) framing effect E) anchoring bias

B) intuition

69) What can managers do to make sure that important information is not withheld from them through silence? A) engage in selective perception B) listen to and support diverse opinions C) deal with information overload D) hire employees with high emotional intelligence E) tell employees what they want to hear

B) listen to and support diverse opinions

30) Which of the following modes of communication does not come under the purview of nonverbal communication? A) physical distance B) personal e-mails C) intonations D) facial expressions E) body movement

B) personal e-mails

Those with a ________ personality identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs, compared to others who passively react to situations. A) high self-monitoring B) proactive C) high Mach D) type A E) narcissist

B) proactive

Emily Boyce, a project manager at an insurance firm, regularly satisfices while making decisions. She often comes across complicated problems which would take a long time to resolve. Due to the pressing deadlines, she often meets project goals by satisficing a large number of her decisions. Which of the following is Boyce most likely to do? A) seek complete information while making decisions B) search for solutions that are reasonable C) identify all possible options to solutions D) analyze each alternative in an unbiased manner E) choose the optimal solution to each problem

B) search for solutions that are reasonable

With reference to decision making, which of the following does satisficing involve? A) weighing each criteria before making a decision B) seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient C) scrutinizing and evaluating each alternative in detail D) selecting the best option with the highest utility E) finding optimal solutions to problems

B) seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient

Sarah Covington, a sales manager at Synergy Corporation Bank, often keeps low expectations of her team. She feels that they are under qualified for their job and do not have substantial experience to sell a large number of accounts. Covington's team does not feel motivated enough and invariably underperforms and misses targets on a regular basis. Which of the following concepts best explains Covington's team's poor performance? A) hindsight bias B) self-fulfilling prophecy C) confirmation bias D) contrast effect E) bandwagon effect

B) self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following terms refers to a situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person, and the resulting expectations cause the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception? A) confirmation bias B) self-fulfilling prophecy C) attribution theory D) contrast effect E) bandwagon effect

B) self-fulfilling prophecy

37) The all-channel network is practiced most commonly in ________. A) traditional teams B) self-managed teams C) cross-functional teams D) problem-solving groups E) work groups

B) self-managed teams

Which of the following is the most common means of measuring personality? A) in-depth interviews B) self-report surveys C) career portfolio D) reference interviews E) stress interviews

B) self-report surveys

________ bias indicates the tendency of an individual to attribute his own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors. A) Status quo B) Self-serving C) Distinction D) Congruence E) Anchoring

B) self-serving

73) Rhonda May was transferred to London three months back to oversee the opening of a new branch of the retail chain she worked for. Rhonda, who had never been to London, adjusted well with her British colleagues but received quizzical looks from many of her British colleagues every morning in the initial weeks in London. After asking one of her subordinates to explain what caused her colleagues to look at her in that strange way, she discovered the reason. When her British colleagues greeted her by saying, "How are you today?" every morning, she typically replied by saying "I'm good," while Britishers typically say, "I'm well" in response to this greeting. This is because "I'm good" can have multiple meanings like "I'm not a bad person" or "I'm suitable," while "I'm well" only gives a sense of mental and physical well-being. Rhonda then realized how subtly cultural barriers can operate. From the information provided in the scenario, this is an example of barriers caused by ________. A) tone differences B) semantics and connotations C) intolerance toward other cultures D) situational and physical cues E) power distance

B) semantics and connotations

74) Low-context cultures primarily rely on ________ in communicating with others. A) formal titles B) spoken and written words C) situational cues D) status differences E) nonverbal cues

B) spoken and written words

Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which the person belongs is called ________. A) confirmation bias B) stereotyping C) framing effect D) self-serving bias E) bandwagon effect

B) stereotyping

61) Whether people use automatic or controlled processing for reacting to a persuasive message is often a function of ________. A) time B) their level of interest in it C) heuristics D) effort E) availability of research

B) their level of interest in it

According to the equity theory, what are the choices made by employees who perceive inequity?

Based on equity theory, employees who perceive inequity will make one of six choices: 1. Change inputs (exert less effort if underpaid, or more if overpaid) 2. Change outcomes (individuals paid on a piece-rate basis can increase their pay by producing a higher quantity of units of lower quality) 3. Distort perceptions of self ("I used to think I worked at a moderate pace, but now I realize I work a lot harder than everyone else.") 4. Distort perceptions of others ("Mike's job isn't as desirable as I thought.") 5. Choose a different referent ("I may not make as much as my brother-in-law, but I'm doing a lot better than my Dad did when he was my age.") 6. Leave the field (quit the job)

________ has been found to be more important than other traits in the success of CEOs of private equity companies. A) Extraversion B) Agreeableness C) Conscientiousness D) Emotional stability E) Openness to experience

C) Conscientiousness

Who defined personality as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine a person's unique adjustments to his/her environment? A) Leon Festinger B) Dr. Sigmund Freud C) Gordon Allport D) Abraham Maslow E) Ivan Pavlov

C) Gordon Allport

66) Which of the following differentiates between high self-monitors and low self-monitors? A) High self-monitors are more likely to use defensive impression management techniques, while low self-monitors are more likely to use self-focused impression management techniques. B) High self-monitors are commonly seen in collectivist cultures, while low self-monitors are commonly seen in individualist cultures. C) High self-monitors tend to mold their appearances and behavior to fit each situation, while low self-monitors tend to present images of themselves that are consistent with their personalities. D) High self-monitors prefer to avoid using power and politics at the workplace, while low self-monitors engage in a lot of politicking. E) High self-monitors have an external locus of control as they attribute successes or failures to luck and fate, while low self-monitors have an internal locus of control and believe that they control the outcomes.

C) High self-monitors tend to mold their appearances and behavior to fit each situation, while low self-monitors tend to present images of themselves that are consistent with their personalities.

Which of the following statements is true regarding a contrast effect? A) It attributes success to internal factors and blames failure on external factors. B) It involves judging a person on the basis of perception of the group to which he or she belongs. C) It involves evaluation of a person's features based on comparison with another person. D) It indicates a tendency to draw a general conclusion about a person on the basis of one feature. E) It indicates a tendency to fixate on initial information and failing to accept subsequent data.

C) It involves evaluation of a person's features based on comparison with another person

11) Stacey was at work when Ann, her sister, called to confirm their dinner plan the following weekend at their Aunt Hilda's farmhouse. Stacey said she would call Joe, her husband, and get back to her. However, when Stacey called her back, Ann could not hear most of what she said because Jennifer, Ann's daughter, was crying loudly in the background. Who represents the noise in the communication process depicted in this scenario? A) Hilda B) Joe C) Jennifer D) Ann E) Stacey

C) Jennifer

21) Which of the following is an example of upward communication? A) Jennifer has just received an outstanding performance rating as a part of the yearly appraisals. B) Sherry is holding a project initiation meeting with her team to familiarize them with the guidelines and requirements. C) The assembly line workers have conducted a signature campaign asking for the revision of the old pay scales. D) The management has recently given a copy of the new safety policies that the employees must abide by in their daily work. E) The heads of the different departments of Carver Inc. have met to discuss their plans for the coming year.

C) The assembly line workers have conducted a signature campaign asking for the revision of the old pay scales.

25) Gehring Services is a company organized around a strong management which values experience, knowledge, and structure. The company has a detailed framework of rules, procedures, and guidelines in place to help employees respond to problems in an orderly manner. Mails, memos, and notifications are used to communicate between managers, employees, and the management. Despite such provisions to help in structuring and executing work, the company incurs losses for delays and quality issues. One of their key clients had asked for two similar projects to be delivered by the teams headed by Briony and Benedict. While Benedict's team completed the project successfully on time, Briony's team had to implement numerous last-minute changes to meet client specifications, and she ended up delivering the project over a week late. Which of the following, if true, would explain this delay in Briony's submission? A) Briony's team was comprised of members who generated a lot of positive synergy while working together. B) Briony and Benedict had teams comprising equal members and were allocated company resources in equitable manner. C) The company stipulated that all communication be in the upward or downward mode only to ensure clarity and control. D) Briony had a good track record with clients who trusted her to do a good job. E) The management allowed Briony's team an extension to complete the project.

C) The company stipulated that all communication be in the upward or downward mode only to ensure clarity and control.

55) When the middle-level manager of the production department at Wilson Works was laid off, many employees who worked under him became apprehensive about their job security. They were aware of the current trend toward laying off employees in the economy. The termination of their manager combined with the fact that their division had performed only moderately well in the last two quarters led the employees to believe that they were at a high risk of losing their jobs as well. Which of the following, if true, would weaken the argument that the production manager should hold face-to-face meetings to assure the employees in the production division? A) The employees have serious concerns over job security. B) Rumors had spread about impending layoffs at Wilson Works. C) The middle-level manager supervised over five hundred employees. D) Wilson Works has a strong formal communication network in place. E) The company has no fixed policy with regard to rightsizing employees.

C) The middle-level manager supervised over five hundred employees.

Logan is an employee who processes health insurance forms. Initially he was criticized by his supervisor for sloppy work, but thereafter he improved considerably. Now he consistently processes his forms without errors and even does more than his fair share of work. However, Logan's supervisor has not responded to the extra effort he has put in, giving him no praise or monetary benefits. This leads Logan to believe that his supervisor is biased against him. According to the expectancy theory, in this situation, there is a problem in the ________ relationship. A) rewards-personal goals B) performance-awareness C) performance-reward D) performance-objectives E) performance-achievement

C) The performance-reward relationship is the degree to which the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome. Employees sometimes, rightly or wrongly, perceive the boss doesn't like them. As a result, they expect a poor appraisal, regardless of effort.

50) E-Way is an electronics company that is developing a new cellphone that will be released in the market soon. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that the company should use social media to promote the new cellphone? A) E-Way's last two releases received a lot of criticism from consumers. B) One of E-Way's rival companies had used social media unsuccessfully to advertise its new product. C) The production team overshot the budget and the marketing team has low funds. D) The target consumers for the cellphone are not restricted to any demographic category. E) The company has a tightly integrated production and distribution mechanism.

C) The production team overshot the budget and the marketing team has low funds. D) The ta

According to the equity theory, there are four referent comparisons. The referent comparison known as other-inside refers to ________. A) an employee's experiences in a different position inside the employee's current organization B) an employee's experiences in a different position outside the employee's current organization C) another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization D) an employee's experiences in a similar position outside the employee's current organization E) another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization

C) The referent comparison of other-inside refers to another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization.

26) Which of the following statements is true regarding oral communication? A) It is tangible and verifiable. B) It can be stored for an indefinite period. C) The sender can quickly obtain feedback from the receiver. D) As compared to written communication, it is more likely to be well thought out, logical, and clear. E) In the case of oral communication, the possibility of distortion of the message decreases

C) The sender can quickly obtain feedback from the receiver.

Which of the following is true about narcissists? A) They go out of their way to be helpful to colleagues. B) They have an inferiority complex about themselves. C) They are more likely to emerge as leaders. D) They do not require admiration or importance of people. E) They are meek, timid, and shy in nature.

C) They are more likely to emerge as leaders.

Which of the following is most likely to be a drawback of highly conscientious people according to the Big Five model? A) They engage in numerous risky behaviors, such as smoking and drinking. B) They tend to indulge in irresponsible behavior and be disorganized. C) They do not adapt well to changing contexts. D) They focus on learning instead of performing a job efficiently. E) They excessively emphasize being creative.

C) They do not adapt well to changing contexts.

Which of the following is true regarding the baby boomer generation? A) They lead lives shaped mainly by globalization. B) They are more questioning and entrepreneurial than other generations. C) They give high importance to achievement and material success. D) They give the highest importance to flexibility and life options. E) They rate highest in friendship and pleasure on the RVS.

C) They give high importance to achievement and material success.

Which of the following is true regarding values? A) They are void of a judgmental element. B) They are invariably fluid and flexible in nature. C) They have content and intensity attributes. D) They never change irrespective of external factors. E) They are always established in a person's later years.

C) They have content and intensity attributes.

With reference to the four sources of self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura, verbal persuasion involves becoming more confident ________. A) because you have gained relevant experience with the particular task or job B) because you see someone else doing the particular task or job C) because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful D) because you are rewarded for performing a similar task well E) because you get energized or "psyched up" to perform the particular task or job

C) Verbal persuasion involves becoming more confident because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful. Motivational speakers use this tactic a lot.

Extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are most likely to be noticed in a group. Which of the following statements best describes the reason behind it? A) Our perception of reality depends on our past experiences. B) Our perception of reality depends on our personality. C) We don't look at targets in isolation. D) The time at which we see an object can influence our perception of the object. E) Our motives and expectations affect our perception of a target.

C) We don't look at targets in isolation

Jim is a salaried employee whose job is to develop content for online web sites. He discovers that he is paid substantially more than his colleagues, even though their jobs and levels of performance are very similar. According to the equity theory, what impact is this discovery most likely to have on his behavior and performance? A) He will reduce the amount of work that he does on a daily basis. B) He will compare his earnings to those of another group of employees. C) He will increase his productivity and/or the overall quality of his work. D) He will seek a position within the company commensurate with his pay. E) He will begin to look for a position outside of the company.

C) When people see themselves as overrewarded, it creates guilt. In order to reinstate a sense of equity, according to equity theory, Jim will change his inputs (exert more if overpaid). He will increase his productivity and/or the overall quality of his work.

44) Communicating through e-mail provides ________. A) a host of nonverbal cues to understand the message better B) the best means to convey negative information C) a cheaper alternative to the conventional communication through letters D) a secure communication link that nobody else can access E) an option to hold real-time meetings with people in different locations

C) a cheaper alternative to the conventional communication through letters

63) Filtering is a barrier to effective communication that takes place when ________. A) the interpretation of the message is affected by the receiver's emotion B) the information we have to work with exceeds our processing capacity C) a sender purposely manipulates information so the receiver will see it more favorably D) the receivers in the communication process selectively see and hear based on their motivations, experience, and other personal characteristics E) receivers also project their interests and expectations into communications as they decode them

C) a sender purposely manipulates information so the receiver will see it more favorably

Which of the following is an example of internally caused behavior? A) An employee was late for a team meeting because of a heavy downpour. B) An employee was laid off because the company was attempting to cut costs by laying off employees. C) An employee was fired from work because he violated a company policy. D) An employee could not attend an interview because of a delayed flight. E) An employee could not come to work because he met with an accident.

C) an employee was fired from work because he violated a company policy

The ________ bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information. A) hindsight B) overconfidence C) anchoring D) availability E) self-serving

C) anchoring

When individuals observe another person's behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Which of the following attempts to explain this phenomenon? A) pygmalion effect B) emotional dissonance C) attribution theory D) two-factor theory E) framing effect

C) attribution theory

51) A(n) ________ is a website about a single person or company. A) e-mail account B) social networking site C) blog D) instant messaging portal E) file transfer protocol

C) blog

A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity is known as ________. A) optimal decision making B) intuitive decision making C) bounded rationality D) active selection E) incremental decision making

C) bounded rationality

33) Peter is working on a project. He feels that the parameters need to be changed to meet client specifications. First, he must talk to his immediate supervisor, who will then discuss the issue with her department director before any change can be implemented. Peter is most likely to be a part of the ________ type of small-group communication networks. A) star network B) mesh network C) chain network D) all-channel network E) ring net

C) chain network

Alicia Akers works as a marketing executive. She always talks in a high pitch and often draws a lot of attention wherever she is. Which of the following statements best explains the reason behind people noticing Akers? A) Perception of reality depends on the perceiver's past experiences. B) Perception of reality depends on the perceiver's personality. C) Characteristics of the target affect people's perception. D) The time at which we observe behavior affects perception. E) Motives and interests of the perceiver affects perception of behavior.

C) characteristics of the target affect people's perception

45) Which of the following is a recommendation to effectively manage e-mail? A) check e-mail every morning B) do not declare e-mail bankruptcy C) check e-mails in batches D) reserve e-mail for communicating negative messages E) merge the use of the company and personal e-mail accounts

C) check e-mails in batches

Which dimension of the Big Five model is a measure of reliability? A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) openness to experience E) emotional stability

C) conscientiousness

According to the attribution theory, if everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the behavior shows ________. A) distinctiveness B) tractability C) consensus D) consistency E) manageability

C) consensus

If a person responds to a particular situation in the same way over a long time period, then the attribution theory states that the behavior demonstrates ________. A) distinctiveness B) consensus C) consistency D) discontinuity E) traceability

C) consistency

59) Before buying her new phone, Gina listed the various requirements her new phone must meet. As a wedding planner, much of her work revolves around using e-mail to forward pictures of locations, designs, and food arrangements that she could categorize by themes and prices. She requires a phone with high storage capacity, speedy Internet, and easy-to-use methods to organize and save content. After listing these requirements, she fixed a budget and began surveying phones online. She also obtained information from friends. In a week's time, Gina had shortlisted three models that suited her needs and was ready to make the final choice. Gina used ________ to arrive at this decision. A) superficial processing B) heuristic processing C) controlled processing D) selective processing E) automatic processing

C) controlled processing

People with an ESTJ personality type are characterized as ________ according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification. A) irrational B) perplexed C) decisive D) disoriented E) emotional

C) decisive

Ellen Athers works as a communication executive at a travel house. She is known to be friendly with her colleagues and interacts with them regularly to build strong work relationships. She knows that her rapport with her co-workers is a crucial part of her work and invests time in these relationships. In addition, she is assertive in making decisions, and colleagues take her decisions seriously. Which of the following types is Athers most likely to be characterized as according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification? A) perceiving B) brooder C) extraverted D) introverted E) solitary

C) extraverted

What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of "E or I" stand for? A) enthusiastic/ingenious B) emotional/impulsive C) extraverted/introverted D) emotive/illustrative E) empathetic/innovative

C) extraverted/introverted

15) In a communication process, ________ is the check on how successful we have been in transferring our messages as originally intended. A) filtering B) signal C) feedback D) encoding E) noise

C) feedback

With reference to the Hofstede's framework, a class or caste system that discourages upward mobility is more likely to exist in a nation that scores ________. A) high on individualism B) low on masculinity C) high on power distance D) low on uncertainty avoidance E) high on long-term orientation

C) high on power distance

47) Which of the following types of electronic communications is preferable for one- or two-line messages? A) blogs B) video conferencing C) instant messaging D) grapevine E) e-mails

C) instant messaging

According to the Rokeach Value Survey, ________ values refer to preferable modes of behavior. A) terminal B) critical C) instrumental D) essential E) flexible

C) instrumental

________ is a highly complex and highly developed form of reasoning that is based on years of experience and learning. A) Process consultation B) Action research C) Intuition D) Active selection E) Emotional intelligence

C) intuition

Janice is late for work each day by about ten minutes. How would attribution theory describe this behavior? A) It shows consensus. B) It shows similarity. C) It shows consistency. D) It shows reliability. E) It shows distinctiveness.

C) it shows consistency

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to external causes. A) low on distinctiveness B) low on adaptability C) low on consistency D) high on stability E) low on consensus

C) low on consistency

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to internal causes. A) low on consistency B) high on rigidity C) low on distinctiveness D) high on consensus E) low on conformity

C) low on distinctiveness

With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the realistic type will be most suitable for the job of a(n) ________. A) economist B) teacher C) mechanic D) lawyer E) biologist

C) mechanic

7) The ________ is the actual physical product of the sender's encoding. A) channel B) filter C) message D) noise E) medium

C) message

29) Which of the following forms of communication is characterized by the use of only body movements, intonations, facial expressions, and physical distance to communicate? A) written communication B) downward communication C) nonverbal communication D) lateral communication E) upward communication

C) nonverbal communication

According to the Big Five model, the ________ dimension addresses a range of interests and fascination with novelty. A) emotional stability B) extraversion C) openness to experience D) agreeableness E) conscientiousness

C) openness to experience

Which of the following statements is true regarding perception? A) Perception of reality is independent of one's personality. B) Our perception of a target is not affected by the context of the situation in which the perception is made. C) Our perception of reality can be different from the objective reality. D) Our perception of reality is independent of our past experiences. E) We form a perception of a target by looking at it in isolation.

C) our perception of reality can be different from the objective reality

Which of the following is an instrumental value according to the Rokeach Value Survey? A) economic success B) social recognition C) personal discipline D) world peace E) meaning in life

C) personal discipline

According to Gordon Allport, ________ is defined as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine a person's unique adjustments to his/her environment. A) cognitive dissonance B) heredity C) personality D) descent E) genealogy

C) personality

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the judging type ________. A) are quiet, shy and introverted B) rely on unconscious processes C) prefer their world to be ordered D) are flexible and spontaneous E) rely on personal values and emotions

C) prefer their world to be ordered

Which of the following are characteristics of the intuitive type of people according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification? A) prefer routine and order and focus on details B) outgoing, sociable, and assertive in nature C) rely on unconscious processes and look at the overall picture D) use reason, rationality, and logic to handle problems and situations E) rely on their personal values and emotions to make decisions

C) rely on unconscious processes and look at the overall picture

65) When receivers of communication process the information based on their needs, motivations, experience, background, and other personal characteristics, they are engaging in ________. A) communication apprehension B) deliberative processing C) selective perception D) controlled processing E) filtering

C) selective perception

Which of the following is a shortcut used in judging others by making generalizations? A) hindsight bias B) randomness error C) stereotyping D) illusory superiority E) telescoping effect

C) stereotyping

60) People are likely to use automatic processing when ________. A) their subject knowledge of the issue is high B) their interest level in the issue is high C) their usage of heuristics related to the issue is high D) their need for cognition is high E) their reliance on logics and facts to make a decision is high

C) their usage of heuristics related to the issue is high

Valerie Sinclair, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, invariably uses rationale to make decisions for project implementation. She believes that the right decisions can be made only through scrutiny and analysis. Each time she needs to make a decision, she weighs all options before taking action. Which of the following is a characteristic of Sinclair's personality type according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification? A) intuitive B) introverted C) thinking D) feeling E) perceiving

C) thinking

75) Communication in high-context cultures is characterized by an emphasis on ________. A) directness B) explicit and precise documentation C) trust D) legalized contracts over oral ones E) direct modes of conflict resolution

C) trust

20) Communication that flows to a higher level in the group or organization is called ________. A) intrapersonal communication B) downward communication C) upward communication D) lateral communication E) horizontal communication

C) upward communication

34) The ________ network is a type of formal small-group network that relies on a central figure to act as the conduit for all the group's communication. A) matrix B) chain C) wheel D) all channel E) cross-functional

C) wheel

28) Genepa Corporation manufactures home appliances and other electronic products. Genepa is planning to introduce a new refrigerator model. The marketing manager at Genepa has developed a marketing plan for this new product and wants to communicate this plan to all the employees in the marketing department. Which of the following is most likely to be the best form of communication for communicating this plan? A) nonverbal communication B) oral communication C) written communication D) grapevine communication E) lateral communication

C) written communication

30) When the contract with one of their major suppliers was about to expire, the management of Pierre and Collins began seeking tenders from potential vendors. One of the top management executives, Todd Hughes, wanted the contract to go to a vendor he personally knew. In order to do so, he held separate discussions with two key members of the organization wherein he downplayed the potentials of the competing tenders and convinced them to support this offer. At the meeting to finalize a supplier, Todd and his supporters strongly supported the tender of the supplier they had chosen amongst themselves and convinced their CEO to hire this supplier despite the higher price quoted by him. Which of the following power tactics is being used here? A) ingratiation B) legitimacy C) coalition D) pressure E) inspirational appeals

Coalition

10) Stacey was at work when Ann, her sister, called to confirm their dinner plan the following weekend at their Aunt Hilda's farmhouse. Stacey said she would call Joe, her husband, and get back to her. However, when Stacey called her back, Ann could not hear most of what she said because Jennifer, Ann's daughter, was crying loudly in the background. Who is the first sender in this scenario? A) Joe B) Stacey C) Jennifer D) Ann E) Hilda

D) Ann

Mara is looking to send one of her team members on an international assignment to China to train a group of employees located at her company's office in Beijing. As part of the assignment, the chosen employee will have to undergo a 3-week diversity training program to help him/her learn about his/her new environment. Bryan, one of Mara's colleagues, is interested in taking up the assignment. Which of the following, if true, would reduce the likelihood that Bryan will be selected? A) Bryan has had little exposure to Chinese culture. B) Bryan is proficient in Chinese. C) Bryan traveled to Beijing last year on a different assignment. D) Bryan does not cope very well in ambiguous situations. E) Bryan sometimes displays striking contradictions between his public persona and his private self.

D) Bryan does not cope very well in ambiguous situations.

John Hardley recently joined as marketing director of H2O, a water sports gear company. Though in the last five years the company has had a drastic dip in sales, ever since Hardley has joined he has turned the figures around. In addition to revamping the look of the brand, he has initiated several marketing campaigns through broadcast media to increase customer base for the company. Over the past 6 months, Hardley has managed to get the company to an all-time high peak of sales. Which of the following statements best describes Hardley? A) Hardley is a low self-monitor. B) Hardley is a narcissist. C) Hardley scores high in Machiavellianism. D) Hardley has a proactive personality. E) Hardley is a low risk-taking person.

D) Hardley has a proactive personality.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the rational decision-making model? A) It takes into consideration the limited information-processing capability of individuals. B) It involves constructing simplified models without capturing all their complexity. C) It deals with satisficing decisions by seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient. D) It assumes that an individual is able to identify all relevant options in an unbiased manner. E) It is an unconscious decision-making process created from distilled experience.

D) It assumes that an individual is able to identify all relevant options in an unbiased manner

13) Which of the following statements is true regarding an informal communication channel? A) It traditionally follows the authority chain within the organization. B) It generally transmits messages related to the professional activities of members. C) It is established by the organization. D) It is generally used for communicating personal or social messages. E) Information regarding change in the policies of the organization is transmitted through it.

D) It is generally used for communicating personal or social messages.

Amanda Winter used to work as a public engagement coordinator at Safe Food Alliance, until three months ago when her manager, Laura Morris, promoted her to the position of a sustainable food campaigner. However, soon after this, Laura noticed that Amanda was facing major difficulties in achieving campaign milestones and the project was falling behind schedule due to her lack of performance. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that Laura was influenced by the halo effect in her decision to promote Amanda? A) Laura is known to micromanage most of her projects. B) Laura uses cultural stereotyping in order to speed up the process of decision making. C) Laura has made good hiring decisions in the past and is known to be an unbiased judge of character. D) Laura sat in on only one of Amanda's presentations prior to giving her the promotion. E) Laura worked closely with Amanda over a period of 8 months.

D) Laura sat in on only one of Amanda's presentations prior to giving her the promotion

31) Which of the following statements is true with regard to nonverbal communication? A) Nonverbal communication has a high degree of potential distortion. B) E-mails and memos are examples of nonverbal communication. C) The importance of nonverbal cues is low as they have no fixed meanings. D) Level of interest and the perceived status between a sender and a receiver can be studied through body language. E) Messages received through oral and nonverbal communication cannot be contradictory to each other.

D) Level of interest and the perceived status between a sender and a receiver can be studied through body language.

________ refers to the tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement. A) Asceticism B) Stoicism C) Cynicism D) Narcissism E) Machiavellianism

D) Narcissism

Which of the following statements is true regarding goal-setting theory? A) Goal commitment is more likely when individuals have an external locus of control. B) Externally generated feedback is more powerful than self-generated feedback. C) Generalized goals produce a higher level of output as compared to specific goals. D) People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals. E) Assigned goals generate greater goal commitment in low rather than high power-distance cultures.

D) People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals, because it helps identify discrepancies between what they have done and what they want to do. Self-generated feedback — with which employees are able to monitor their own progress — is more powerful than externally generated feedback.

Which of the following statements is true about personality? A) Personality is free from the influence of the environment. B) Personality remains constant over time. C) Personality can be measured solely through personal interviews. D) Personality is influenced by hereditary factors. E) Parents highly influence the development of their offspring's personality.

D) Personality is influenced by hereditary factors.

71) Shirley Shands is a hard worker, but Debra, her manager, is irritated with her. While Debra concedes that Shirley's work gives her no cause for complaint, Debra is tired of the interruptions in her work because of Shirley asking for repeated clarifications over what exactly she has to say in e-mails or phone calls. She often requests Debra to proofread her e-mails before sending them, and Debra feels she sends too many e-mails instead of just speaking to the person concerned. From the scenario, we can conclude that ________. A) Shirley processes her e-mails in an automatic and superficial manner B) Shirley and Debra come from a high-context culture C) Debra is engaging in social loafing D) Shirley suffers from communication apprehension E) Shirley uses filtering when communicating with Debra

D) Shirley suffers from communication apprehension

Other-outside is a referent comparison that refers to ________. A) an employee's experiences in a similar position outside the employee's current organization B) another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization C) an employee's experiences in a different position inside the employee's current organization D) another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization E) an employee's experiences in a different position outside the employee's current organization Answer: D Explanation: D) The referent comparison of other-outside refers to another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization.

D) The referent comparison of other-outside refers to another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization.

According to the two-factor theory, ________. A) there exists a hierarchy of needs within every human being, and as each need is satisfied, the next one becomes dominant B) most employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it C) employees view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore learn to accept, and even seek, responsibility D) the aspects that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction E) achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation

D) The two factor theory proposes that the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction.

Which of the following statements is most likely to be true regarding people with proactive personalities? A) They react passively to situations. B) They tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation. C) They tend to be selfish and exploitive and believe others exist for their benefit. D) They are more likely than others to be seen as leaders. E) They are narcissistic in nature and require constant admiration.

D) They are more likely than others to be seen as leaders.

27) Written communication is characterized by ________. A) a high degree of potential distortion B) the speed of transmission and feedback C) the availability of nonverbal cues D) a high degree of tangibility and verifiability E) minimal time required for transmission and feedback

D) a high degree of tangibility and verifiability

Which of the following types of biases is most likely to play a significant role during a negotiation? A) impact bias B) normalcy bias C) distinction bias D) anchoring bias E) status quo bias

D) anchoring bias

As compared to high self-monitors, low self-monitors ________. A) tend to be more adaptable to external situations B) pay closer attention to the behavior of others C) have low consistency between personalities and actions D) are less likely to emerge as leaders E) show less commitment to their organizations

D) are less likely to emerge as leaders

8) With reference to the communication process, the ________ is the medium through which the message travels. A) feedback B) noise C) encoder D) channel E) decoder

D) channel

41) The informal communication network in an organization is ________. A) determined by organization B) based on clear and factual information C) rooted in issues of minimal importance to employees D) characterized by ambiguity E) controlled by the management

D) characterized by ambiguity

With reference to the Hofstede's Framework for Assessing Cultures, ________ emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them. A) uncertainty avoidance B) long-term orientation C) masculinity D) collectivism E) power distance

D) collectivism

70) Undue tension and anxiety about oral communication, written communication, or both is called ________. A) information overload B) communication misrepresentation C) selective perception D) communication apprehension E) filtering

D) communication apprehension

The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments is known as a(n) ________ bias. A) distinction B) omission C) impact D) confirmation E) anchoring

D) confirmation

During team meetings Amber Downing always notices that Rhona Law tends to ask innumerable questions and suggests ideas at each discussion. However, Law stands out in the meetings only because she is the only one making suggestions. If both of them were part of team meetings where almost all members made suggestions and asked questions, Law would not have drawn as much attention from Downing. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Downing's perception of Law? A) expectation B) interest C) past experience D) context E) motive

D) context

2) Norah Baines is one of the most devoted teachers at Oakwood Academy. She has been working with the institution for seven years and is expecting a promotion soon. However, Norah's candidacy for this promotion is passed over in favor of another less experienced male employee as Norah plans to start a family soon. Consequently, Norah writes a formal letter voicing her concerns. Norah's letter fulfills the ________ function of communication. A) motivation B) accommodation C) facilitation D) control E) informal

D) control

Which of the following is referred to as a halo effect? A) attributing our own successes to internal factors and failures to external factors B) judging someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which he or she belongs C) interpreting a person's behavior in comparison to others recently encountered D) drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic E) underestimating the influence of external factors when making judgments about people

D) drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Among the Big Five model traits, ________ is most strongly related to life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and low stress levels. A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) emotional stability E) openness to experience

D) emotional stability

43) Which of the following is a desirable strategy for managers aiming to reduce the negative consequences of rumors? A) initiating disciplinary action against the employee who started the rumor B) refusing to comment on issues that appear to be controversial and unfair C) creating a more informal communication environment at the workplace D) encouraging employees to communicate their concerns and suggestions E) ignoring the rumor as rumors grow because of the attention given to them

D) encouraging employees to communicate their concerns and suggestions

With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the ________ type prefer verbal activities in which there are opportunities to influence others and attain powers. A) realistic B) conventional C) artistic D) enterprising E) investigative

D) enterprising

Monica Walden feels that people who use plastic bags are insensitive toward the environment. She believes that people have a certain obligation toward their environment and should take it upon themselves to protect and preserve it. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Walden's perception of people? A) location B) time C) characteristic of the target D) expectation E) context

D) expectation

People scoring high on the ________ dimension of the Big Five model are more likely to be absent from work and engage in risky behavior than those who score low. A) agreeableness B) conscientiousness C) openness D) extraversion E) emotional stability

D) extraversion

Amber Downing, a human resource executive, is in charge of the recruitment process in her organization. During the hiring process, she often needs to coordinate with prospective employees. The organizational process does not require her to inform employees who do not get through the selection process. However she believes that it is rude not to give them an update. She thus makes sure that she sends them e-mails informing them about the selection process. Which of the following types is Downing characterized as according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification? A) sensing B) judging C) thinking D) feeling E) introverted

D) feeling

William Davies, a guest relations executive at a five star deluxe hotel, regularly interacts with bureaucrats, politicians, celebrities, and other prosperous individuals. He feels that all rich people are kind, hardworking, and friendly. Which of the following is Davies most likely to be characterized by? A) confirmation bias B) self-serving bias C) randomness error D) halo effect E) hindsight bias

D) halo effect

________ refers to the tendency of people to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. A) Confirmation bias B) Self-serving bias C) Randomness error D) Halo effect E) Hindsight bias

D) halo effect

Janice Yoder works in an environmental campaigning organization and often needs to interact with a large team for project implementation activities. However, she always finds it difficult to work as a part of a team. She always seems to have major disagreements with team members which lead to antagonistic relations between them. Though she has moved from one team to another, her relations with colleagues always seem to be hostile and cold. How would the attribution theory describe this behavior? A) low on consensus B) high on reliability C) high on adaptability D) high on consistency E) low on distinctiveness

D) high on consistency

Individuals scoring ________ have a strong ability to adjust their behavior to external, situational factors and can behave differently in different situations. A) low on openness B) high on narcissism C) low on agreeableness D) high on self-monitoring E) low on conscientiousness

D) high on self-monitoring

The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome is known as a(n) ________ bias. A) self-serving B) confirmation C) impact D) hindsight E) anchoring

D) hindsight

John Holland's personality-job fit theory presents six personality types. Which of the following is one of these six types? A) analytic B) imaginative C) practical D) investigative E) intuitive

D) investigative

22) Communication that takes place among members of work groups at the same level is known as ________ communication. A) diagonal B) grapevine C) upward D) lateral E) downward

D) lateral

Megan Cardova, who works as a sales executive at Orbit Bank, has been failing to meet her sales targets for the last 10 months. Recently, she had a face-to-face discussion with her manager where she said that the unrealistic targets were the reason for her underperformance. The manager, however, noticed that all the other team members were achieving their targets and sometimes were even achieving more than the set numbers. Which of the following is Cardova's behavior most likely to be characterized by according to the attribution theory? A) low distinctiveness B) high rigidity C) high traceability D) low consensus E) low consistency

D) low consensus

Samantha is never late for work. But last Monday she arrived an hour late because of heavy traffic. According to the attribution theory, Samantha's behavior on that day scores ________. A) high on reliability B) low on distinctiveness C) high on traceability D) low on consistency E) high on stability

D) low on consistency

During an annual review, Michel Godfrey made the following assertion: "When I look at myself and my performance, I see that what I have achieved is outstanding and something no one in the organization has the capacity to undertake. Surprisingly, it has not won me the admiration of my colleagues like it should have. I also believe that I do not just deserve a raise, but need one, since without me, let's face it, the place would simply fall apart." Which of the following personality traits best describes Michel's personality? A) minimalism B) monasticism C) stoicism D) narcissism E) Machiavellianism

D) narcissism

Which of the following is a factor present in a target which may affect a person's perception? A) attitude B) motive C) interest D) novelty E) experience

D) novelty

19) Which of the following is a disadvantage of downward communication? A) communication apprehension B) inferiority complex C) inability to convey feedback D) one-way nature E) fear of authority chain

D) one-way nature

Marina Lyon works as a reservation executive at a travel and tourism company. Though her job requires her only to efficiently book flight tickets for customers, she has also opted to undergo training to learn the process of hotel reservations. In addition, every evening she reads travelogues to be aware of upcoming travel destinations and trends. She loves the industry she works in and is eager to learn as much as she can. Considering the information given in this case, which dimension of the Big Five model best describes Lyon's personality? A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) openness to experience E) emotional stability

D) openness to experience

5) Before communication can take place, a ________ is required. A) filter B) channel C) receiver D) purpose E) decoder

D) purpose

According to the Big Five model, a highly conscientious person is most likely to be ________. A) distracted, disorganized, and unreliable B) calm, self-confident, and secure C) cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic D) responsible, organized, and dependable E) reserved, timid, and quiet

D) responsible, organized, and dependable

You are more likely to notice a car like your own due to ________. A) stereotyping B) self-serving bias C) halo effect D) selective perception E) contrast effect

D) selective perception

6) In a communication process, the ________ initiates a message by encoding a thought. A) receiver B) decoder C) transmitter D) sender E) receptor

D) sender

Which of the following is a terminal value according to the Rokeach Value Survey? A) personal discipline B) self-reliance C) goal-orientation D) social recognition E) self-improvement

D) social recognition

Rose Buffay needs to give a presentation to the board of directors of her organization next week. She knows that her presentation will play an important role in her performance appraisal in the next quarter. However, she knows that two of her colleagues, John Roy and Keith Mathews, will also be giving a presentation on the same issue. She is nervous because she believes that men have a better flair for giving presentations. Buffay's perception of John and Keith is most likely characterized by ________. A) a halo effect B) a contrast effect C) a hindsight bias D) stereotyping E) a confirmation bias

D) stereotyping

Which of the following is a factor present in a situation which may affect a person's perception? A) similarity B) size C) expectation D) time E) experience

D) time

According to Hofstede's framework, ________ indicates the degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations. A) collectivism B) power distance C) long-term orientation D) uncertainty avoidance E) individualism

D) uncertainty avoidance

67) Which of the following is desirable to eliminate language functioning as a barrier to communication? A) use of phrases and corporate lingo B) use of acronyms and abbreviations C) use of technical language or jargon D) use of uniform language E) use of silence

D) use of uniform language

Rachel's parents used to pay her an allowance every week to feed the cats and to do a few other chores around the house. However, once her mother lost her job, her parents stopped giving her an allowance. Although Rachel quit making her bed every morning, she still continued to feed the cats. Which of the following best explains why Rachel continues to feed the cats? A) Without the extrinsic reward, the task itself is eliminated. B) With the extrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on internal motivation. C) Without the intrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on external motivation. D) Without the extrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on internal motivation. E) With the intrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on external motivation.

D)By eliminating the extrinsic reward (the allowance), the explanation for Rachel's behavior (continuing to feed the cats) shifts from an external motivation to an internal motivation. Rachel must enjoy or feel some other internal desire to continue feeding the cats.

Discuss distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice.

Distributive justice indicates the employee's perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals. Procedural justice indicates the perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards. Interactional justice indicates an individual's perception of the degree to which she is treated with dignity, concern, and respect. Of these three forms of justice, distributive justice is most strongly related to organizational commitment and satisfaction with outcomes such as pay. Procedural justice relates most strongly to job satisfaction, employee trust, withdrawal from the organization, job performance, and citizenship behaviors. There is less evidence about interactional justice.

With reference to the expectancy theory, which of the following examples indicates a weak rewards-personal goals relationship? A) An employee lacks the skills required to reach the desired performance level. B) An organization's appraisal system assesses nonperformance factors such as creativity and initiative. C) An organization rewards its employees based on factors such as seniority and skill level. D) An employee believes that his manager does not like him and hence expects a poor appraisal. E) An employee works hard in order to be relocated to the Paris office but instead is transferred to Beijing.

E) According to expectancy theory, the rewards-personal goals relationship indicates the degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual. If an employee puts in extra effort to be relocated to the Paris office but instead is transferred to Beijing, then it indicates a weak rewards-personal goals relationship.

Which of the following, if true, would increase the likelihood that Bryan will be selected? A) Bryan's application was rejected the last time he applied for an international assignment. B) Bryan has trained several employees in the last six months. C) Bryan has had little exposure to Chinese culture. D) Bryan displays striking contradictions between his public persona and his private self. E) Bryan is quite sociable and can "think on his feet."

E) Bryan is quite sociable and can "think on his feet."

According to goal-setting theory, goals are more likely to have a stronger impact on performance when ________. A) goals have long time frames for completion B) tasks are complex rather than simple C) tasks are novel rather than well learned D) goals are easy rather than difficult E) tasks are independent rather than interdependent

E) Goal commitment is most likely to occur when goals are made public, when the individual has an internal locus of control, and when the goals are self-set rather than assigned. Goals themselves seem to affect performance more strongly when tasks are simple rather than complex, well learned rather than novel, and independent rather than interdependent. On interdependent tasks, group goals are preferable.

Helen, a high school teacher, wants her students to actively participate more in class. She has decided to use reinforcement theory to get the required results. Which of the following methods is she most likely to use? A) She is going to call on students who never participate. B) She is going to yell at students, telling them that they are not making good grades. C) She is going to ask the students that always participate to allow the others to have a chance. D) She is going to model what active participation should look like, at the beginning of class. E) She is going to give students an extra mark each time that they contribute.

E) Helen is most likely going to use operant conditioning in which she gives participating students additional marks. With this practice she is motivating the students by conditioning them to expect a reward each time they demonstrate a specific behavior (speaking up in class).

52) ________ is a condition in which information inflow exceeds an individual's processing capacity. A) Information scarcity B) Information richness C) Information architecture D) Information inequity E) Information overload

E) Information overload

Which of the following differentiates introverts from extraverts? A) Introverts tend to be happier in their jobs in comparison to extraverts. B) Introverts express feelings more freely compared to extraverts. C) Introverts experience more positive emotions than extraverts. D) Introverts are generally more assertive than extraverts. E) Introverts are less impulsive than extraverts.

E) Introverts are less impulsive than extraverts.

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen Kate's chances of being selected? A) Kate generally considers herself to be better than her colleagues. B) Kate is a go-getter—she is prepared to go to any length to get ahead. C) Kate has a conventional mindset and focuses on being efficient at her work. D) Kate often conforms to others' ideas and opinions rather than come up with her own. E) Kate is enterprising and adept at interacting with diverse groups of individuals.

E) Kate is enterprising and adept at interacting with diverse groups of individuals.

________ is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. A) Sensation B) Impression C) Apprehension D) Attribution E) Perception

E) Perception

________ is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others. A) Talent B) Skill C) Knowledge D) Heredity E) Personality

E) Personality

18) Which of the following is an example of downward communication? A) Harry is reporting the work he has done for the day to his supervisor. B) Ben, an assembly line worker, is communicating some safety concerns he has to his manager. C) Silas has just sent a request for leave to his supervisor and is hoping that it will be accepted. D) John and Jack, the production and the marketing managers, have met to discuss the budget constraints they are facing. E) Ray is holding his monthly meeting with his team in which he informs them of their monthly targets.

E) Ray is holding his monthly meeting with his team in which he informs them of their monthly targets.

68) ________ is defined as the absence of information. A) Apprehension B) Selective perception C) Cognition D) Misrepresentation E) Silence

E) Silence

35) Carol Zelner, the manager of a small event management company, is known for her efficiency. She provides the team with clearly defined tasks, guidelines, and directives. Further, she is always available to provide feedback or resolve troubles. Recently, with Carol on leave for about three weeks, the team had a lot of problems. The team members lacked the requisite information on client details, locations, and budgets and had to repeatedly cross-check with each other or the clients. Which of the following, if true, would best explain the problems faced by Carol's team currently? A) Members of Carol's team have a high degree of satisfaction with their role in the team's communication. B) Carol selects employees for her company by evaluating their personality traits to ensure that they fit well into the team-based environment of the company. C) Carol encourages all group members to actively communicate with each other. D) Carol's team primarily consists of individuals from low-context cultures. E) The communication in Carol's team follows the approach represented by a wheel network.

E) The communication in Carol's team follows the approach represented by a wheel network.

Which of the following is a drawback of self-report surveys? A) They can hold only a limited number of questions. B) They involve a large number of people in the evaluation process. C) They may have biased results if the surveyor's judgment is biased. D) They comprise a large number of complex statistical data. E) They may result in the respondent lying to create a good impression.

E) They may result in the respondent lying to create a good impression.

A high Mach would be most productive in which of the following positions? A) a manager who leads team members in different geographic locations B) an executive who has to follow stringent rules while closing a sale C) a legal liaison who works from home and coordinates with people through the phone D) a freelance researcher whose work is free from interpersonal communication E) a sales person whose major part of the salary consists of sales commission

E) a sales person whose major part of the salary consists of sales commission

36) The ________ network is a type of formal small-group network that permits the entire group to actively communicate with each other. A) matrix B) virtual C) wheel D) chain E) all-channel

E) all-channel

39) The criteria of member satisfaction is best met by the ________ type of formal small-group network. A) hierarchical B) wheel C) chain D) traditional E) all-channel

E) all-channel

57) A relatively superficial consideration of evidence and information making use of heuristics is defined as ________. A) serial processing B) depth processing C) parallel processing D) controlled processing E) automatic processing

E) automatic processing

14) When the receiver of a communication translates the message, it is known as ________. A) encoding B) conveying C) transmitting D) filtering E) decoding

E) decoding

With reference to the attribution theory, which of the following terms indicates the extent to which an individual displays different behaviors in different situations? A) flexibility B) integrity C) consensus D) consistency E) distinctiveness

E) distinctiveness

64) Jordan is a sales officer who has been underperforming over the last three months. At the last monthly operations cycle meeting, he was given a warning. As the time for the next meeting draws close, Jordan fears his boss reprimanding him. Two days before the meeting, Jordan informs his manager that he has confirmed six deals in the last few days, one of which involves multiple orders for their machines. He, however, skips the detail that these are the only six orders he has been able to obtain in the whole month. Which one of the barriers to effective communication is depicted here? A) silence B) language C) information overload D) grapevine E) filtering

E) filtering

42) As a consequence of the information circulated by the grapevine in an organization, employees experience ________. A) increased clarity B) increased power C) increased member satisfaction D) increased certainty E) increased anxiety

E) increased anxiety

Which of the following is true of intuitive decision making? A) It is a slow process of decision making. B) It is devoid of emotions. C) It is the most rational way of making decision. D) It occurs within conscious thought. E) It involves making decisions based on distilled experience.

E) it involves making decisions based on distilled experience

According to the Big Five model, a person who scores ________ is easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable. A) low on emotional stability B) low on openness to experience C) high on agreeableness D) high on extraversion E) low on conscientiousness

E) low on conscientiousness

72) The time attendance system in the production division at MM, an automobile manufacturing company, was malfunctioning. Consequently, Greg Hill, one of the front-level managers, sent it for repair. In the meantime, he placed a register where all workers of the production division had to provide their time of entry and exit from office. At the end of the week, when looking through the time logs, he had certain concerns about a group of employees. In the next week, he personally tracked the time this group of employees spent working and realized that they were reporting a greater number of working hours than they actually worked. This group engaged in a barrier to communication called ________. A) selective perception B) filtering C) silence D) communication apprehension E) lying

E) lying

62) Which of the following is desirable with regard to persuasive communication? A) increasing the degree of noise in the communication process B) manipulating information so the receiver will see it more favorably C) engaging in selective perception D) processing a lot of information even if it exceeds our capacity E) matching the type of message with the type of audience

E) matching the type of message with the type of audience

3) The emotional expression function of communication involves ________. A) managers motivating employees by setting specific goals B) management communicating company policies to employees C) managers training employees in decision-making strategies D) members of the organization following their job descriptions E) members of the organization showing their satisfaction and frustrations

E) members of the organization showing their satisfaction and frustrations

46) When you need to gauge the receptivity of a recipient, which type of communication is best? A) Twitter B) e-mail C) traditional letters D) social media E) oral communication

E) oral communication

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the ________ type are flexible and spontaneous. A) thinking B) judging C) introverted D) sensing E) perceiving

E) perceiving

Esther Lugo has gone for an interview at an advertising firm in Manhattan and has been asked to complete a self-report survey to help interviewers understand if she is the right candidate for the job. From the interview, they have found that she is extroverted, empathic, scrupulous, and cooperative in nature, which are key characteristics needed for the job. These characteristics about Lugo indicate her ________. A) talent B) skill C) knowledge D) genealogy E) personality

E) personality

54) Which of the following communication channels provides the lowest information richness? A) online group discussions B) face-to-face conversations C) telephone conversations D) voice mail E) reports and bulletins

E) reports and bulletins

Jane Allen, a campaign manager at a non-profit organization, often takes full credit for project successes even when her team members' contributions play a big role in achieving milestones. However, when projects receive setbacks, she blames her team members and sometimes states that the situation was beyond her control. Allen's behavior is an example of a(n) ________ bias. A) impact B) anchoring C) confirmation D) distinction E) self-serving

E) self-serving

Help Aid, a non-profit organization in Indonesia, works at providing education in underdeveloped countries. They are now looking to hire a teacher who can educate children in Namibia and prepare them for jobs which will enable them to sustain themselves. According to Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to which of the following personality types will best suit Help Aid's requirement? A) conventional B) realistic C) enterprising D) artistic E) social

E) social

A manager believes that he should not hire older workers because they can't learn new skills. This belief is an example of ________. A) an anchoring bias B) a fundamental attribution error C) a confirmation bias D) a self-serving bias E) stereotyping

E) stereotyping

According to the Rokeach Value Survey, ________ values refer to desirable end-states. A) essential B) instrumental C) critical D) flexible E) terminal

E) terminal

12) Formal information channels are characterized by ________. A) the transmission of spontaneous messages B) the emergence in response to individual choices C) the absence of noise in the communication cycle D) the personal and social nature of usage E) the compliance with the organizational authority chain

E) the compliance with the organizational authority chain

66) When attempting to communicate a written message persuasively, it is desirable that ________. A) the receiver has an information overload B) the sender has a high need for cognition C) the sender has used phrases and jargon to clarify the meaning of the message D) the receiver and the sender can view each other's nonverbal cues E) the receiver is in a positive mood

E) the receiver is in a positive mood

What are the three relationships in Vroom's expectancy theory?

Expectancy theory argues that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual. The theory focuses on three relationships: a) The effort-performance relationship is the probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance. b) The performance-reward relationship is the degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome. c) The rewards-personal goals relationship is the degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive evaluation theory? A) People need extrinsic rewards in order to be motivated. B) Extrinsic rewards tend to reduce intrinsic interest in a task. C) Intrinsic rewards are almost as effective as extrinsic rewards. D) Externally imposed standards of work largely improve intrinsic motivation. E) Extrinsic rewards, including verbal praise, significantly decrease intrinsic motivation.

Extrinsic rewards tend to reduce intrinsic interest in a task

78) Expert power is based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits.

False

79) People from collectivistic countries tend to see power in personalized terms and as a legitimate means of advancing their personal ends, while those in individualistic countries see power in social terms and as a legitimate means of helping others.

False

80) According to the general dependence postulate, the greater B's dependence on A, the more power B has over A.

False

82) Power tactics that emphasize formal power are personal and inspirational appeals, rational persuasion, and consultation.

False

85) Sexual harassment is more likely to occur when there are small power differentials.

False

86) The political behavior required of employees is specified in the job requirements.

False

87) Whistle-blowing is not considered to be a political behavior

False

89) The low self-monitor is more sensitive to social cues, exhibits higher levels of social conformity, and is more likely to be skilled in political behavior than the high self-monitor.

False

91) Using a single outcome measure is recommended when designing a performance evaluation system.

False

93) When the production manager at CalTrack was asked to provide reasons for the delay in the last batch of stock to be produced for the month, he clearly stated that this was the result of one of his front-level managers taking two days off and that the fault was not his. The manager is using buffing as a defensive behavior here.

False

94) Self-promotion works well as an impression management technique for interviews as well as performance evaluations.

False

According to Herzberg, the opposite of "satisfaction" is "dissatisfaction."

False

T/F: According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the conventional type prefer ambiguous activities that allow creative expression.

False

T/F: According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the realistic type are disorderly, impractical, and emotional.

False

T/F: According to the Big Five model, a drawback of introverts is that they tend to be more impulsive than extraverts and engage in risky behavior.

False

T/F: According to the Big Five model, a person who scores high on the openness to experience dimension is conventional and finds comfort in the familiar.

False

T/F: According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification, people belonging to the feeling type use reason and logic to solve problems.

False

T/F: As compared to observer-ratings surveys, self-reporting surveys are a better predictor of success on the job.

False

T/F: High Machs do exceptionally well in jobs which are administrative in nature and do not involve face-to-face communication.

False

T/F: People with positive core self-evaluations feel that they are powerless over their environment.

False

T/F: The conscientiousness dimension of the Big Five model captures a person's comfort level with relationships.

False

T/F: The degree to which norms, cues, or standards dictate appropriate behavior is known as consistency.

False

T/F:According to Hofstede's framework, individualism describes the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

False

According to the two-factor theory, adequate hygiene factors provide job satisfaction.

False -According to Herzberg, the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Adequate hygiene factors avoid job dissatisfaction but they do not provide job satisfaction.

According to Maslow, lower-order needs are satisfied internally while higher-order needs are satisfied externally.

False -According to Maslow, lower-order needs are satisfied externally while higher-order needs are satisfied internally.

Goal-setting theory takes a behavioristic approach whereas reinforcement theory takes a cognitive approach.

False -Goal-setting is a cognitive approach, proposing that an individual's purposes direct his action. Reinforcement theory, in contrast, takes a behavioristic view, arguing that reinforcement conditions behavior. The two theories are clearly at odds philosophically.

Underpayment and overpayment, according to equity theory, tend to produce similar reactions to correct the inequities.

False -If we perceive our ratio to be equal to that of the relevant others with whom we compare ourselves, a state of equity exists; we perceive that our situation is fair and justice prevails. When we see the ratio as unequal and we feel under-rewarded, we experience equity tension that creates anger. When we see ourselves as overrewarded, tension creates guilt.

Individuals low in self-efficacy respond to negative feedback with increased effort and motivation.

False -Individuals high in self-efficacy seem to respond to negative feedback with increased effort and motivation, whereas those low in self-efficacy are likely to lessen their effort when given negative feedback.

Goal-setting theory strongly advocates participation in decision making, whereas MBO demonstrates that managers' assigned goals are usually just as effective.

False -The only area of possible disagreement between MBO and goal-setting theory is participation: MBO strongly advocates it, whereas goal-setting theory demonstrates that managers' assigned goals are usually just as effective.

McClelland's theory of needs proposes that the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction.

False -The two-factor theory proposes that the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. McClelland's theory of needs proposes that achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation.

Under Theory Y, managers believe that employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it.

False -Under Theory X, managers believe that employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it. Under Theory Y, in contrast, managers assume employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore the average person can learn to accept, and even seek, responsibility.

Workers around the world prefer rewards based on seniority over rewards based on performance and skills.

False -Workers around the world prefer rewards based on performance and skills over rewards based on seniority.

Why are people motivated by challenging goals?

First, challenging goals get people's attention and thus tend to help them focus. Second, difficult goals energize workers because they have to work harder to attain them. Third, when goals are difficult, people persist in trying to attain them. Finally, difficult goals lead employees to discover strategies that help them perform their jobs or tasks more effectively. If they have to struggle to solve a difficult problem, people often think of a better way to go about it.

Explain, in terms of McClelland's theory of needs, the relationship between the need for achievement and job performance.

First, when jobs have a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback and an intermediate degree of risk, high achievers are strongly motivated. They are successful in entrepreneurial activities such as running their own businesses, for example, and managing self-contained units within large organizations. Second, a high need to achieve does not necessarily make someone a good manager, especially in large organizations. People with a high achievement need are interested in how well they do personally, and not in influencing others to do well. High-nAch salespeople do not necessarily make good sales managers, and the good general manager in a large organization does not typically have a high need to achieve. Third, needs for affiliation and power tend to be closely related to managerial success. The best managers are high in their need for power and low in their need for affiliation. In fact, a high power motive may be a requirement for managerial effectiveness.

Fony Corp., headquartered in China, is a leading manufacturer of electronic devices and solutions intended for professional markets. The company is considering upgrading the technology currently being used at Fony's manufacturing facility, located in Guangdong, that specializes in producing lithium-ion batteries, which are used to power laptops, cameras, cell phones, and other similar gadgets. The new technology is expected to increase efficiency levels and will also allow for greater adherence to quality standards. 4) Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that Fony Corp. should upgrade its technology? A) The market for consumer electronics such as laptops, cameras, cell phones, and other similar gadgets is in the late maturity stage. B) Fony will be able to recover the cost of the new technology within eight years. C) Fony's main client account is at risk after the client had to recall nearly 2 million notebooks owing to defective batteries. D) The existing technology is currently functioning at the optimal level and the cost of maintenance is minimal. E) Fony last upgraded its technology six years ago and it has an adequate budget to fund the acquisition.

The Pygmalion effect is also called the ________ effect. A) halo B) self-concordance C) Galatea D) self-determination E) pseudocertainty

Galatea effect

Explain how the different relationships in expectancy theory are related to distributive justice and procedural justice in equity theory.

Historically, equity theory focused on distributive justice, the employee's perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals and who received them. Equity also considers procedural justice, the perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards. Expectancy theory focuses on three relationships 1. Effort-performance relationship: The probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance. 2. Performance-reward relationship: The degree to which the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome. 3. Rewards-personal goals relationship: The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual. The relationships in expectancy theory are similar to distributive and procedural justice in that they both rely on a fair and objective appraisal. If the appraisal isn't fair in the effort-performance relationship, the employee lacks the motivation to work hard. This is because regardless of the person's level of motivation, the procedure of appraisal is prejudiced.

2) Which of the following statements is true regarding power? A) A is said to have power over B if B controls something that A desires. B) The greater A's dependence on B, the greater A's power in the relationship. C) If A has the capacity to influence the behavior of B, then A is said to have power over B. D) A can have power over B only if A is B's leader. E) A can have power over B only when A and B have similar goals.

If A has the capacity to influence the behavior of B then A is said to have power over B

Explain the similarities between Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory and McClelland's theory of needs.

It can be noted that the need for achievement in McClelland's theory is very similar to the self-actualization needs in Maslow's. Both deal with the drive to become what we are capable of becoming which includes growth, achieving our potential, and self-fulfillment. The need for power in McClelland's theory is similar in many aspects to esteem needs in Maslow's theory. The need for affiliation is similar to the social needs in Maslow's theory.

5) Which of the following is true with regard to leadership? A) It maximizes the importance of lateral and upward influence patterns. B) It eliminates the requirement of goal compatibility. C) It stimulates research in the area of tactics of influence. D) It focuses on downward influence on followers. E) It encourages dependence of followers on leaders.

It focuses on downward influence

64) Which of the following defensive behaviors involves developing explanations that lessen one's responsibility for a negative outcome and apologizing to demonstrate remorse? A) scapegoating B) misrepresenting C) justifying D) overconforming E) stretching

Justifying

49) Employees exhibiting which of the following features are more likely to engage in political behavior? A) lack of organizational investment B) external locus of control C) low need for power D) Machiavellian personality E) low self-monitoring

Machiavellian personality

Explain what is an MBO program and discuss the common elements of MBO programs and goal-setting theory.

Management by objectives (MBO) is a program that encompasses specific goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress. The organization's overall objectives are translated into specific objectives for each level (divisional, departmental, individual). But because lower-unit managers jointly participate in setting their own goals, MBO works from the bottom up as well as from the top down. The result is a hierarchy that links objectives at one level to those at the next. And for the individual employee, MBO provides specific personal performance objectives. Four ingredients are common to MBO programs: goal specificity, participation in decision making (including the setting of goals or objectives), an explicit time period, and performance feedback. Many elements in MBO programs match propositions of goal-setting theory. For example, having an explicit time period to accomplish objectives matches goal-setting theory's emphasis on goal specificity. Similarly, feedback about goal progress is a critical element of goal-setting theory. The only area of possible disagreement between MBO and goal-setting theory is participation: MBO strongly advocates it, whereas goal-setting theory demonstrates that managers' assigned goals are usually just as effective.

Briefly explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs hypothesized that within every human being there exists a hierarchy of five needs. a) The physiological needs include hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs. b) Safety includes security and protection from physical and emotional harm. c) Social includes affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship. d) Esteem includes internal factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement, and external factors such as status, recognition, and attention. e) Self-actualization is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming and it includes growth, achieving one's potential, and self-fulfillment. As each of these needs becomes substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant. So if you want to motivate someone, according to Maslow, you need to understand what level of the hierarchy that person is currently on and focus on satisfying those needs at or above that level.

________ is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. A) Leadership B) Management C) Learning D) Emotional labor E) Motivation

Motivation

Describe the three key elements in the definition of motivation.

Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. The three key elements in our definition are intensity, direction, and persistence. Intensity describes how hard a person tries. This is the element most of us focus on when we talk about motivation. However, high intensity is unlikely to lead to favorable job performance outcomes unless the effort is channeled in a direction that benefits the organization. Therefore, we consider the quality of effort as well as its intensity. Effort directed toward, and consistent with, the organization's goals is the kind of effort we should be seeking. Finally, motivation has a persistence dimension. This measures how long a person can maintain effort. Motivated individuals stay with a task long enough to achieve their goal.

18) Carl believes that he is lucky to be working under a manager like Mr. Parker—conscientious, flexible and easy to work with. It was Mr. Parker who helped Carl learn the demands of the job, gave him opportunities to learn from the mistakes he made, and always provided sound advice. Mr. Parker, who has been in the field for over eighteen years, never made Carl feel like a novice and this only increased Carl's personal confidence in his work and his loyalty toward his manager. Carl, who is now doing very well on the job, aims to be a manager like Mr. Parker. From this scenario, which of the following conclusions can be drawn? A) Mr. Parker is an authoritarian manager. B) Carl has a low degree of trust propensity. C) Mr. Parker has a high degree of referent power. D) Mr. Parker engages in a lot of ingratiation. E) Mr. Parker exercises a high degree of coercive power.

Mr Parker has a high degree of referent power

65) Which of the following is a defensive behavior that is used to avoid change? A) stalling B) scapegoating C) misrepresenting D) stretching E) preventing

Preventing

Edith believes that the methods for determining salary hikes and bonuses in her company are extremely unfair. In this case, Edith perceives a lack of ________ justice. A) interpersonal B) distributive C) associative D) procedural E) interactional

Procedural justice -refers to the perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards.

The best way for a manager to use verbal persuasion is through the ________, a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true. A) confirmation bias B) Pygmalion effect C) anchoring bias D) framing effect E) Electra complex

Pygmalion effect

What is self-efficacy?

Self-efficacy (also known as social cognitive theory or social learning theory) refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. The higher your self-efficacy, the more confidence you have in your ability to succeed. So, in difficult situations, people with low self-efficacy are more likely to lessen their effort or give up altogether, while those with high self-efficacy will try harder to master the challenge. Self-efficacy can create a positive spiral in which those with high efficacy become more engaged in their tasks and then, in turn, increase performance, which increases efficacy further. Changes in self-efficacy over time are related to changes in creative performance as well. Individuals high in self-efficacy also seem to respond to negative feedback with increased effort and motivation, while those low in self-efficacy are likely to lessen their effort after negative feedback.

59) Will Cears works at Mesner Corp. as a middle-level manager. Will recognizes that his firm is plagued by organizational politics. Since he is not good at playing games, he frequently engages in defensive behaviors in order to protect himself and his interests. Will is frustrated because he believes that he has little control over his environment and his environment is uncomfortable to him. He has had some success at establishing a sense of control for himself by appearing to be cooperative and supportive to his colleagues. However, he continues to hold his reservations against politicking and does not engage in it. This is an example of ________ in order to avoid action, blame, or change. A) buffing B) buck passing C) scapegoating D) misrepresenting E) stalling

Stalling

Strum Services provides content management services to major educational publishers. Due to low morale, the level of employee output has been below par, which has caused a backlog in work. 38) Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument to use coercive techniques in this situation? A) The company is on a tight deadline to complete a major project for an important client. B) The company is in its lean season and work volumes are low. C) The company can afford to hire temp workers to handle the backlog and complete the work on time. D) The company's workforce is comprised of employees with highly specialized skill sets. E) Employees are demotivated because of the company's stringent work culture.

44) Which of the following is true with regard to sexual harassment at the workplace? A) An aggressive tone is the most effective for women to make their complaints of sexual harassments known. B) Women in positions of power typically do not perpetrate sexual harassment of their male employees. C) The supervisor-employee dyad best characterizes an equal power relationship that can be used to prevent sexual harassment. D) The best approach to preventing accusations of sexual harassment is to refrain from any behavior that may be taken as harassing. E) Women in positions of power in an organization are typically not sexually harassed by males who occupy less powerful positions.

The best approach to preventing accusations of sexual harassment is to refrain from any be taaken as harassing

37) Which of the following statements is true with regard to the effectiveness of tactics? A) Soft tactics are less effective than hard tactics when used individually. B) The combination of a soft tactic with reasonable persuasion is more effective than a combination of two hard tactics. C) All tactics are equally effective with regard to upward influence. D) Individuals from collectivist cultures are typically more likely to use soft tactics that reflect personal power. E) Individuals from individualistic cultures are typically more likely to use coalition and other hard power tactics.

The combination of a soft tactic with reasonable persuasion is more effective than a combination of two hard tactics

45) Tina Simmons worked as a welder at a shipyard company where she was forced to encounter nude and partially nude pictures posted by her male co-workers in common areas. The men also referred to her using obscene nicknames and made offensive remarks concerning her body. When Tina complained, her supervisor took no corrective action despite having an active sexual harassment policy approved by the EEOC. Tina wished to file a discrimination suit but instead she chose to endure the harassment as she could not risk losing her job. Which of the following, if true, would have strengthened her resolve to file a discrimination suit? A) The colleagues who sexually harassed Tina shared a great rapport with her supervisor. B) Tina had heard of only one prior instance wherein an employee in the company had filed a discrimination suit. C) Tina shared a strained working relationship with her supervisor. D) The company policy prescribed that Tina would face no backlash if she approached the EEOC. E) Tina had few female colleagues at the shipyard where she worked.

The company policy prescribed that tina would face no backlash if she approached the eeoc

19) Which of the following is true with regard to bases of power? A) Coercive power involves an identification with and imitation of the person in power. B) Legitimate power is used by companies when they hire celebrities to promote their products. C) Expert and referent power are the two major types of formal power. D) The personal sources of power are most effective for increasing employee performance and satisfaction. E) Reward power is the most common and broad type of power seen in operation in organizations.

The personal sources of power are most effective for increasing employee performance and satisfaction

What are the four ways of increasing self-efficacy, as proposed by Albert Bandura?

The researcher who developed self-efficacy theory, Albert Bandura, proposes four ways self-efficacy can be increased: 1. Enactive mastery 2. Vicarious modeling 3. Verbal persuasion 4. Arousal According to Bandura, the most important source of increasing self-efficacy is enactive mastery — that is, gaining relevant experience with the task or job. The second source is vicarious modeling — or becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task. The third source is verbal persuasion — becoming more confident because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful. Finally, Bandura argues that arousal increases self-efficacy. Arousal leads to an energized state, which drives a person to complete a task. The person gets "psyched up" and performs better.

21) Joanna Mills has recently been promoted to the position of a project manager at Palmer Inc., a software development firm. As a project manager, she now has the authority to delegate work, provide supervision and feedback, and monitor employee performance. Ever since her promotion, she has been preparing herself to guide her subordinates in different project activities. However, she feels that the employees do not proactively approach her for help. Which of the following, if true, would best explain this situation? A) Joanna has several years of experience in working on software programs. B) The sole criterion for Joanna's promotion was her effectiveness in meeting individual targets. C) Employees identify with Joanna because she successfully rose from the position of a programmer to that of a manager. D) The managers who promoted her believed that her approachable nature would be a key factor in improving team performance. E) The company follows a 360-degree performance evaluation system.

The sole criterion for Joannas promotion was her effectiveness in meeting individual

54) Timothy Jenkins had been working for six years at Hartford Mills, a company that takes a strong stand against unionization. Though Timothy's designation was that of a production supervisor, as the company grew, he also took on additional duties like keeping a check on employee safety, ensuring that legal measures are followed, and implementing programs for labor welfare that the company planned. Many believed that Timothy was doing a great job for the company, and so it came as a surprise when Timothy was rumored to face severe disciplinary action, as he was encouraging the workers to join a union. However, he was let off with a mere warning. Which of the following, if true, would explain this paradox? A) The management had recently instituted a formal employee welfare committee. B) Timothy stressed the fact that he was a meticulous worker who always adhered to company policies. C) The management had recently moved from an open shop mechanism to a closed shop mechanism. D) Timothy claimed that he was only looking to ensure greater employee welfare, which was one of the duties the company had assigned to him. E) Timothy argued that allowing unionization had increased the levels of employee satisfaction in one of their rival companies.

Timothy claimed that he was only looking to ensure greater employee welfare which was one of the duties the company had assigned to him

76) Unlike power, leadership requires some degree of goal compatibility.

True

77) The coercive power base depends on fear of the negative results from failing to comply.

True

81) Dale Fisher is the manager of one branch of a retail chain. He often speaks with his customer service attendants about the value they bring to the company and encourages them to continue doing so. He knows that this approach of enhancing the worth of these executives and shaping their aspirations to do well is a more effective approach than using warnings and ultimatums. Dale is using the power tactic of an inspirational appeal here.

True

83) People with high political skills are able to exert their influence without others detecting it.

True

84) Unwanted physical touching is an overt form of sexual harassment.

True

88) Limited resources is one of the major reasons for the development of organizational politics.

True

90) The Machiavellian personality is characterized by the will to manipulate and the desire for power.

True

92) Under the zero-sum approach, any gain one person or group achieves has to come at the expense of another person or group.

True

95) In countries that are more politically unstable, employees seem to demonstrate greater tolerance of intense political processes in the workplace

True

According to McClelland's theory of needs, when jobs have a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback and an intermediate degree of risk, high achievers are strongly motivated.

True

According to goal-setting theory, a specific goal will produce a higher level of output than a generalized goal.

True

Interactional justice refers to an individual's perception of the degree to which she/he is treated with dignity, concern, and respect.

True

People who pursue goals for intrinsic reasons are more likely to attain their goals and are happy even if they do not.

True

Procedural justice refers to the perceived fairness of the method used to determine the distribution of rewards.

True

T/F: A drawback of self-report surveys is the level of accuracy.

True

T/F: According to Hofstede's five value dimensions of national culture, people in a culture with long-term orientation look to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition.

True

T/F: According to the Big Five model, the agreeableness dimension refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others.

True

T/F: According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the judging type prefer control and like their world to be ordered and structured.

True

T/F: An individual's value system is obtained by ranking the person's values in terms of their intensity.

True

T/F: An organization in a dynamic and changing environment that needs employees who can easily change tasks and teams should seek individuals with personalities that fit with the organization's overall culture rather than with a specific task.

True

T/F: High Mach employees win in the short term, but lose the gains in the long term because they are not well liked.

True

T/F: Millennials have high expectations, seek meaning in their work, and have life goals oriented toward becoming rich and famous.

True

T/F: Research suggests that personality traits better predict behavior in weak situations than in strong ones.

True

T/F: Values contain a judgmental element in which they carry an individual's ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable.

True

True or False: According to Maslow, a need that is substantially satisfied no longer motivates

True

True or False: Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

True

Self-generated feedback is a more powerful motivator than externally generated feedback.

True -People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals, because feedback helps to identify discrepancies between what they have done and what they want to do. But all feedback is not equally potent. Self-generated feedback is a more powerful motivator than externally generated feedback.

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

True -The higher your self-efficacy, the more confidence you have in your ability to succeed.

Compare and contrast a Theory X manager with a Theory Y manager.

Under Theory X, managers believe employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it. Under Theory Y, in contrast, managers assume employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore the average person can learn to accept, and even seek, responsibility. Theory Y assumes that higher-order needs dominate individuals. McGregor himself believed that Theory Y assumptions were more valid than Theory X. Therefore, he proposed such ideas as participative decision making, responsible and challenging jobs, and good group relations to maximize an employee's job motivation.

20) Will Paten is the manager of a team of twelve people in the marketing division of Palmer Inc. Will, who has been working in the company for eleven years, is held in high regard and liked by all his colleagues and subordinates. However, Aaron and Abby, two of his subordinates, are noted for frequently flouting his rules and directives. They continue behaving in this manner even after Will had categorically requested them to refrain from upsetting the momentum of the team. Which of the following, if true, would best explain Aaron and Abby's continued noncompliance with Will's requests? A) The promotions and bonuses of the team members depend heavily on Will's performance ratings. B) The company had provided Will with additional duties, and he was left with little time to ensure that his team members performed well. C) Will believes that since the job demands in marketing are ambiguous and ever-changing, a supportive approach to leadership would suffice. D) Will is uncomfortable exercising coercive measures to control employees. E) Will is considered an expert at analyzing market trends and making accurate projections about demand and revenue.

Will is uncomfortable exercising coercive measures to control employees

Your company, Johnson Farm Products, has decided to expand its traditional business serving farm owners in order to include home gardeners in its customer base. This change is not met with enthusiasm by the sales personnel who have had good long-term relationships with area farmers. You know that the change will be difficult to implement if you cannot overcome the resistance of the sales personnel and obtain their cooperation. 35) You have brought in the local extension agent to explain demographics and the changing nature of the area in which you live. The method for overcoming resistance that you have chosen is ________. A) education and communication B) participation C) negotiation D) manipulation and cooptation E) coercion

38) For a person to be recognized as having a high degree of political skill, he or she must have the ________. A) ability to recognize that power in an organization does not translate into success B) ability to submit to the demands made by others at all times C) ability to influence others to enhance their own objectives D) ability to respect and consider the needs of others first E) ability to make sacrifices for the betterment of others

ability to influence others to enhance their own objectives

McClelland's theory is based on which of the following needs? A) stability, growth, and security B) achievement, power, and affiliation C) self-actualization, stability, and safety D) hygiene, control, and security E) control, status, and self-actualization

achievement, power and affiliation nAck, nPow, nAff

53) Which of the following organizational factors encourages political behavior? A) using objective criteria in the appraisal B) using multiple outcomes to measure performance C) allowing significant time to pass between the time of an action and its appraisal D) avoiding the zero-sum approach for resource allocation E) ensuring role clarity

allowing significant time to pass between the time of an action and its appraisal

69) Which of the following impression management techniques involves an individual admitting responsibility for an undesirable event and simultaneously seeking to get a pardon for the action? A) flattery B) favors C) apologies D) misrepresentation E) exemplification

apologies

9) With reference to the communication process, the ________ is the one to whom the message is directed, who must first translate the symbols into understandable form. A) creator B) receiver C) encoder D) sender E) transmitter

b) receiver

The concept of operant conditioning is a part of the broader concept of ________, which argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner. A) equity theory B) expectancy theory C) cognitive behavioral therapy D) behaviorism E) humanism

behaviorism -Skinner's broader concept of behaviorism -radical behaviorism rejects feelings, thoughts and other states of mind as causes of behavior =people learn to associate stim and response but conscious awareness of association is irrevelant

61) Which of the following defensive behaviors involves rigorously documenting activity to project an image of competence and thoroughness? A) buffing B) justifying C) scapegoating D) stretching E) overconforming

buffing

Johanna Springer, who works as a sales executive at Pascal's Bank, is upset at the way her manager, Emma Womack, always calls her in for one-on-one meetings to discuss her underperformance. Though Springer makes a higher number of sales calls and works longer hours than last year, her sales figures are still low. She knows that the main reason behind her underperformance is the recent economic meltdown in the country. However, her manager feels that Springer's underperformance is the result of her laid back attitude and has nothing to do with external factors. In this situation, Womack's behavior is characterized by a(n) ________. A) anchoring bias B) contrast effect C) fundamental attribution error D) self-fulfilling prophecy E) pygmalion effect

c) fundamental attribution error

34) Which of the following power tactics can be used most effectively for exerting lateral influence? A) legitimacy B) inspirational appeal C) coalition D) ingratiation E) pressure

coalition

36) Which of the following power tactics would be considered a hard tactic? A) rational persuasion B) inspirational appeals C) personal appeals D) coalition E) consultation

coalition

8) ________ power is based on the fear of the negative results from failing to comply. A) Legitimate B) Coercive C) Punitive D) Referent E) Abusive

coercive

9) In the last one week, May and Phyllis have been putting in extra hours at work so that the project assigned to them by their manager is completed well within time. Though the manager was due to assign two more people to this project, he had not done so. As a result, May and Phyllis, who were having to do double their routine workload, went and complained to the division manager. May was promptly suspended from work for complaining about her immediate supervisor. This represents the operation of ________ power. A) reward B) legitimate C) coercive D) expert E) referent

coercive

22) Which of the following types of power is most likely to be negatively related to employee satisfaction and commitment? A) expert power B) reward power C) legitimate power D) coercive power E) referent power

coercive power

Self-determination theory proposes that in addition to being driven by a need for autonomy, people seek ways to achieve ________. A) competence and positive connections B) high rewards C) recognition and status D) career growth E) power and control

competence and positive connections

70) Which of the following impression management techniques uses ingratiation? A) flattery B) exemplification C) enhancement D) conformity E) apologies

conformity

71) Recently, Curtis Gibson had an interview for the position of a senior manager at a transit service. At the interview, the interviewer made a passing remark about how policies can make or break the best economy in the world. Immediately, Curtis launched into a discussion of how true the interviewer was, substantiating his claim with stories from real economies around the world. Similarly, when the interviewer suggested that Curtis work the earlier shift because, if selected, he would have to commute a significant bit to reach work, Curtis vehemently agreed, saying, "You couldn't be more right." Which of the following impression management techniques is Curtis using? A) favors B) exemplification C) enhancement D) self-promotion E) conformity

conformity

25) Which of the following power tactics involves increasing the target's support by involving him or her in decision making? A) legitimacy B) rational persuasion C) consultation D) ingratiation E) pressure

consultation

31) Which of the following power tactics is more effective when the audience is highly interested in the outcomes of a decision process? A) ingratiation B) consultation C) personal appeals D) exchange E) pressure

consultation

73) In the last month, Stacey, an intelligent and astute employee, has finished only half the work she was scheduled to complete. In addition, she has been taking frequent leaves, citing her ill health as the reason, but her manager suspects she has been playing truant. When the manager confronted her about her pending work, Stacey gave excuses: the work was time-consuming, she was unwell, and it was not a high-priority project in the first place. In this scenario, Stacey is using a(n) ________ impression management technique. A) self-focused B) assertive C) aggressive D) defensive

defensive

58) Reactive and protective behaviors designed to avoid action, blame, or change are termed ________. A) repressive behaviors B) defensive behaviors C) submissive behaviors D) impression management behaviors E) proactive behaviors

defensive behaviors

1) Power is a function of ________. A) goal congruency B) realization C) inheritance D) dependence E) altruism

dependence

23) Levin and Co. is a group of oil refineries that has been in the news recently. The company had to stop production for over two weeks because their key supplier refused to sell them crude oil at the old prices. Even after rounds of negotiations, the supplier refused to give in to the demands of Levin and Co., and finally, the company had to acquire the raw material from the same supplier because alternative suppliers, though abundant, could not provide the quantities the company demanded at such short notice. This shows the role of ________ in increasing the power one enjoys. A) alternatives B) dependence C) abundance D) substitutability E) exchange

dependence

Jackie thinks that she is paid a lot less than other employees in her division and feels extremely resentful. She starts taking long breaks and generally wastes time. Her actions resulted from a perceived lack of ________ justice. A) interactional B) interpersonal C) procedural D) distributive E) associative

distributive -Equity theory focuses on distributive justice, the employee's perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals.

Which of the following statements is true according to McClelland's theory of needs ? A) People with a high achievement need prefer tasks that have a high level of risk. B) People with a high achievement need are interested in motivating others to do well. C) People with a high need for power and affiliation often make good managers in large firms. D) People with a high achievement need experience great satisfaction from success that comes by luck. E) People with a high need for power and a low need for affiliation often make the best managers.

e) needs for affiliation and power are related to managerial success -best managers have high need for power and low need for affiliation -high power motivate may be a requirement for managerial effectiveness

68) Which of the following is a self-focused impression management technique? A) flattery B) enhancement C) apologies D) excuses E) conformity

enhancement

Karen graduated from college four years ago and has been working at Betaphy Inc. ever since. She has consistently received good performance evaluations for the quality of her work. She recently found out that her company hired a fresh college graduate with no experience at a salary higher than hers. Which of the following theories will Karen most likely use to evaluate this situation? A) reinforcement B) goal setting C) equity D) expectancy E) operant conditioning

equity -Equity theory states that individuals make comparisons to referent others (compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities.) In this situation, because Karen is comparing income, it is likely that she will use equity theory.

29) Mike Ford is a senior accountant at Coleman and Co., which is a financial management company. Mike has wanted to be on the board of representatives of his company for a long time, but the company stipulates a minimum number of years an employee must work at the organization before he or she makes it to the board. Mike is unwilling to work two more years to reach that stipulated experience and so he found a way to transgress this rule. He met up with one of the existing board members who was having problems accounting for allocated funds that went missing and offered to settle that for him in his department provided he nominate Mike to the board. Which of the following power tactics is being used here? A) ingratiation B) legitimacy C) inspirational appeals D) pressure E) exchange

exchange

72) Winston Mayer is a sales manager for a large company producing beverages and ready-to-eat meals. Winston is often seen working late and on weekends although the company stipulates a five-day workweek. Winston justifies his working extra by claiming that "in sales, one cannot afford to waste a minute" and he is often condescending when subordinates take their allotted time off. He frequently speaks to his manager about the deals he finalizes when he is working beyond the normal working hours to prove his point. From the information provided, we can say that Winston is using ________ as an impression management technique here. A) flattery B) exemplification C) favors D) apologies E) conformity

exemplification

Which of the following theories discusses three relationships: effort-performance relationship, performance-reward relationship, and rewards-personal goals relationship? A) goal-setting theory B) self-efficacy theory C) equity theory D) expectancy theory E) self-determination theory

expectancy theory -3 relationships

15) ________ power is influence wielded as a result of proficiency, special skill, or knowledge. A) Legitimate B) Reward C) Referent D) Expert E) Coercive

expert

16) At the PR firm where Gerald works, everyone considers him to be very good with his work and depends heavily on his knowledge to help the organization to solve its problems. Gerald is often seen teaching interns a simpler way to present an article, helping project managers with scheduling, and even the CEO often asks him for his opinion on important matter because of his experience and skill. Gerald's specialized knowledge depicts his ________. A) expert power B) coercive power C) legitimate power D) referent power E) reward power

expert power

67) Which of the following is an assertive impression management technique? A) conformity B) apologies C) self-promotion D) flattery E) buffing

flattery

7) The two general groupings into which power may be categorized are ________. A) informational and personal B) formal and informal C) informal and legitimate D) formal and personal E) direct and indirect

formal and personal

To get the best results while using reinforcement theory, rewards should be ________. A) small and given only once B) large and given at irregular intervals C) given prior to the desired behavior response D) given immediately following the desired behavior E) presented publicly with a large number of witnesses

given immediately following the desired behavior -People will most likely engage in desired behaviors if they are positively reinforced for doing so -Rewards are most effective if they immediately follow the desired response; and that behavior that is not rewarded, or is punished, is less likely to be repeated

3) Which of the following is a differentiating factor between power and leadership? A) control B) influence C) ability D) goal compatibility E) negative affect

goal of compatibility

51) If an individual ________, then he or she is less likely to engage in illegitimate political behavior. A) has invested a lot in the organization in terms of time and efforts B) possesses a scarce skill or knowledge C) has influential contacts outside the organization D) does not expect any future benefits from the organization E) has an external locus of control

has invested a lot in the organization in terms of time and effort

According to Herzberg, when ________ are adequate, people won't be dissatisfied, but they will also not be satisfied. A) achievement needs B) affiliation needs C) motivational factors D) power needs E) hygiene factors

hygiene factors

Which of the following sources of increasing self-efficacy involves gaining relevant experience with a particular task or job? A) verbal persuasion B) enactive mastery C) vicarious modeling D) arousal E) cognitive learning

inactive mastery

According to Albert Bandura, the most important source of increasing self-efficacy is ________. A) arousal B) vicarious modeling C) verbal persuasion D) enactive mastery E) cognitive learning

inactive mastery -gaining relevant experience with the task or job -if you do your job successfully in the past, you are more confident you will be able to do it in the future

27) The power tactic of using flattery and creating goodwill before making a request is known as ________. A) ingratiation B) consultation C) inspirational appeal D) motivational appeal E) affective appeal

ingratiation

The ________ element of motivation describes how hard a person tries. A) intelligence B) experience C) direction D) intensity E) persistence

intensity

What is the limitation of reinforcement theory in explaining changes in behavior? A) It does not adequately describe the original behavior. B) It lays too much emphasis on feelings and attitudes. C) Most behavior is, in fact, environmentally caused. D) It ignores the effect of rewards and punishments on behavior. E) It does not recognize the effect of cognitive variables.

it does not recognize the effect of cognitive variables -In its pure form, reinforcement theory ignores feelings, attitudes, expectations, and other cognitive variables known to affect behavior

The investment of an employee's physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance is called ________. A) vicarious modeling B) self-determination C) job engagement D) management by objectives E) job analysis

job engagement -the investment of an employee's physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance.

4) Which of the following is a feature of power? A) lack of dependence of followers B) use of positive styles over negative tactics C) downward influence of leader on followers D) lack of goal compatibility between leaders and followers E) lack of control on behavior of followers

lack of goal compatibility between leaders and followers

43) Which of the following factors can lead to greater probability of sexual harassment at the workplace? A) an active sexual harassment policy B) large power differentials C) a no-retaliation policy for victims seeking justice D) awareness regarding sexual harassment E) larger percentage of women in positions of power

large power differentials

According to Douglas McGregor's Theory Y, a manager assumes that employees ________. A) need to be directed B) prefer to be controlled C) learn to accept responsibility D) need to be micromanaged E) attempt to avoid work

learn to accept responsibility- assumes employees can view work as being natural as rest or play and that the average person can learn to accept and seek responsibility

32) When the audience does not care about the outcomes, using a combination of ________ can help lessen negative reactions to the feeling that one is dictating outcomes. A) ingratiation and personal appeals B) pressure and exchange C) legitimacy and ingratiation D) exchange and rational persuasion E) inspirational appeals and consultation

legitimacy and ingratiation

13) Which of the following statements is true regarding legitimate power? A) Legitimate power develops out of admiration of another and a desire to be like that person. B) Legitimate power comes from an individual's unique characteristics. C) Legitimate power is broader than the power to coerce and reward. D) Celebrities who endorse products in commercials wield legitimate power over people. E) Legitimate power is a type of personal power.

legitimate power is broader than the power to coerce and reward

46) Political behaviors usually ________. A) lie outside of an individual's specified job requirements B) are counterproductive to individual goals C) are seen only in large organizations D) are sanctioned by organizational leaders E) are expected as part of each job requirement

lie outside of an individuals specified jobs requirements

28) Rational persuasion is a power tactic that involves the use of ________. A) formal authority B) logical arguments and factual evidence C) emotions to target the values, needs, and hopes of the other party D) benefits or favors in exchange for following a request E) warnings, repeated demands, and threats

logical arguments and factual evidence

41) Which of the following is a subtle form of sexual harassment? A) requesting repeatedly for a date when the other person is clearly disinterested B) forcing someone to accept a sexual proposition C) making jokes with sexual overtones D) engaging in unwanted physical touching E) forcing someone to provide sexual favors in return for a promotion

making jokes with sexual overtones

what kind of individual will stay with a task long enough to achieve their goal?

motivated

According to social learning theory, which of the following processes demonstrates whether an individual is capable of performing the modeled activities? A) attentional process B) retention process C) motor reproduction process D) reinforcement process E) motivation process

motor reproduction process -After a person has seen a new behavior by observing a model, watching must be converted to doing. The motor reproduction process demonstrates that the individual can perform the modeled activities.

Erika wants to become the head of the HR department. Although the role comes with a generous salary hike and will put her in charge of several subordinates, she is mainly pursuing this position because she believes she can do the job better than anyone else and wants people to know this. According to McClelland's theory of needs, which of the following needs is Erika primarily driven by in this case? A) the need for stability B) the need for achievement C) the need for security D) the need for affiliation E) the need for power

need for achievement- drive to excel

________ argues that people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they don't want. A) Theory Y B) Theory X C) Social cognitive theory D) Operant conditioning theory E) McClelland's theory of needs

operant conditioning theory -Unlike reflexive or unlearned behavior, operant behavior is influenced by the reinforcement or lack of reinforcement brought about by its consequences.

In equity theory, individuals assess the ________. A) cost-benefit ratio B) efficiency-effectiveness trade-off C) quantity-quality trade-off D) outcome-input ratio E) quality of outcome

outcome-input ratio -Equity theory states that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities. Employees perceive what they get from a job situation (salary levels, raises, recognition) in relationship to what they put into it (effort, experience, education, competence) and then compare their outcome-input ratio with that of relevant others.

Unlike in the case of goal-setting theory, MBO strongly advocates ________. A) self-generated feedback B) explicit time periods C) participatively set goals D) independent tasks E) specific performance objectives

participatively set goals -Many elements in MBO programs match propositions of goal-setting theory. The only area of possible disagreement between MBO and goal-setting theory is participation: MBO strongly advocates it, whereas goal-setting theory demonstrates that managers' assigned goals are usually just as effective.

50) Which of the following is an individual factor that influences political behavior? A) reallocation of resources B) unclear performance evaluation system C) high performance pressures D) perceived job alternatives E) zero-sum reward practice

perceived job alternatives

Oscar is looking for a new job. He used to be the company's top sales representative and was eagerly expecting to be promoted. However, one of the regional manager's friends was promoted to district manager instead. According to the expectancy theory, Oscar's dissatisfaction with his current job stems from a breakdown in the ________ relationship. A) performance-reward B) effort-performance C) reward-personal goal D) satisfaction-effort E) personal goal-self actualization

performance-reward -explains the degree to which the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome

The ________ dimension of motivation measures how long a person can maintain effort. A) direction B) persistence C) intensity D) knowledge E) experience

persistence

MBO provides individual employees with ________. A) personal performance objectives B) greater work supervision C) predefined targets D) generalized feedback E) clear-cut growth paths

personal performance objectives -As lower-unit managers jointly participate in setting their own goals, MBO works from the bottom up as well as from the top down. The result is a hierarchy that links objectives at one level to those at the next. And for the individual employee, MBO provides specific personal performance

Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying one's hunger, thirst, and other bodily needs? A) safety B) physiological C) social D) esteem E) psychological

physiological

what is the lowest hierarchy of needs and what does it include?

physiological- hunger, thirst, shelter sex

63) Daphne is one of the three project managers at Virgo Inc., an art and design studio. Raymond and Gabriel, the other two project managers, are unhappy working with Daphne as she always selects projects that suit her area of expertise and avoids projects which require more ambiguous work, have tight deadlines, and represent a low probability of success. Raymond and Gabriel feel that they deserve greater credit than Daphne for being open and accepting different work demands and situations, as opposed to Daphne, who always takes a conservative and risk-averse approach. Daphne is using the defensive behavior of ________ here. A) scapegoating B) ingratiating C) stalling D) retaliating E) playing safe

playing safe

74) Which of the following can be used to understand how power and politics in an organization can help you achieve your career goals? A) counseling B) power base relationships C) political mapping D) power struggles E) equity positioning

political mapping

48) ________ occurs when people within organizations use whatever influence they can to taint the facts to support their goals and interests. A) Legitimate political behavior B) Politicking C) Illegitimate political behavior D) Sabotage E) Whistle-blowing

politicking

47) Which of the following factors contributes to political behavior in the organization? A) presence of pure and objective facts B) existence of uniform goals and interests among all employees C) provision of clear and objective performance outcomes D) presence of limited resources in the organization E) perception that gains of one group are not at the expense of the loss incurred by another group

presence of limited resources in the organization

26) Which of the following power tactics uses warnings and threats and is typically the least effective of all the power tactics? A) coalitions B) exchange C) pressure D) rational persuasion E) consultation

pressure

Which of the following types of justice relates most strongly to job satisfaction, employee trust, withdrawal from the organization, job performance, and citizenship behaviors? A) associative justice B) interactional justice C) distributive justice D) procedural justice E) integrative justice

procedural justice

According to the two-factor theory proposed by Herzberg, which of the following is considered a hygiene factor? A) promotional opportunities B) quality of supervision C) achievement D) recognition E) responsibility

quality of supervision others- pay, company policy, physical working conditions, relationships with others, job security

33) ________ is the only tactic effective across organizational levels. A) Legitimacy B) Inspirational appeal C) Rational persuasion D) Ingratiation E) Pressure

rational persuasion

35) Which of the following power tactics would be considered a soft tactic? A) rational persuasion B) exchange C) coalition D) politicking E) pressure

rational persuasion

14) Which of the following types of power can be categorized as personal power? A) coercive B) legitimate C) reward D) referent E) positional

referent

17) ________ power is based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits. A) Coercive B) Legitimate C) Referent D) Expert E) Reward

referent

A(n) ________ is any consequence, immediately following a response, that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated. A) conclusion B) reinforcer C) goal D) objective E) referent

reinforcer -behavior is controlled by reinforcers

Which of the following is a motivational factor, according to Herzberg's two-factor theory? A) quality of supervision B) recognition C) pay D) relationships with others E) company policies

relationships with others

George is trying to teach his two-year old son to gently caress their cat. George softly strokes the animal and every time his son does the same, he rewards him with kind words like "good job!" The child is very attentive during the process and claps his hands when his father praises him. However, as soon as George leaves, the boy lunges for the cat and grabs it by the tail. Which process of social-learning theory is failing? A) attentional processes B) justification processes C) retention processes D) motor reproduction processes E) reinforcement processes

retention processes -Four processes determine a model's influence on an individual: attentional processes, retention processes, motor reproduction processes, and reinforcement processes. The child is paying attention, reproducing the behavior, and receiving reinforcement. The learning process is breaking down at the retention process in which the individual is supposed to remember the model's action after the model is no longer readily available. The child seems to immediately forget when his father leaves.

10) ________ power represents the compliance that is achieved based on the ability to distribute positive benefits that others view as valuable. A) Legitimate B) Coercive C) Reward D) Personal E) Reflective

reward

11) As a regional sales officer, one of Brandon's job responsibilities is to process the yearly appraisal forms of his subordinates and provide them with increments, bonuses, or benefits based on their performance that year. This job responsibility directly reflects his ________. A) active power B) expert power C) referent power D) reward power E) coercive power

reward power

57) Under the zero-sum approach, rewards are distributed such that ________. A) rewards are equal and do not increase or decrease with changes in profit margins B) rewards increase for all employees at an identical rate C) any drop in profits reduces the pay of employees by an identical amount D) amount allocated for rewards is variable E) rewards increase for a group at the expense of loss for another group

rewards increase for a group at the expense of loss for another group

Mark is an excellent technical writer. He has never missed a deadline and all his projects are of superior quality. He now wants to telecommute two days a week, so that he can spend more time with his family. He feels that he has proven his reliability. However, his boss is unable to comply with his request and gives him a substantial raise instead. According to the expectancy theory, Mark's disappointment demonstrates a breakdown in the ________ relationship. A) performance-reward B) effort-performance C) rewards-personal goals D) effort-satisfaction E) performance-achievement

rewards-personal goals -indicates the degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual.

If a manager incorrectly assumes that all employees want the same thing, then according to the expectancy theory, it is most likely to result in a weak ________ relationship. A) performance-achievement B) effort-performance C) performance-reward D) rewards-personal goals E) effort-satisfaction

rewards-personal goals -indicates the degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual. So if a manager incorrectly assumes that all employees want the same thing then according to the expectancy theory, it is most likely to result in a weak rewards-personal goals relationship.

8) According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a lower-order need? A) social B) safety C) esteem D) self-actualization E) recognition

safety and physiological are lowest, self-actualization, social and esteem is the highest

62) Placing the blame for a negative outcome on external factors that are not entirely blameworthy is known as ________. A) scapegoating B) buffing C) stalling D) justifying E) overconforming

scapegoating

If we consider Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the context of Japan, Greece, and Mexico, where uncertainty-avoidance characteristics are strong then ________ needs would be on top of the hierarchy. A) self actualization B) security C) social D) esteem E) growth

security

Which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy refers to the drive to become what one is capable of becoming? A) social B) self-actualization C) physiological D) esteem E) safety

self-actualization- growth, achieving our potential, and self-fulfillment

The concept of ________ considers how strongly peoples' reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values. A) self-serving bias B) self-fulfilling prophecy C) self-concordance D) self-actualization E) self-efficacy

self-concordance -A recent outgrowth of self-determination theory is self-concordance, which considers how strongly peoples' reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values. If individuals pursue goals because of an intrinsic interest, they are more likely to attain their goals and are happy even if they do not.

Which of the following theories proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation? A) self-serving theory B) motivation-hygiene theory C) two-factor theory D) self-determination theory E) goal setting theory

self-determination- people prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so any previously enjoyed task that feels like an obligation than a chosen will undermine motivation

The ________ theory is also known as the social cognitive theory or the social learning theory. A) two-factor B) self-determination C) goal-setting D) self-efficacy E) reinforcement

self-efficacy

________ refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. A) Emotional contagion B) Affect intensity C) Self-efficacy D) Self-determination E) Reinforcement

self-efficacy -higher self-efficacy, the more confident you have in your ability to succeed

42) Connie Cole works as a junior market analyst at SPS Services. Her previous manager retired a couple of months back, and she now has a younger male manager who repeatedly insists that she accompany him for a coffee or dinner after work. Initially, Connie was unsuspecting and refused because she did not have the time for such engagements during weekdays. Later, when her manager's requests became frequent, she grew uncomfortable and firmly told him that she was not interested in him and his attempts were not welcome. She realized that this step could backfire because, as her superior, he has complete control over her appraisals, bonuses, and promotions. Her manager even told her that if she does not agree, he will "find other ways." Connie's experiences are best described as ________. A) whistle-blowing B) scapegoating C) domestic abuse D) sexual harassment E) ambient abuse

sexual harassment

If Alberta is a categorized as a Theory X manager, which of the following behaviors is she most likely to exhibit? A) She will empower her subordinates. B) She will trust her employees to use their discretion in most matters. C) She will strictly control all the details of any project she is managing. D) She will delegate authority extensively to junior managers. E) She will let her employees choose their own goals.

she will strictly control all the details of any project she is managing -manager think employees hate work, don't trust employees and week they try to control work as a result

Which of following needs, as detailed by Maslow's hierarchy of needs, best corresponds to McClelland's need for affiliation? A) safety B) social C) esteem D) self-actualization E) physiological

social Maslow- need for affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship McClelland- desire for friendly and close relationships

55) Timothy Jenkins had been working for six years at Hartford Mills, a company that takes a strong stand against unionization. Though Timothy's designation was that of a production supervisor, as the company grew, he also took on additional duties like keeping a check on employee safety, ensuring that legal measures are followed, and implementing programs for labor welfare that the company planned. Many believed that Timothy was doing a great job for the company, and so it came as a surprise when Timothy was rumored to face severe disciplinary action, as he was encouraging the workers to join a union. However, he was let off with a mere warning. Timothy argued that he was only doing his job—a job in which he had responsibility for improving the welfare of employees. Which of the following, if true, would help Hartford Mills avoid such situations in the future? A) ensuring the provision of a retaliatory policy for employees who go against the company B) holding town hall meetings to explain to employees why Timothy was suspected C) enlisting the support of popular employees like Timothy to discharge the employee welfare duties D) engaging in collective bargaining as it is the only way to motivate employees to work efficiently E) specifying the permissible and prohibited aspects of an employee's formal role in the organization

specifying the permissible and prohibited aspects of an employees formal role in the organization

12) Legitimate power is directly based on ________. A) charisma of the leader B) interpersonal trust and commitment of the manager C) structural position of the manager in the organization D) personality traits of the manager E) ability of the manager to serve his or her subordinates

structural position of the manager in the organization

6) Research on power is likely to provide information on the most effective ________. A) leadership styles for motivating followers B) methods to reduce dependence on leaders C) tactics for gaining compliance of employees D) methods of rewarding successful employees E) modes of assessing employee performance

tactics for gaining compliance of employees

24) Dependence would be low when ________. A) the goods have very few suppliers B) the goods have low accessibility C) the goods in question are scarce D) the products are important E) the goods have substitutes

the goods have substitutes

Why is Maslow's theory criticized? A) The concept of self-actualization was unfounded. B) There is little evidence that needs are structured or operate in the way it describes. C) The esteem need is a more powerful motivator than self-actualization. D) Its terminology tends to alienate those to whom it is applied. E) It does not adequately describe how an organization can satisfy higher-order needs.

there is little evidence that needs are structured or operate in the way it describes -no empirical substantiation -no evidence that needs are organized, unsatisfied needs motivate, or that a satisfied need activates movement to a new level

60) Buck passing is seen when an employee ________. A) avoids an unwanted task by falsely pleading ignorance or inability B) prolongs a task to give the appearance of being occupied C) documents his or her activity rigorously to project an image of competence and thoroughness D) develops explanations that lessen his or her responsibility for a negative outcome E) transfers responsibility for the execution of a task or decision to someone else

transfers responsibility for the execution of a task or decision to someone else

Which of the following theories proposes the idea of a dual continuum? A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory B) self-determination theory C) two-factor theory D) cognitive evaluation theory E) McClelland's theory of needs

two-factor -dual continuum: opposite of "satisfaction" is "no satisfaction" and opposite of "dissatisfaction" is "no dissatisfaction"

The ________ theory is also called motivation-hygiene theory. A) hierarchy of needs B) goal-setting C) self-determination D) cognitive evaluation E) two-factor

two-factor -frederick hezberg

40) Which of the following is an overt form of sexual harassment? A) being too friendly B) pinups posted in the workplace C) off-color jokes D) unwanted physical touching E) unwanted looks or comments

unwanted physical touching

56) To avoid politicking during performance evaluations, an organization should ________. A) create role ambiguity B) use democratic decision making C) use a single outcome measure D) use objective criteria E) allow a significant lapse

use objective criteria

Which of the following ways of increasing self-efficacy is generally used by motivational speakers? A) arousal B) enactive mastery C) focused training D) vicarious modeling E) verbal persuasion

verbal persuasion -involves becoming more confident because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful. Motivational speakers use this tactic a lot

One of the sources of self-efficacy is ________, becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task. A) arousal B) enactive mastery C) visualization D) vicarious modeling E) verbal persuasion

vicarious modeling

75) Victor Ortiz was a successful and popular manager at the marketing division of a consumer goods company. Many attributed the company's immense success in the last two years to Victor's highly creative marketing plans, which cost the company very little but increased the visibility of its products. He also effectively tied up with new retail chains so the demand for their products grows as the new retail chains grow. Recently, a subordinate alleged that Victor had sexually harassed her, and stories of similar allegations made against him in the past resurfaced. The situation was laid to rest when Victor made an appearance with the victim by his side claiming that the allegations were baseless as he was romantically involved with her. Though this announcement did not convince people, the allegations against Victor were withdrawn. From the information provided in this scenario, this outcome can be explained by the fact that ________. A) Victor has a high degree of referent power B) Victor has enough power to get away with his misdeeds C) Victor has abided by the standards of equity and justice D) Victor has used a defensive impression management technique E) Victor has used scapegoating to free himself from the charges

victor has enough power to get away with his misdeeds

52) Which of the following is an organizational factor that increases illegitimate political behavior? A) internal locus of control B) low expectations of success C) high trust D) low organizational investment E) zero-sum reward practice

zero-sum reward practice

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