Sociology Final Review Ch. 2, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15
services for domestic violence victims
- feminist movement has created a variety of services to help women prevent or cope with family violence - these include hotlines, shelters, legal counseling, etc - there is no one solution - despite the decline of family violence and abuse, these problems remain widespread and systemic.
family violence
- include several kinds of harm caused by family members against other family members - includes indirect and direct violence - can be defined by the relationship between victims and perpetrators - can classify victims of family violence 1. intimate partners 2. children 3. elders
violence in lesbian and gay relationships
- intimate partner violence is similar for homosexuals and heterosexuals - lesbian and straight women are more likely to experience violence than either gay or straight men
Bureaucracy
A legal, rational organization or mode of administration that governs with reference to formal rules and rules and emphasizes meritocracy
Correlation
A measure of the relationship between two variables
negative sanction
A punishment for breaking an established norm. Example: Getting a traffic ticket for speeding
Spurious Correlation
A relationship between two variables that is actually caused by a third factor
positive sanction
A reward for conforming to established norms.
Representative Sample
A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole
Meritocracy
A society that assigns social status, power, and economical rewards on achievement not ascribed personality attributes or favoritism
Interview
A survey method in which a trained researcher asks questions and records the answers
Welfare state
A system in which the state is responsible for the well-being of its citizens
Intimacy
A type of relationship in which people love or at least know each other very well and interact in private - 2 elements present in relationship between victims of violence and perpetrator 1. intimacy 2. a care relationship
Intervening Variable
A variable that changes the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable
Questionnaire
A written set of questions to be answered by a research participant
Power
Ability to carry out one's own will despite restraint
Glass Escalator
Accelerated promotion of men to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs
Characters of ethnic groups
-language -shared religion and culture -folk practices -dress -gestures
Participant Observation
a qualitative research method that seeks to uncover the meanings people give their social actions by observing their behavior in practice
Care Relationship
a relationship in which one person is responsible for another's care
Deductive Approach
a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory
Inductive Approach
a research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory
Affirmative Action
a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population, typically, women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities
Heterosexism
Institutionalization of heterosexuality as the only legitimate sexual orientation
Case Study
Intensive study of a single group, incident, or community
Feminist Methodology
a set of systems or methods that treat women's experiences as legitimate empirical and theoretical resources, that promote social science for women (think public sociology, but for a specific half of the public), and that take into account the researcher as much as the overt subject matter
Reverse Causality
a situation in which the researcher believes that A results in a change in B, but B, in fact, is causing A
Weber Economy and Society
a social actor has power if they can "carry out their own will despite resistance"
Meritocracy
a society that assigns social status, power, and economic rewards on achievement, not ascribed, personal attributes or favoritism.
International state system
a system in which each state is recognized as territorially sovereign by fellow states
Welfare state
a system in which the state is responsible for the well-being of its citizens.
welfare state
a system in which the state is responsible for the well-being of its citizens
Democracy
a system of government wherein power theoretically lies with the people; citizens are allowed to vote in elections, speak freely, and participate as legal equals in social life
Content Analysis
a systematic analysis of the content rather than the structure of a communication, such as a written work, speech, or film
interest group
an organization that seeks to gain power in government and influence policy without campaigning for direct election or appointment to office A way to make collective action work
interest group
an organization that seeks to gain power in government and influence policy without its representative (a lobbyist) seeking election.
Credentialism
an overemphasis on credentials for signaling social status or qualifications for a job
credentialism
an overemphasis on credentials for signaling social status or qualifications for a job
Intersection theory
analysis of interplay of race, class, and gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage
Reflexivity
analyzing and critically considering our own role in, and effect on, our research
Genocide
annihilation of an entire nation or people
political participation
any activity that has the intent or effect of influencing government action
Political participation
any activity that has the intent or effect of influencing government action.
Minority
any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural differences that a society sets apart and subordinates
Research Methods
approaches that social scientists use for investigating the answers to questions
According to the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence survey, more women have been raped than
are on the pill
What do conflict theorists argue?
argue that patriarchal capitalists benefit though systems that subordinate women
Jesse Rothstein
argued that high school GPA and school and individual demographic information predict freshman year GPA as well as high school GPA and SAT scores
symbolic ethnicity
a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but of identifying with a past or future nationality ethnicity as a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but in indentifying with a past or future nationality
Patriarchy
a nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity
patriarchy/male primacy
a nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity
Best Practices or Best Guesses, Kalev, Dobbin, and Kelly
looks at effectiveness of corporate affirmative action and diversity policies white men slightly less, white women slightly more, black men and women stagnant
sir fancis galton
main person in favor of eugenics
institutional racism
institutions and social dynamics that may seem race-neutral but actually end up disadvantaging minority groups institutions and social dynamics that may seem race-neutral but actually disadvantage minority groups
Primary assimilation
integrated in personal, intimate associations, as with friends, family, and spouses
Secondary assimilation
integrated in public areas and social institutions
Criticism of conflict theories
binary, pitted against each other in struggle for resources
sex
biologically male or female
intersex
born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not seem to fit the typical definitions of male and female
ruling class theory
bourgeoisie own the means of production
_____________________ is a legal-rational organization or mode of administration that governs by rules and roles and emphasizes meritocracy.
bureaucracy
Contrary to stereotypes, children are least likely to be abused _____________.
by a friend or neighbor
De jure
by law
true democracy
each citizen is a legislator, but high levels of mass participation are unsustainable
eugenics
each race has a separate package of social and psychological traits transmitted through bloodlines - "well born" - everything from crime to disease could be transmitted - kill those bad ones
international state system
each state recognized as territorially sovereign by fellow states noninterference as long as borders respected
Weber also differentiated between domination by _____________________ and domination by _____________________, which is the willing obedience of the ruled to the commands of legitimate authority.
economic power; authority
modern tenants of race
externally imposed involuntary usually based on physical differences hierarchichal exclusive unequal
Individual Racism
face-to-face discrimination
Identify the factors that would make someone more likely to claim membership in the Naim ethnicity. a) Strong and negative stereotypes are associated with Naim ancestry. b) The individual otherwise identifies as white. c) There is no stigma or discrimination associated with claiming a Naim ethnicity. d) A Naim ethnicity is very common.
factors: b and c
statistical discrimination
firms use race as a shorthand proxy for having attended poorer schools and having experienced other disadvantages that would lead to less productive performance
The _____________________ dimension of power has to do with outright conflict over something that results in one side "winning".
first
feminism movement
first wave: 19th-early 20th century -challenges de jure inequality (ex. voting) second wave: post WW2 -challenges de facto inequality in public and private life third wave: post-1980 -class and race intersectional, beyond heteronormativity
micro approach to political sociology
focus on political attitudes, behaviors, and identities
immigration act of 1924
formalized exclusive definition of whiteness with quota system limiting number of yearly immigrants from each country
racialization
formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological boundaries of difference around a farmerly unnoticed group of people
Intersex Society of North America (ISNA)
founded 1993- advocated reform in the medical practice of sex reassignment
civil-social rights contradiction
freedom from interference, but also state interference
Using _____________________, other scholars have argued that the masses, in resisting the domination of the elites with the threat of revolution, have a brief window of opportunity when they can try to change the distribution of political power to bring about democratization.
game theory
Ancient Greeks and sexuality
gay accepted, active-passive distinction (with exceptions) active- older, higher in status
social constructionist
gender is a process microinteractionist
Marxist feminism on gender
gender is the driving force of history
Welcome to Ze College, Ze
gendered options, unisex colleges, roommates, sports, locker room policy
criticism of Parsons sex role theory
glossed over other structures that could fill same positions, kinda just says it works because it works, does not explain how and why things change over time, enforces binary
Race
group of people who share a set of physical characteristics that distinguish it from other groups
_____________________ is the use of military or economic force to influence behavior.
hard power
Discrimination
harmful or negative acts actions or practices that result in differential treatment of categories of individuals
sexual harassment
illegal form of discrimination that ranges from jokes to sexual assault to sexual "barter"-- all intended to make women uncomfortable, especially at work
A sociological study of family violence should include a consideration of all of the following EXCEPT
individual traits of abusers
gene-behavior connection
many people say blacks worse off because they are inherently worse, not because of social reasons
Exogamy
marriage to someone outside one's social group
Endogamy
marriage to someone within one's social group
If George's parents fail to take him to school on a consistent basis, they
may be guilty of neglect
Kilbourne, Still Killing Us Softly
media and women are photoshopped, --> body image
Parsons sex role theory
men and women perform their sex roles as breadwinners and wives/mothers because the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern societies, fulfilling the function of reproducing workers
hegemonic masculinity
men are dominant and privileged, and this dominance and privilege are invisible
glass escalator
men in "female" jobs are privileged
gay APA
mental disorder until 1973
Taylorism/scientific management
methods of labor management introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to streamline processes of mass production- one repeated task/assembly line
Qualitative Methods
methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form
Experimental Methods
methods that seek to alter the social landscape in a very specific way for a given sample of individuals and then track what results that change yields; often involve comparisons to a control group that did not experience such an intervention
Quantitative Methods
methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be converted to numeric form
The _____________________ tested people to see how far they would go in obeying an authority figure. The results showed that obedience to authority is a very powerful form of social control that can make "ordinary" people do unspeakable things.
milgram experiment
a less violent future
modernity has been a period of reduced interpersonal violence
"ethnic stock"
more accepted, including Europeans, excluding blacks
Piven and Coward Why Americans Don't Vote
most approaches assume: non-participation reflects voter satisfaction limited participation limits extremism, and individual characteristics explain non-participation party system and political elites → low participation Apathy, lack of political skill, barriers to voting Electoral college "over-represents the better off and under-represents the worse off" Piven organized a mass voter drive of poor people- people were signing up but not active
Sambia and sexuality
mountain people in Papua New Guinea, Gilbert Herdt: young boys give fellatio to older men to become a man, take in semen "vital life liquid" to become a warrior and sexual partner of women
collective resistance
movement such as revolution or genocide, or non-violence a group response to domination, an organized effort to change a power hierarchy on the part of a less powerful group in a society
nativism
movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the allegedly dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants
Sue and Larry are both hotheads and often physically battle for control in their relationship. They are likely engaged in
mutant violent control
Prejudice
negative thoughts and feelings
quantitative data
numeric, quick to gather, consistent, but too generic & doesn't really tell you anything "rich" weak validity, strong reliability
Individual discrimination
occurs when individuals treat persons unfairly or unequally due to their group membership
Institutional discrimination
occurs when normal operations and procedures of social institutions result in unequal treatment of minorities
Middle Eastern Americans
often refugees, most from Iran, negative stereotypes
logic of industrialism thesis
one idea of how welfare state came to be- helps satisfy social needs caused by industrialization Takes care of people not in labor market: children, disabled, elderly Basically economic growth → welfare state
prejudice
refers to thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group which lead to preconceived notions and judgments about the group
Pluralist Models of Power
reject the notion that power is concentrated in the hands of business divided by class and also industry, region, tax status, etc. mobilization by interests often cancel each other out
"laissez-faire racism"
replace biology with culture, assume something fixed, innate, and inferior about non-white cultural values
Aversive racism
represents a subtle, often unintentional form of prejudice exhibited by many well-intention white Americans who view themselves as non-prejudiced
objectified
requires a significant investment of time and money to aquire
Historical Methods
research that collects data from written reports, newspaper articles, journals, transcripts, television programs, diaries, artwork, and other artifacts that date back to the period under study
passing
response to oppression where blending in with the dominant group occurs a group response to domination- blend in with dominant group
withdrawal
response to oppression where the oppressed group leaves
pluralism
society with several distinct ethnic or racial groups -- low degree of assimilation -- minority groups live separately but equally the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society, low degree of assimilation
ethnocentrism
the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own
Routinization
the clear, rule-governed procedures used repeatedly for decision making
routinization
the clear, rule-governed procedures used repeatedly for decision making
1964 Civil Rights Act Title VII
unlawful to discriminate on basis of race, nationality, creed, or sex
residential segregation
urban underclass, perpetual poverty, "culture of segregation" (isolated ghetto)
"hard power"
use of military or economic force to influence behavior, traditionally highlighted in international politics coercive
In countries where men have greater educational and occupational advantages
violence against women is more common
modern ethnicity tenants
voluntary self-defined nonhierarchal fluid and multiple cultural planar (much less about unequal power than race is)
Ethnicity
voluntary, self-defined, non-hierarchical, fluid, cultural, and not as closely linked with power differences distinct cultural norms and values of a social group
strategic voting
voting not for preferences but for a specific outcome
Neo-Marxist theory
wants to explain contradictions of formal legal equality and social class inequality/democracy and capitalism welfare state as a mediator of class conflict
Collective action problem
the difficulty in organizing large groups because of the tendency of some individuals to freeload or slack off
collective action problem
the difficulty in organizing large groups because of the tendency of some individuals to freeload or slack off Smaller groups- greater threat if inaction one answer- surveillance
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Generalizability
the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied
The Coleman Report
the family and SES matters more than school environment/funding to academic success
racialization
the formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people
functional illiteracy
the inability to read or write well enough to function in society
Social Capital
the information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks
social capital
the information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks
Cult of Domesticity
the notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing
Dependent Variable
the outcome that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable
ontological equality
the philosophical and religious notion that all people are created equal
elder abuse
the physical, sexual, or emotional abuse of old people by someone with whom they share an intimate or caring relationship
Polygamy
the practice of having more than one sexual partner or spouse at a time
Polyandry
the practice of having multiple husbands simultaneously
Polygyny
the practice of having multiple wives simultaneously
Monogamy
the practice of having only one sexual partner or spouse at a time
Domination
the probability that a command will be obeyed by a group of people
Assimilation
the process by which formerly separate groups merge and become integrated as one
Operationalization
the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study
Specialization
the process of breaking up work into specific, delimited tasks
Education
the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed
education
the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed
recidivism rate
the proportion of released convicts who are rearrested
Citizenship rights
the rights guaranteed to each law-abiding citizen in a nation-state.
citizenship rights
the rights guaranteed to each law-abiding citizen in a nation-state; T. H. Marshall 3 types: 1. civil rights 2. political rights 3. social rights
political rights
the rights guaranteeing a citizen's ability to participate in politics Ex. right to vote, hold office
political rights
the rights guaranteeing a citizen's ability to participate in politics, including the right to vote and the right to hold an elected office
civil rights
the rights guaranteeing a citizen's personal freedom from interference Ex. freedom of speech
civil rights
the rights guaranteeing a citizen's personal freedom from interference, including freedom of speech and the right to travel freely
social rights
the rights guaranteeing a citizen's protection by the state
social rights
the rights guaranteeing a citizen's protection by the state Ex. housing, employment, health, education 2 types: 1. contributory 2. means-tested
Eugenics
the science of genetic lines and the inheritable traits they pass on from generation to generation
embodied
the skill rests in our body
homosexual
the social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to and/or relations with other persons of the same sex
primordialism
the stregth of ethinic ties resides in deeply felt or primordial ties to one's culture - this is why assimilation models are iffy Geertz, strength of ethnic ties because of deeply felt or primordial ties to one's culture
Game theory
the study of strategic decisions made under conditions of uncertainty and interdependence
Game theory
the study of strategic decisions made under conditions of uncertainty and interdependence.
Sample
the subset of the population from which you are actually collecting data
Cultural Capital
the symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations
criminal justice system
the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime
Miscegenation
the technical term for interracial marriage, literally meaning "a mixing of kinds"; it is politically and historically charged-sociologists generally prefer exogamy or outmarriage
miscegnation
the technical term for interracial marriage; politically and historically charged--sociologists prefer exogamy or outmarriage
social control
the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society
cultural goals
the ultimate objectives held out to the members of a society
Gender stratification
the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women
soft power
the use of cultural or ideological means to influence behavior. power attained through the use of cultural attractiveness rather than the threat of coercive action
Coercion
the use of force to get others to do what you want
coercion
the use of force to get others to do what you want
hard power
the use of military or economic force to influence behavior.
capitalist class
the wealthy who own the means of production and buy the labor of the working class
Structural Functionalism
theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures (the family, the division of labor, or gender) that exist to fulfill some set of necessary functions (reproduction of the species, production of goods, etc.)
The _____________________ simply states that it is harder to organize larger groups than smaller ones because less accountability exists in larger groups and individuals in larger groups may find it easier to slack off and not do their part.
theory of collective action
strain theory
theory that deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means
The _____________________ is a system in which the state is responsible for the welfare of its citizens. There are numerous theories about the origins of the welfare state, including the logic of industrialism thesis, neo-Marxist theory, and statist theories.
welfare state
Expulsion
when a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave the country or to live only in designated
conflict relations
when antagonistic groups within a society live integrated in the same neighborhoods, hold the same jobs, and go to the same schools
instituitionalized
when capital is legitimized through a formal system
Stereotype Threat
when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes
stereotype threat
when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes
collective action problems
when we all have to chip in some common good where there is a possibility of "free riding"
"majority minority" states
whites not the majority of the population within major metropolitan areas now at least 4 states
Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
why did modernization --> democracy, fascism, or communism in different cases? class structure → type of government agrarian elite, peasantry, bourgeoisie, and working class Bourgeoisie strong enough to get control of land owners → revolution → democracy In sum: capitalism → democracy example of macro approach
Jill Quadagno The Color of Welfare
why does the US have such a minimal welfare state? -rejects purely cultural explanations -emphasis on political institutions -key point New Deal- all racialized
W. J. Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race
why have ghettos grown at the same time when policy targeted racial segregation? class, patterns of settlement, and family/neighborhood structure have isolated inner city residents from mainstream society key is class, not race
group responses to domination
withdrawal, passing, acceptance, or collective resistance
token (re women in jobs)
women in power becomes a stand-in for all women heightened visibility --> performance pressure
Second Shift
women's responsibility for housework and child care
shaming laws
works under certain conditions: must have responsibility of (majority must comply for shaming to work) and reputation of (a clear guilty party to target) works well for collective action problems criticism: reputation-destroying
street crime
crime such as mugging, rape, and burglary
International state system
System in which each state is recognized as territorial sovereign by fellow states
Segregation
physical separation of two groups in residence, workplace, and social functions
special-interest groups
political alliances of people interested in some economic or social issue examples: NRA, AARP, ACLU
_____________________ is any activity that has the intent or effect of influencing government action. Studies consistently show great differences in rates and types of political participation across social groups in the United States, with those at the top of the socioeconomic ladder participating more and those at the bottom less.
political participation
political sociology v. political science
political sociology is more social bases of political systems
John Gray
pop psychologist, Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus- men and women are fundamentally different limits of essentialism
_____________________ is the ability to carry out one's will despite resistance.
power
oligarchy
power in small group of leaders This inevitability is called "the iron law of oligarchy"
Weber's Theory of Authority
power is the ability to impose will on others, limits based only on coercion 3 forms of legitimacy
Lukes Power: A Radical View
power most effective when least observable, maybe no resistance, 3 dimensions: 1. Different agendas clash → conflict → one side wins 2. One side thinks it's a losing battle → no visible conflict 3. Persevere despite resistance and/or to prevent such conflict in the first place -"Power's third dimension" -Averted through "influencing, shaping, or determining" desires 3 faces of state power: 1. decision making 2. agenda defining 3. ideological
politics
power relations among people
Politics
power relations among people or other social actors
Correlation/Association
simultaneous variation in two variables
All of the following are generally recognized as risk factors for children being abused EXCEPT
single parenthood
James S. Coleman and Thomas Hoffer
social capital
Race is a ________________
social category, not a biological category
macro approach to political sociology
social movements, political systems, etc. ex. Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
gender
social position, set of social arrangements built around normative sex categories A social construction, but so deeply rooted that it is a major social structure
mechanisms of three dimensional power
socialization, persuasion, framing, information control
Kinship Networks
strings of relationships between people related by blood and co-residence (that is marriage)
minority group
structurally: unequal treatment by institutions culturally: seen as inferior to dominant group THERE IS NO MINORITY WITHOUT A MAJORITY
class inequality in schooling
students with parents who have higher educational attainment, occupational status, income and wealth have better educational opportunities
political sociology
studies the ability for the state to punish individuals and other politics the study of power, whether formal or informal - but mostly formal
microaggressions
subtle, often unintended slights that symbolize and perpetuate the boundaries between groups
Institutional racism
systemic and woven into the fabric of society that results in unequal outcomes for members of different racial groups ex. - resume call-backs - mortgage lending - healthcare (stress)
racism
the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits 1. Humans are divided into distinct bloodlines/physical types 2. These bloodlines/physical types are linked to distinct cultures, behaviors, personalities, and intellectual abilities 3. Certain groups are superior to others
Racism
the belief that certain groups or races are innately superior to other groups
workforce data and women
Since 1970s, % of women in workforce went from 43 to 57
_____________________ is the probability that a command with specific content will be obeyed by a given group of people.
domination
essentialism
explain social phenomena in terms of natural ones
biological determinism
explains social behavior in terms of who you are in the natural world
Freud
"anatomy is destiny," biological determinism + family socialization Oedipus complex, penis envy
latinos
"in between" whites and blacks, mostly voluntary immigration- high demand for labor in service, agriculture, construction; 1995 ended "open door" policy towards Cubans
new definition of state
"organizations that extract resources through taxation and attempt to extend coercive control and political authority over particular territories and the people residing in them"
decline in married or cohabiting adults
- a decline in the number of marries or cohabitation adults may have reduced violence simply by reducing the number of people exposed to potentially violent partner
consequences of family violence
- can create a cycle of violence, suffering, and unhappiness and can impact future intimate relationships - survivors of abuse have a higher rate of risky sexual behaviors and reduced likelihood of establishing health relationships - sexual abuse survivors are less likely to marry and more likely to cohabitate - women are more likely to end abusive relationships than in the past - increasing acceptance of divorce
context of violence
- common couple violence - intimate terrorism - violent resistance
interventions for family violence and abuse
- local and state governments have created and tried a wide variety of criminal justice approaches to the problem of domestic violence five more popular programs and policies used to eradicate or alleviate domestic violence: 1. civil protection orders 2. mandatory arrest or pro-arrest rules 3. court-ordered treatment 4. domestic violence courts 5. services for domestic violence victims
court ordered treatment
- many courts require perpetrators to undergo court-ordered psychological counseling or other treatments as part of or in addition to their punishment - low success rate, can lead to greater violence
how common are rape and sexual assault
- national intimate partner and sexual violence survey conducted by the federal government in 2010 - found the 18% of women and 1% of men in US have been raped at some point in their life - rates in college are higher
Minority Groups
- people singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination - people with less power
feminist perspective of family violence and abuse
- prevalence of violence against women, is the result of male domination more broadly - rape is much more common in relationships than between strangers - religious authority
common couple violence
- results from specific arguments within the relationship of the couple - does not involve a pattern of escalating violence over time, and not involve frequent attacks or severe injuries
Institutional Racism Examples
- resume call-backs - mortgage lending - healthcare (stress)
patriarchal terrorism
- termed by Johnson (1995) - most commonly involved violence by men against women
declining violence
- the US has experience sharp decreases in violent crimes since the 1990s - family violence has similarly decreased - children experience serious less violence from family members much less than 2 decades ago - for children, dropped by about 4/5 since the early 1990s - homicide rate for men and women dropped, and dropped for homicides
shelters and hotlines
- the increase of shelters and hotlines for abused women and children and in domestic violence legal services may have made it easier for women to gain protection or distance form their abusive partners
domestic violence courts
- these have been created in an attempt to prevent domestic violence - employ specially trained staff, including judges - advocate a problem-solving approach, as opposed to a punitive one
patterns of abuse and neglect
- those who live with parents who have their own mental health problems, poor impulse control and low self-esteem or a history of violence - those in households where domestic violence occurs between adults - those in poor families or poor neighborhoods - those in families with weak support networks
Mandatory Arrest or Pro Arrest Rules
- to separate couples and increase the chance that police can convince the victim to press charges, some communities have instituted mandatory arrest policies requiring police to make an arrest and separate a couple experiencing violence
Civil Protection Orders
- under certain conditions, after a spouse or partner is abused, she or he may be able to obtain a legal order from a judge prohibiting contact between the abused and the abuser or imposing harsher sentences if more violence occurs
intimate terrorism
- violence is a part of a campaign for control or domination within a relationship - likely to involve psychological abuse
violent resistance
- when an intimate partner is the victim of violence or a pattern of violence, she or he may last out in response - should be seen as a part of an overall defensive pattern where one partner defends himself or herself or prepares to leave the relationship
Who is at greater risk
- women are at much greater risk of rape and violence that causes serious injury - women in families that experience economic hardship are more likely to suffer intimate partner violence - relationships that involve drug or alcohol abuse are more likely to be violent - women in cohabiting relationships are more likely to experience violence than those who are married - for serious violence, women face higher risks shortly after they have left their abusers
economic independence
- women's increased economic independence and the greater acceptance of divorce have made it easier for many women to leave abusive relationships, which could reduce the risk of violence
Pierre Bourdieu
--cultural capital The French sociologist who wrote about how capital (cultural and social) sustains individuals and families from one generation to the next.-argues that the most important factor responsible for social status is the transmission of cultural capital
Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis
-Marxist theorists -argued that schools are pawns of the capitalist classes and teach the skills that are conductive to maintaining dominant and subordinate positions in the workforce
Implicit Bias
-also known as "unconscious bias" -stereotype that you aren't consciously aware of
private schools vs public schools
-catholic schools are the most successful in preparing students academically -the academic and behavioral differences provide certain academic outcomes for private vs. public schools
Reasons for success of Asian Americans
-family life -educational achievement -assimilation into dominant culture
Dominant Group
-most power -greatest privileges -highest social status
Assimilation
-process of being absorbed into the dominant culture -coexistence
Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson
-tested the effects of the self-fulfilling prophecy; the "spurters" academic performance proved to be consistent with their teacher's biased expectations; they made high grades and made substantial gains in IQ points -Pygmalion effect
conflict perspectives
-the dramatic increase in college graduation may be traced to American views on education in the 20th century -credentialism
cultural capital
-the symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations -embodied -objectified -institutionalized
Three dimensional power
1. Direct conflict of preference 2. Yielding/Surrendering to another's preference 3. Invisible power: shaping preferences to one's benefit--they want what you want them to want
Weber 3 claims to legitimacy
1. charismatic authority (TRUMP) 2. traditional authority (QUEEN) 3. legal-rational authority (PRESIDENT)
Sociologist T. H. Marshall identified three types of citizenship rights
1. civil rights 2. political rights 3. social rights
characteristics of bureaucracies
1. hierarchical 2. specialized -Taylorism/scientific management 3. impersonal -dangerous- lack of personal responsibility for decisions 4. meritocratic 5. highly efficient Weber "iron cage" and "parceling-out of the soul"
Elder abuse is reported by approximately _____________ percent of the population over 60.
10
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896, separate but equal, one-drop rule
"one-sex" model
18th century Greeks, only one body (male), female is its inversion, lesser but not so different
For most of American history, rape could not legally occur in a marriage because wives did not have the right to say no to sex. This law began to change starting in
1970
David Reimer John/Joan
1976 at 8 months botched abortion almost no penis, given sex reassignment surgery and became Brenda Dr. John Money used this as a success story Brenda never felt like a girl, learned the truth, multiple suicide attempts, changed back to male, reconstructive surgery → normal sex life, died by suicide at 38
scientific racism
19th centrury theories of race - feverish investigation into the origins, explanantions, and classifications of race
scientific racism
19th century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations, and classifications of race
Independence and action
2 expectations that men use when handling children
Passivity and emotion
2 expectations that women use when handling children
math data and women
2000- 48.2% of students who graduated with a bachelor's in math from a top 50 university were women, but only 8.3% of math faculty were women
Sample
A group of people that represents a larger population
Mills, The Power Elite
3 wings of national elite: corporate, military, and executive branch depression, war increased their power over Congress, local authorities members of this elite share social ties, identity formed via club memberships, boarding schools, social ties anti-democracy stronger military power > diplomacy- institutionalized belligerence and US policy
_____________ percent of female homicide victims were murdered by an intimate partner.
42
In one year, women are _____________ times as likely as men to be victims of intimate partner violence.
5
political participation in US
60% for presidential elections, 40% for non-presidential
In the Catholic church child abuse scandal, _____________ percent of the victims were boys.
80
Participant Observation
A case study where the researcher becomes a member of the group being studied
Quantitative Variable
A characteristic that can be measured numerically
Independent Variable
A characteristic that causes something to occur
Qualitative Variable
A characteristic that is defined by its presence or absence in a catagory
Variable
A characteristic that is subject to change
Dependent Variable
A characteristic that reflects a change
Dictatorship
A form of government that restricts the rights to political participation to a small group or even to a single individual
Population
A group of people with certain specific characteristics
game theory
Acemoglu and Robinson The Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy the study of strategic decisions made under conditions of uncertainty and interdependence Each state- elite player and mass citizenship player Mass citizenship must find a way to transform "temporary opportunity into permanent advantage" for the elite to listen If citizens can use the credible threat of revolution to induce change, → democracy but first, must overcome collective action problem
Paradox of authority
Although the states authority derives from the implicit threat of physical force resorting to physical coercion strips the state of all legitimate authority
Three types of Legit Authority: (Weber)
Charismatic, Traditional, Legal
Asian Americans
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882, "Chinatown" ghettos, Oriental Exclusion Act of 1924, high SES, "model minority"
rationalization
An ever expanding process of ordering or organizing ex. the milligram experiment
Political party
An organization that seeks to gain power in the government, generally by backing candidates for office who subscribe to their organizations political power, group that exist to promote agendas
Rationalization
And ever expanding process of ordering and organizing
Interest group
And organization that seeks to gain power in the government and influence policy without campaigning or direct election or appointment office, independent people in party and hold offices and responsibilities
"code-switching"
Anderson, blacks in presence of white society
Political participation
Any activity that has the intent or effect of influencing government action
routinization
Clear, rule governed procedures used repeatedly for decision making
What do socialist feminists argue?
Argue that all social relations, including relations between workers and the owners of the means of production, stem from unequal gender relation
What do black feminists argue?
Argue that gender doesn't function in a vacuum and that gender studies must take into account that there is no single category of men and women. Point out that some women are not only more privileged than other when but also are more privileged than some men
What do social constructionists argue?
Argue that gender is a process that people participate in all the time
"impossibility theorem"
Arrow, there is no system of voting that will consistently yield the top choice of the most voters when there are more than two alternatives more than 2 options --> no resistance to strategic voting
What do Structural Functionalists assume?
Assumes the gender differences exist to fulfill necessary functions in society. Doesn't allow for the possibility that other structures could fulfill the same function for the fact that structures change throughout history
Sexual Orientation
Attraction people feel for people of the same or different sex
Intersex
Atypical chromosomal makeup and is mixed or indeterminate male and female sex chromosomes
Legal rational authority
Authority based on legal, impersonal rules; the rules rule, most pervasive in modern society (attached to roles not individual)
paradox:
Authority is based on the implicit threat of violence, but the moment that force is used, all authority is lost; sex --> gender, but also gender --> sex
Charismatic authority
Authority that rest on the personal appeal of an individual leader (has to be passed on)
Traditional authority
Authority that rests on appeal to the past or traditions (not adaptive)
Sexism
Belief that one sex or the other is innately inferior or superior
Sex
Biological characteristics that differentiate categories of male and female
"Matrix of domination"
Collins, different women have different definitions of what it means to be a woman
Hegemonic Masculinity
Condition in which men are dominant and privileged, and this dominance and privilege in invisible
Feminism
Consciousness-raising movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life. The underlying belief is that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect
Domination by economic power
Control by virtue of constellation of interest or by virtue of a position of monopoly
Sexual Identity
Definition of oneself formed around one's sexual relationships
Sexuality
Desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior
Women
Do more men or women complete 4-year degrees?
what do psychoanalytic theories focus on?
Focus on individualistic explanations for gender differences as opposed to societal ones. Support that there are natural differences between men and women that dictate how they behave
access and legitimacy view
Ely and Thomas, diversity perspectives when companies hire minorities mainly to gain access to minority customers
integration and learning view
Ely and Thomas, diversity perspectives when firms encourage employees to learn from one another rarest, non-profit
fairness and discrimination view
Ely and Thomas, diversity perspectives when firms fasten on % as solving the problem
"deceptive distinctions"
Epstein, exaggerate actual differences between men and women
Biological Determinism
Line of thought that explains social behavior in terms of who you are in the natural world
Essentialism
Line of thought that explains social phenomena in terms of natural ones
1. Structured hierarchically 2. Highly specialized positions 3.defined by its impersonality 4. Highly efficient 5. Based on achievement not personal attributes
Five defining characteristics of bureaucracy
Rape
Forced vaginal, anal, or oral penetration or attempted penetration of a person without his or her consent
"bio-power"
Foucault, the observation and management of populations by influencing patterns in births, deaths, and illnesses (sex)
The Feminine Mystique
Friedan, woman's right to work, but ignored the working-class and non-white women who were already working, sometimes 2 jobs
"ethics of care"
Gilligan, how women make decisions- men decide by system of rules
cultural assimilation
Gordon 1: change cultural patterns to those of host society
structural assimilation
Gordon 2: large-scale entrance into cliques
marital assimilation
Gordon 3: large-scale intermarriage
identification assimilation
Gordon 4: development of sense of collective identity based exclusively on host society
attitude reception assimilation
Gordon 5: absence of prejudice
behavior reception assimilation
Gordon 6: absence of discrimination
civic assimilation
Gordon 7: absence of value and power conflict
Gender Stratification
Hierarchical distribution of social and economic resources according to gender
"pink-collar" jobs
Howe, low-paid secretarial or service industry jobs mostly occupied by women
Sexual Harassment
Illegal form of discrimination, involving everything from inappropriate jokes on the job to outright sexual assault to other sexual "banter"-all intended to make women feel uncomfortable and unwelcome, particularly on the job
Altruism
In action the benefits a group it doesn't directly benefit the individual performing the action
hijras
India, biological men who wear female clothing and ideally renounce sexual desire and practice by undergoing sacrificial emasculation
Glass Ceiling
Invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder
Sexism
Occurs when a person's sex or gender is the basis of judgement, discrimination, and hatred against him or her
Burakamin
Japan, 3% of the population, originally displaced group during 14th century feudal wars, complete social closure (not genetic) Today- seen as "descendants of a less human 'race'" Often hire PIs to make sure no Burakumin traces Live in ghettos called burakus and have poor health, education, and income This distinction meaningless in US
fealty
Kanter, the demand of personal loyalty and devotion of secretary to boss
travesti
Kulick, trans prostitutes in Brazil- female names, clothing, etc. and medically transition BUT do not self-identify as women sexual practice --> gender: penetration = male
_________ are the largest minority group
Latinos
power's third dimension
Lukes, persevere despite resistance and/or to prevent such conflict in the first place averted through "influencing, shaping, or determining" desires
"differentialist"/"cultural" racism
MacMaster, the call to protect national (white) identity from "criminal" and polluting cultural outsiders, constructing an image of "fortress Europe" anti-refugee
Charismatic, authorities traditional, legal rational
Max Weber's three types of rulers superiority and fitness tool
State
Max Weber, a human community that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory
Kanter
Men and Women of the Corporation, cultural connection of masculinity and authority has hurt women Deceptive distinctions- people believe men and women occupy the jobs for which they are best suited Kanter found, though, that the job makes the person, job requirements and structure → employee behavior fealty tokenism
Men: math/science/instrumental tasks Women: English/expressive tasks
Men are better in ______ subjects, while women are better in _________.
all-weather liberal
Merton Typology, neither prejudice nor discrimination
fair-weather liberal
Merton Typology, no prejudice, but discrimination
active bigot
Merton Typology, prejudice and discrimination
timid bigot
Merton Typology, prejudice but not discrimination
Domination by authority
Situation in which the will of the ruler influences the conduct of the ruled so they act as if the ruler's will were also their own
Democracy
System of government wherein power theoretically lies with the people; citizens are allowed to vote in elections, speak freely, and participate as we will equals in social life
Identify the following as either associated with monogenism or polygenism. a) claims that humanity is composed of several distinct species b) claims that all human beings are part of a single family tree c) eventually lost the debate d) eventually won the debate e) a view held by Darwinists f) a view held by religious traditionalists
Monogenism: b, d, e, f Polygenism: a, c
Social politics
Policies developed to meet social needs (insurances and pension programs)
"rank orders of discrimination"
Myrdal, blacks and whites think about equality in different but complementary ways Whites cared most about intimate relations- preferred distance from blacks, but good with them having equal chances at earning a living Blacks valued equal employment and legal rights first- freedom to marry whites almost a non-issue
"Pink-collar" jobs
Name for jobs that women hold that are at the lower end of the pay scale
Hobbes
Natural state of humans: better themselves at the expense of all others To achieve peace and avoid death, enter social contract and submit to authority "leviathan"- deviance = death
nadle
Navajo third gender- ambiguous genitalia or self-determined, masculine and feminine, dress for the moment, often treated like women but free to marry anyone
2010: Citizen's United vs. Federal Election Commission
No limits to the role that money can play in today's elections
2002: Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
No more than $5,000 to a single candidate No more than $15,000 to a single party PACs started encouraging individuals to give
Siwans and sexuality
North Africa and Keraki of Papua New Guinea prefer homosexuality- gay during adolescence then bi after straight marriage limited straight sex keeps birth rates low
soft/co-optive power
Nye, power attained through the use of cultural attractiveness rather than the threat of coercive action Cultural myths or legitimization → persuasion to obey
Political Action Committees
Organizations formed by special- interest groups to raise and spend money in support of political goals
States
Organizations that extract resources through taxation and attempt to extend coercive control and political authority of particular territories and the people residing in them
"bio-logic"
Oyewumi, Western cultural binary logic
Judith Lorber
Paradoxes of Gender- gender is a social institution that "establishes patterns of expectations for individuals, orders the social processes of everyday life, is built into the major social organizations of society, such as the economy, ideology, the family, and politics, and is also an entity in and of itself"
straight-line assimilation
Park, 4 stages- contact, competition, accommodation, and assimilation universally progressive pattern in which immigrants arrive, settle in, mimic the practices and behaviors of the powple who werre already there, and achieve full assimilation in a newly homogenous country
Critique of Wilson
Patillo-McCoy Black Picket Fences: middle class black more likely than white to go to segregated schools --> less social networks --> less chance for success Conley: neighborhood segregation still inequalities in wealth Alexander The New Jim Crow: war on drugs Feagin The Continuing Significance of Race in the United States- interviewed middle class blacks, found exclusion, neglect, denial of services
Gender
Personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being male or female
masculine emotional labor
Pierce, performed by trial lawyers- aggression, intimidation, manipulation
Soft power
Power attained through the use of cultural attractiveness rather than the threat of coercive action
Politics
Power relations among people or other social actors (government level interpersonal level or in between)
Specialization
Process of breaking up work into specific, delimiting tasks
What do postmodernists question?
Question the whole notion of "woman" as a separate, stable category and the value and appropriateness of Western scholars applying their cultural logic to the study of non-Western societies
Open-ended Questions
Questions a person is to answer in his or her own words
Closed-ended Questions
Questions a person must answer by choosing from a limited, predetermined set of responses
Paradox:
Race as we know it has no deterministic, biological basis; all the same, race is so powerful that it can have life-or-death consequences.
Identify each quality as characteristic of either race or ethnicity. a) fluid and multiple b) planar c) exclusive d) voluntary e) unequal f) externally imposed
Race: c, e, f Ethnicity: a, b, d
Gender Roles
Sets of behavioral norms issued to accompany one's stays as a female or male
Survey
Research method in which people respond to questions
Field Research
Research that takes place in a natural (nonlaboratory) setting
"compulsory heterosexuality"
Rich, imposed to serve a male-dominated capitalist system in which women's unpaid domestic work is required to support men's paid work outside of the home
Citizenship rights
Rights guaranteeing to each law-abiding citizen in a nations state, only available to some, three types
"sex/gender system"
Rubin, biological sex transformed through kinship into asymmetrical gender statuses; all societies take part in some way
Heterosexuality
Sexual or romantic attraction to a person of the opposite sex/gender
Right to contributory program
Social Security benefits, citizens earn their right there tax contributions
Gender
Social construct that consists of a set of social arrangements that are built around sex categories
Homosexual
Social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to and/or relations with other persons of the same sex
William Sewell and Robert Hauser
Sociologists that found that family background and educational attainment happens since many people, such as parents, influence a child's educational and career aspirations; these aspirations become an influence on schooling and careers throughout a child's life
1. Visible when different agendas Clash, conflict results, one side prevails 2. Power is so fermentable that no conflict results from competing interest because one side is convinced it's a losing battle 3. The power not only to preserve despite overt or veiled resistance but to prevent such conflict from arising in the first place
Stephen Luke's, power as three dimensions
Scientific Method
The recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses
Civil rights
The rights guaranteeing a citizens personal freedom from interference, including freedom of speech and the right to travel freely
Social rights
The rights guaranteeing citizens protection by the state including protection from the free market in the areas of housing, employment, health and education, two types
Karl Marx says about class inequality:
The source of class inequality is unequal access to means of production
Coercion
The use of force to get others to do what you want
Case Study
an intensive investigation of one particular unit of analysis in order to describe it or uncover its mechanisms
glass ceiling
an invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder
Surveys
an ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from respondents
race
a group of people who share a set of characteristics - typically, but not always, physical ones - and are said to share a common bloodline externally imposed, involuntary, usually based on physical differences, hierarchical, exclusive, unequal refers to a group of people who ahare a set of characteristics - typically, but not always, physical ones
political party
an organization that seeks to gain power in a government, generally by backing candidates for office who subscribe to the organization's political ideals
Hard power
Use of military or economic force to influence behavior in international policies
Secondary Analysis
Using precollected information for data collection and research purposes
Max Weber defined the state as?
a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.
Women
What gender makes up more of the college population?
60%, 71%
What percent of woman work? What percent is full-time?
13%
What percent of women make up the military?
Hispanics or Latinos
What's the largest minority group in the U.S.?
stigma
a label used to devalue members of certain social groups
Locke
before an authority, humans were peaceful- each person had power to punish deviance
bureaucracy
a legal-rational organization or mode of administration that governs with reference to formal rules and roles and emphasizes meritocracy ex. red tape
Bureaucracy
a legal-rational organization or mode of administration that governs with reference to rules and roles and emphasizes meritocracy.
motherhood penalty
a loss in wages associated with becoming a mother
two-sex model
began women and men radically different
Independent Variable
a measured factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable
Comparative Research
a methodology by which two or more entities( such as countries), which are similar in many dimension but differ on one in question, are compared to learn about the dimension that differs between them
In American law, a rule once widely used declared that "one drop" of black blood makes one black. Identify the effects of the one-drop rule. a) It put all blacks on the same level. b) It introduced differences between "pure" whites and "impure" whites. c) It was used to enforce antimiscegenation laws. d) It provided an easy, logical test of who was black and who was not.
a and c
deviance
behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society
Dictatorship
a form of government that restricts the right to political participation to a small group or even to a single individual.
Matriarchy
a form of social organization in which females dominate males
Patriarchy
a form of social organization in which males dominate females
Social order
a fundamental concept in sociology that refers to the way in which the various components of society—social structures and institutions, social relations, social interactions and behavior, and cultural features such as norms, beliefs, and values—work together to maintain the status quo.
Racism
belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal human traits
Stereotypes
belief that most members of a group have some characteristics
Collective action problem
The difficulty in organizing large groups because of the tendency of some individuals to freeload or slack off
"equity inequality"
The historical disadvantage of minority groups and the way those disadvantages accrue over time
Authority
The justifiable right to exercise power
Sex Role Theory
Talcott Parson's theory that men and women perform their sex roles as breadwinners and wives/mothers, respectively, because the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern societies, fulfilling the function of reproducing workers
Right to means-tested program
Temporary assistance to needy families and food stamps, the deserving poor
Hypothesis
Testable statement of relationships among variables
Merton Typology
active bigot all-weather liberal timid bigot fair-weather liberal
Domination
The probability that a command with specific content will be obeyed by a given group of people
Multiple Causation
The belief that an event occurs as a result of several factors working in combination
Causation
The belief that events occur in predictable ways and that one event leads to another
Social feminism
Type of feminism in which family form must change with some collective means of carrying out housework and childcare; supports an end to social classes and family gender roles that encourage "domestic slavery"
Liberal feminism
Type of feminism in which women are free to develop their own talents and interests; seeks change only to ensure equality of opportunity
Radical feminism
Type of feminism in which women seek an egalitarian, gender-free society; supports an end to the family system
institutional discrimination
Unequal treatment comes to be built into the 'normal' functioning of the social system, independently of the individuals involved
Sexual Assault
Unwanted penetration or touch by force or threat of force, without consent
Intimate Partner Violence
Violence between partners who are (or were) involved in a sexual or romantic relationship
1924 National Origins Act
WW1, European immigration basically stopped
state (Weber)
Weber Politics as a Vocation, "a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory" basically, implicit threat is enough to not need coercion
charismatic authority
Weber claim to legitimacy 1, authority based on personal appeal of leader, charisma problem: hard to maintain or pass on because individual in passing on, becomes traditionalized (try to copy lead) or rationalized (write out rules and procedures)
traditional authority
Weber claim to legitimacy 2, authority that appeals to past or traditions problem: not adaptable unless there is a clear precedent for change
legal-rational authority
Weber claim to legitimacy 3, based on legal, interpersonal rules, "the rules rule" routinization, rationalization, bureaucracy
domination by economic power
Weber, by a monopoly more common
domination
Weber, the probability that a command with specific content will be obeyed by a given group of people 2 types: by economic power or by authority
domination by authority
Weber, will of ruler --> will of subject (willing obedience)
"Doing Gender"
West and Zimmerman, gender is not fixed, but a product of interactions, a constant performance microinteractionist
Liberal, socialist, and racial feminism
What are the 3 types of feminism?
Physical ability, life expectancy, education, politics, and poverty
What are the 5 main differences between males and females?
Brick masons, stone masons, heavy equipment mechanics, architects and engineers, police officers, lawyers, physicians and surgeons, and corporate managers
What are the common jobs that men mainly work in?
Dental assistant, preschool/kindergarden teacher, dental hygienist, secretary/administrative assistant, and speech pathologist
What are the top 5 jobs that women are employed in?
altruism
Willer, an action that benefits the group but not the individual self interest OR altruism --> generosity
"race-neutral"
Winant, relies more on culture and nationality to explain differences between non-whites and whites than physical traits
78 cents
Women earn ____ cents for every dollar a man makes.
5 years
Women live how many years longer than men?
57%
Women make up what percent of college students?
Milgram experiment
Yale 1961, how far will people go for obedience? shocks, 65% of subjects went to "lethal" levels, despite the estimated 10%
Techniques of neutralization
a theoretical series of methods by which those who commit illegitimate acts temporarily neutralize certain values within themselves which would normally prohibit them from carrying out such acts, such as morality, obligation to abide by the law, and so on. In simpler terms, it is a psychological method for people to turn off "inner protests" when they do, or are about to do something they themselves perceive as wrong.
differential association
a theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts
means-tested programs
a type of social right, eligible through proof of need, depends on state definition of "deserving poor" ex. food stamps
contributory programs
a type of social right, eligible through taxes ex. social security
control theory
a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms
crime
a violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties
Tracking
a way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans
tracking
a way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans
Identify the reasons why residential segregation is such a serious social problem. a) it is hard to change or prevent b) it leads to other forms of segregation c) there is not remedy for laws mandating residential segregation d) it fosters a culture of segregation
a, b, d
Identify the correct statements about the eugenics movement. a) Eugenicists contended that mental, physical, and psychological traits were passed down within racial groups. b) Eugenics is a pseudoscience, long discredited among the scientific community. c) Eugenics has been used to promote racial understanding and differences between racial groups. d) Eugenics is an untested scientific theory. e) Eugenics was used to support programs to control fertility and immigration to limit the presence of racial groups within the population.
a, b, e
Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood
abortion is about more than pregnancy, less barriers until late 1800s First Right to Life Movement mid 1800s -gave doctors authority to decide when life begins -women too emotional Century of Silence 1850-1950 mid 1900s- women work more claims: right to bodies, only women can decide 1973 Roe v. Wade activists pro and anti have very different world views, resources
Ely and Thomas, diversity perspectives
access and legitimacy fairness and discrimination integration and learning
the SAT
accurately predicts freshman year GPA, class rank, likelihood of graduation and student's chance of obtaining an advanced degree
ethnic groups in US
almost no single dominant group
paradox of authority
although the state's authority derives from the implicit threat of physical force, resorting to physical coercion strips the state of all legitimate authority
Paradox of authority
although the state's authority derives from the implicit threat of physical force, resorting to physical coercion strips the state of all legitimate authority.
goddard
american psychologist who administed iq tests to immagrants and deemed them all moron
discrimination
an act against minorities harmful or negative acts against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category, without regard to their individual merit
Altruism
an action that benefits a group but does not directly benefit the individual performing the action
Spurious Correlation
an apparent but false relationship between two (or more) variables that is caused by some other variable
labeling theory
an approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not
Prejudice
an attitude or judgement, usually negative, about an entire category of people
Population
an entire group of individual persons, objects, or items from which samples may be drawn
rationalization
an ever-expanding process of ordering or organizing
Milgram experiment
an experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, to see how far ordinary people would go to obey a scientific authority figure.
The decrease in family violence has been attributed to
an increase in working women
Social Class or Socioeconomic Status
an individual's position in a stratified order
functionalist perspective
as industrialization took hold, jobs became more technical and required a more educated workforce
one-drop rule
asserting that just "one-drop" of black blood makes a person black -- developed out of the struggle to have conrete race lines the belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black, a concept that evolved from US laws forbidding miscegenation
meritocratic
assigns social status, power, and economic rewards on achievement, not ascribed, personal attitudes or favoritism
minority-majority group relations
assimilation, pluralism, segregation, or conflict
Gender roles
attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex
____________________ is the justifiable right to exercise power.
authority
What factor partially explains the comparatively long period of time that Asian Americans remain unemployed after losing a job? a) Low education levels are a barrier to reemployment. b) They are able to wait for good jobs. c) They are victims of antiAsian prejudice. d) Asians are socially less well connected than other minorities.
b
Identify the beliefs that characterize racism. a) that certain groups are, by virtue of their language and culture, superior to others b) that certain groups are, by virtue of their bloodlines or physical characteristics, superior to others c) that humans are divided into distinct bloodlines and/or physical types d) that bloodlines or physical characteristics are linked to distinct cultures, behaviors, and intellectual abilities e) that acquired characteristics, like a dark tan due to life in a sunny climate, are hereditary
b, c, d
_____________________ has argued that the key factor for the development of a democratic government is a strong business class (or bourgeoisie) that can stand up to the land-owning, noble class.
barrington moore
Traditional authority
based on appeals to the past or a long established way of doing things.
Traditional Authority:
based on appeals to the past or the long-established way of doing things Designed according to traditional rules & are obeyed because of their traditional status Ie: respecting & listening to parents; elders
Legal Rational Authority:
based on legal, impersonal (same for everyone) rules that have been routined & rationalized -The power is given by the state -Routinized (routine, due process: innocent until proven guilty) -Based on standards -Regular Procedures
Legal-rational authority
based on legal, impersonal rules that have been routinized and rationalized attached to roles not individuals which depersonalizes work
Color-blind racism
based on the belief that paying attention to race is, itself, racism, and therefore, people should ignore race
Charismatic authority
based on the personal appeal of an individual leader
Charismatic Authority
based on the personal appeal of an individual leader Difficult to maintain or pass (appealing to the masses) Ie: Martin Luther King, Cesar Chavez (Dolores Huerta)
In the 1940s, Gunnar Myrdal studied white Americans who had reservations about full equality and integration for blacks. What did Myrdal find was most important to these whites? a) making sure that whites continued to have preferred access to good jobs b) making sure that blacks did not get equal voting rights c) maintaining distance between the races in personal relationships, especially marriage
c
What, according to Nell Irvine Painter, is the foundation of white identity? a) an insistence on a position of privilege b) opposition to the nonwhite "other" c) not thinking about being white d) allegiance to Anglo-European values
c
Identify the consequences of making everyone (whites and others) more aware of whiteness as a racial category. a) It reinforces white privilege. b) It eliminates white privilege. c) It encourages some whites to embrace white consciousness in racist fashion. d) It removes the assumption that whiteness is normal and nonwhiteness is deviant.
c and d
civic voluntarism model
certain pre-existing attributes predispose people to participation or nonparticipation 1. Political orientation- strength of political commitment 2. Resources- ex. Money, leadership skills, organization, etc. 3. Mobilization efforts- interest + resources + mobilization efforts = action -only works with willing and able
_____________________ is based on the personal appeal of an individual leader.
charismatic authority
Sociologist T. H. Marshall identified three types of _____________________—civil rights, political rights, and social rights.
citizenship rights
The _____________________ of political participation focuses on individual-level traits that affect how politically active a person is. Some scholars reject this model and point to the American party system and political elites as being responsible for low political participation by instituting, or being slow to do away with, barriers that hinder citizen involvement.
civic volunteerism model
_____________________ is the use of force, as opposed to authority, to get others to do what you want. Once a person or institution decides to use physical coercion, it loses all its legitimate authority.
coercion
Women who suffered sexual abuse in their past were most likely to
cohabit but not marry
Native Americans
colonized and enslaved, eventually reservations, hundreds of thousands died, forced assimilation, lowest SES and high suicide rates
Sharif and Sharif, Robbers Cave
competition- contact makes people dislike out-group working together- cooperation and inclusion with out-group
feminism
consciousness-raising movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life; women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect Less about erasing differences between women and men, more about uncovering power stakes behind the socially constructed differences between genders
robert park stages of straight-line
contact, competition, accommodation, and assimilation
Gordon 7 stages of assimilation
cultural, structural, marital, identification, attitude reception, behavior reception, civic
gordons stages of assimilation
cultural, structural, marital, identificational, attitude receptional, behavior receptional, and civic assimilation
Foucault The History of Sexuality
culture is already inscribed on our bodies, how we see our bodies is linked to power, knowledge 1800s Europe pop. growth - "bio-power" gay stigma by late 1800s
Saracino and Scott, The Porning of America
culture resembles porn, things are sexualized
"women's enslavement to the species"
de Beauvoir, lactation, menstruation
types of segregation
de facto- in practice de jure- in law
redlining
declared inner-city, black neighborhoods too much of a liability and ineligible for aid
criticism of straight-line assimilation (Park)
does not apply to non-white or involuntary immigrants
Enos, Causal Effect of Intergroup Contact
demographic change with more intergroup contact --> strong exclusionary reactions
qualitative data
descriptive data drawn from non statistical sources, including participant observation, personal stories, interviews, and life histories, detailed "rich" data weak reliability, strong validity
sexuality
desire, sexual preference, and sexual identity and behavior
Weber on democracy and dictatorship
differ only by ideas of legitimacy
polygenism
different races were different species
how is class power exercised?
direct mechanisms: campaign contributions --> votes, lobbying, revolving door, elite origins of officials, etc. indirect mechanisms: dependence on private investments, capital on strike, corps withdraw activity, business class wields structural power indirectly
Adaptive discrimination
discrimination based on prejudice of others
What are the policy consequences of Trump?
economic: trade, fiscal and tax, entitlement programs, climate and regulatory policy immigration: DACA, refugees judiciary and law: Roe v. Wade, voting rights, corporate power, separation of power, checks and balances foreign policy: NATO, Middle East/Israel, human rights, EU
Milton Friedman
education would be better financed if instead of getting loans students had to pay a percentage of their income
statistical discrimination example
educational system- testing- cultural bias, effect of stereotypes on performance Steele and Aronson- negative black stereotypes → lower scores
The physical, sexual, or emotional abuse of a parent or older family member is defined as
elder abuse
Kimmel, Predatory Sex
entitlement, silence and protection
ethnicity
ethnic affiliation--voluntary, self-defined, non-hierarchical, fluid and multiple, cultural, planar
structural functionalism
every society has certain structures (family, gender, etc.) that exist to fulfill some necessary function (reproduction, etc.)
direct deliberative democracy
ex. Town hall meeting, difficult with many people
Identify the examples of collective resistance. a) An oppressed group engages in a campaign of nonviolent protest. b) An oppressed group develops a means of quietly coping with their circumstances. c) An oppressed group rises up in organized, armed rebellion. d) An oppressed group relocates to a place where they can live in peace.
examples: a and c
Identify the examples of ancient beliefs about race that associated skin color with geographic or environmental factors. a) ancient egyptian records b) chinese creation myth c) a biblical story of noah and his sons d) the writings of the greek philosopher Hippocrates
examples: a, b, d
Nye and power
exclusive use of hard power in international politics is outdated Globalization → increased state economic interdependence Instead, soft/co-optive power
Philip Jackson
hidden curriculum
Who votes more?
high income whites women ages 65+
index of dissimilarity
how many women do you need to bring in to make it equal? measure of equality
social darwinism
humankind evolved based on selected characteristics that will help the individual survive the most -- this allows people to see humankind on a trajectory in which some groups have advanced more than others
monogeist
humans are all the same species with races not creating a different race just variation in the same
three key beliefs of racist thinking
humans are divided into distinct bloodlines and or physical types these bloodlines are linked to distrinct cultures, behaviors, personalities, and intelectual abilties certain groups are superior to others
monogenism
humans were one species, united under God
Resource Dilution Model
hypothesis stating that parental resources are finite and that each additional child gets a smaller amount of them
resource dilution model
hypothesis stating that parental resources are finite and that each additional child gets a smaller amount of them
white-collar crime
illegal acts committed by affluent, "respectable" individuals in the course of business activities
Kenneth Arrow's _____________________ shows how difficult it is for people to express their true, first-choice desires when selecting between more than two alternatives. When there are more than two choices, strategic voting quickly comes into play. To avoid this and to have more control over the outcome, authorities will try to limit the set of choices to two and then influence voters to make the "right" choice.
impossibility theorem
Rape occurs primarily
in committed relationships
De facto
in fact
game
in game theory, any situation where the outcome for one or more actors depends on the choices of another actor or actors
The effects of child abuse are often first noted
in their behavior
John and Martha are in love and have a sexual relationship. Martha is also John's aunt. In most states, this meets the legal definition of:
incest
Overt discrimination
individual discriminates because of his or her own prejudice
Most European states developed over the course of hundreds of years through a long series of fights over territorial boundaries, but many countries in the world have been somewhat arbitrarily "produced" through colonization and subsequent decisions by the influence of the _____________________ and the United Nations.
international state system
miscegenation
interracial marriage
Jack and Jill live together and have a romantic relationship. Occasionally they get into screaming matches that escalate into pushing. This is considered
intimate partner violence
The current term used by the federal government for violence between partners who are in, or were in, a romantic relationship is
intimate partner violence
Keynesian Economics
investing in the people --> stimulate demand --> help economy
Modern racism
involves the rejection of traditional racist beliefs but displaces negative racial feelings onto more abstract social and political issues
preferential treatment
is also based on athletes, legacies, leadership experience, living in certain places and having unusual life circumstances
_____________________ argued that people live in peace and equality in the state of nature but that they ultimately submit to authority (the state) for financial reasons, for example, to help iron out disagreements about property.
john locke
ethnocentrism
judement of other gorups by one;s own standards and values
Ethnocentrism
judgement of other groups by one's own standards and values
"urban renewal"
kicked blacks out of their ghettos and moved them to public housing projects
Extended family
kin networks that extend outside or beyond the nuclear family
"new immigration"
late 60s, mostly Asian and Hispanic
_____________________ is based on legal, impersonal rules that have been routinized and rationalized.
legal-rational authority
institutionalized means
legitimate ways of achieving success.
Statistics on violence in same-sex partnerships are limited but indicate that
lesbian and straight women are equally likely to be victims
Race (as a social construct)
lies not in peoples's physical characteristics, but in the historical treatment of different groups and the significance
1790 naturalization law
limited rights of citizenship to "free white persons" who counts as white?
eugenics
literally meaning "well born"; the pseudoscience that controlling fertility of populations could influence inheritable traits passed on from generation to generation
Cohabitation
living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanction
subaltern
oppressed group a subordinate, oppressed group of people
acceptance
oppressed group feigns complinace and hides its true feelings of resentment a group response to domination- feign compliance, hide resentment Goffman subaltern "code-switching"
Acker's theory of the gendered organization
organizational structure is gendered, males advantaged
Most of the elderly who report abuse are abused by
other family members
1954 Brown v. Board
outlawed school segregation
physiognomy
outside appearances --> inner virtues, favoring light skin of course
college data and women
overtaking men in college enrollment, 2013 57% of college students were women
micropenis
phallus < 2 cm
ontological equality
philosophical and religious notion that all people are created equal
Gender Socialization
process of learning the expectations associated with their sex
The Working Class
proletariat sustain themselves only by selling their labor to those who own the means of production
herbert spencer
promulgated the idea of social darwinism
phrenology
pseudoscience of differences in head formation
The two broad approaches social scientists use to gather data about the social world are:
quantitative & qualitative
Super PACs
raise money on behalf of candidates cannot work directly with candidates
Kay's boyfriend had sex with her after she drank too much and passed out. This meets the legal definition of
rape
US Prisons and sexuality
rape is about power, not sex gay sex is not being gay
Marital Rape
rape within marriage
Sex Gender refers to the characteristics, behaviors, and norms that society regards as appropriate for the members of each sex biological essentialism (Lipsitz) The view that explains the differences between men and women as innate and natural consequences of their biological makeupEx. men are more aggressivewomen are more passive Gender Socialization The learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, peers, media, and familyEx. Babies are dressed immediately in a way the marks their sex categoryEx. - A boy wears a sailor suitA girl wears a pink bow Motherhood Penalty the phenomenon that working mothers often experience disadvantages in pay. Perceived competence and benefits compared to other female workers with children The GII (Gender Inequality Index) a measure of gender inequality which measures reproductive health, empowerment, and participation in the labor force Radical Feminism A form of feminism that believes that men are responsible for, and benefit from, the exploitation and domination of women Transnational Feminism A type of feminism concerned with how global processes, such as colonialism and imperialism, influence gender relations and gender inequality Liberal Feminism A form of feminism that looks for explanations of gender inequalities in social and cultural attitudes. They tend to focus their energies on establishing and protecting equal opportunities for women through legislation and other democratic means Upgrade to remove ads Only $1/month Black Feminism A strand of feminist theory that highlights the multiple disadvantages of gender, class, and race that shape the experiences of non-white women; black feminists reject the idea of single, unified gender oppression that is experienced evenly by all women Intersectionality Ways that women/men's multiple identities and social locations shape their experiences Social Construction of Gender Gender identities emerge in relation to perceived sex differences in societies and cultures, which shape those differencesGender is a role we performWe learn how to present ourselves as "male or female" through our choices Transgender Express gender identity that differs from assigned sex at birth Intersex Individual possessing both male/female genitalia Effect of Gender Inequality on Social Institutions -Patriarchy-Gender Inequality-Education-College majors-Women in Workplace Patriarchy Dominance of men over women Gender Inequality Difference in status, power, and prestige women and men have in groups, collectives, and societies Gender Typing seeing something as a "man" or "woman's" job Sex segregation concentration of men and women in different occupationswhich leads to a gender pay gap Glass ceiling promotion barrier that prevents a woman's upward mobility within an organization "Glass elevator" sudden promotion of men into management position in female dominated fields Upgrade to remove ads Only $1/month Sexual harassment unwanted or repeated sexual advances, remarks, or behaviors that are offensive/cause discomfortTwo Examples:-Quid Pro Quo-Hostile work environment Quid pro quo supervisor demands sexual acts form a worker as a job condition in exchange for work benefits Hostile work environment pattern to sexual language, lewd posters, or sexual advances make a worker feel uncomfortable that it is difficult for them to do their best job Family and Gender Issues -"Motherhood Penalty"-"Second Shift" "Motherhood Penalty" -Belief by employers in traditional gender roles and notions of parenthood-Women seen as less reliable/productive because primary caregiver of child
refers to a person's physical and anatomical characteristics
Pluralism
refers to a state in which racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinctness but respect each other and have equal access to social resources
Acculturation
refers to adopting the culture of a group different from the one in which a person was originally raised
factors against black people in housing
restrictive covenants, white flight, redlining, etc.
democracy
restricts right to political participation to a small group or individual
socialist/radical feminists
root of all social relations is unequal gender relations
Pitirim Sorokin
schools are sorting machines
socialization of schools
schools pass down the values, beliefs and attitudes that are important in American society
Project STAR
schools with smaller classes benefited their students more
The _____________________ dimension of power has to do with power that is so imposing that it seems pointless to resist.
second
Pygmalion effect
self-fulfilling prophecy
Le Duff, Slaughterhouse
self-segregation, best-worst: whites, Indians, blacks and Mexicans, stereotypes towards each other
institutional racism example
sentencing laws for cocaine- Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 1g crack cocaine = 100g powder cocaine- minimum sentence 5 years for 1st time possession Crack cheaper → more low-income black drug sentences Obama Fair Sentencing Act 2010 100:1 → 18:1 another example: hiring patterns- look to social networks for recruitment
gender roles
sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female
Incest
sex between close relatives
"deceptive distinctions" examples
sex differences because of roles occupied ex. men think in rationality and justice because they tend to have jobs with those things Ex. women good at mothering because socialized to be mothers
sexism
sex is basis for prejudicial discrimination, may matter more than merit
Jan was fondled by a stranger on her way to the bathroom when she was out with her friends. This meets the legal definition of
sexual assault
Marxist feminism on sexuality
sexuality in US is an expression of unequal power balance between men and women
Why Trump Won
socio-economic trends: corporate policies, social and economic marginalization, resentments from Recession, rural working class declining economic position, skill-biased tech change cultural and ideological factors: rural/urban divide, rise of religion in politics, resentment against urban educated elites, anti-intellectualism sociodemographic factors: erosion of white male privilege --> backlash against minorities political factors: less mainstream party control of money, political elites unresponsive to people
_____________________ is the use of cultural or ideological means to influence behavior.
soft power
index of dissimilarity
standard measurement of segregation, degree to which blacks and whites are evenly spread among neighborhoods in a given city, % of non-whites who would have to move in order to achieve residential integration
Weber defined the _____________________, the ultimate example of domination by authority, as "a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory."
state
Marxist Theories of the State
state is an "instrument" of class power- a reflection of the need for class-based coercion does 3 things: 1. enacts policies that further the interests of the ruling class 2. manages threats to the established order 3. seeks to insure the accumulation of capital internationally
statist/state-centered theory
state/government bureaucrats who design policies based on perceived social conditions (because money = power) → welfare state
individual fixed effects
statistical technique, compare an outcome across time as some factor changes doesn't work for everything, some things don't change over time: race, birth cohort, etc. ex. effect of education on wages
_____________________ describes three dimensions of power.
steven lukes
occupation data and women
still overrepresented in "feminine" areas; men in "masculine" areas which also pay more
Power
the ability to carry out one's will despite resistance
Child Abuse and Neglect
the act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker that results in (or puts children at imminent risk for) physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation
Feminism
the advocacy of social equality for the sexes in opposition to patriarchy and sexism
social darwinism
the application of Darwinian ideas to society, namely, the evolutionary "survival of the fittest"
Authority
the justifiable right to exercise power
Legitimate Authority
the justifiable right to exercise power
authority
the justifiable right to exercise power Have authority if persuade subordinates that power is valid
segregation
the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity
Reliability
the likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measurements
genocide
the mass killing of a particular population based on racial, ethnic, or religious traits
Taylorism
the methods of labor management introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to streamline the processes of mass production in which each worker repeatedly performs one specific task.
David Figlio
the more behavior problems in a classroom significantly increase other students disciplinary problems and reduce test scores
marginal working class
the most desperate members of the working class, who have few skills, little job security, and are often unemployed
Donald E. Langlois and Charlotte Rappe Zales
the most effective teaching methods are -minimizing lost class time to activities other than instruction -having clear expectations for acceptable behavior -having consistent consequences for misbehavior -maintaining a fixed routine -setting high standards for school work
Hidden Curriculum
the nonacademic and less overt socialization functions of schooling
hidden cirriculum
the nonacademic and less overt socialization functions of schooling
Causality
the notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another
Social Darwinism
the notion that some groups or races had evolved more than others and thus were better fit to survive and even to rule other races
The _____________________ dimension of power has to do with averting conflict altogether by limiting people's choices or influencing their preferences.
third
_____________________ believed that the state of nature is chaos and that people submit to authority (the state) as a means of survival.
thomas hobbes
prejudice is a _____________ discrimination is a ___________
thought action
The most common form of elder abuse is
to neglect
Jeanie Oakes
tracking is bad because there are differences in the quality of teaching and content between tracks
_____________________ is based on appeals to the past or a long established way of doing things.
traditional authority
Deirdre McCloskey
trans economist, wrote Crossing, memoir in 3rd person transitioned at 52, her sister threatened to commit her, estranged from family wrote 41 differences between Donald and Deirdre
