Business data communications-Exam 3
What does a WAN connect its devices with?
A WAN connects its devices with a mesh design and requires routing to transfer data across the network
What does a WAN's infrastructure consist of?
A WAN'S infrastructure consists of a collection of nodes and interconnecting telecommunications links
What is a node?
A device that allows one or more stations to access the physical network and is the transfer point for passing information through a network
What is a wavelength division multiplexing?
A technique that multiplexes multiple data streams onto a single fiber optic cable line.
What is stastical time division multiplexing?
A technique that transmits data only from active users and does not transmit empty time slots.
How do computers know how many bits are used for the host ID?
IPv4 addressing relies on a subnet mask for this task
What does URL stand for?
Uniform Resource Locator
What kind of technology do WANs require?
WANs require specialized technology designed to manage traffic across a wide variety of devices and connection types.
What was IPv6 used for?
fixing problems and limitations of IPv4
What happens when a packet's hop count equals a global hop limit?
the packet is discarded
What is subnetting?
the process of dividing larger networks into smaller subnets
What is caching?
the process of storing copies of data in locations closer to where the data is used
What is a failover time?
the speed at which a failover is performed
What do the redundant array of independent disks (RAID) techniques do?
they protect the server from catastrophic disk failure
What happens because NDS is global?
users can log in from any location on the network and access any resources for which they have been granted permission
What is dynamic routing?
An adaptive routing technique in which routing tables react to network fluctuations such as congestion and node/link failure
What is an administrative distance (AD)?
Something that determines how routers will prioritize a protocol's data.
What is the routing information protocol (RIP)?
The first routing algorithm used on the Internet and it was a distance vector routing protocol.
What is the Interframe Space (IFS)?
The time in which a workstation waits before transmitting on a wireless carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)
What are some characteristics of MANs?
They can be used to support high-speed disaster recovery systems and real-time transaction backup systems. They can also provide interconnections between corporate data centers and Internet service providers, and support high-speed connections among government, business, medical, and educational facilities.
What characteristics do wide area networks (WANs) share with LANs?
They interconnect networks, use some form of medium for the interconnection, and support network applications
What is a routing table?
This is where each router maintains a list of routes to various networks and hosts.
What is a campus area network (CAN)?
a collection of LANs within a single property or nearby properties, such as buildings belonging to a school where all the buildings and most or all the network media spanning those connections are confined within land owned by the school
What is a reliable service?
a connection oriented network application
Private IP addresses
a defined range of IP addresses that can be used by anyone on their private networks
What is a channel?
a designated set of frequencies used to transmit a signal
What is a station?
a device that interfaces a user to a network
What is the domain name system (DNS)?
a large, distributed database of Internet addresses and domain names
What is coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM)?
a less expesive variation on WDM because it is designed for short-distance connections
What is a wireless LAN (WLAN)?
a local area network that is not based on physical wiring but uses wireless transmissions between workstations.
What is a packet switched network?
a network in which all data messages are transmitted using fixed-sized packages
What is a local area network (LAN)?
a network typically confined to a single building or set of of buildings that are in close proximity
What is a broadcast network?
a network typically found in local area networks but occasionally found in wide area networks
What is a network cloud?
a physical network that has the underlying connection of nodes and telecommunication links.
What was the bindery replaced by?
a powerful Network Directory System (NDS)
What is the network address translation (NAT)?
a protocol used to assign IP addresses.
How does a router decide which line to transmit on?
a router must select the one transmission line that will best provide a path to the destination and in an optimal manner.
What is the bindery?
a structure that contains the usernames and passwords of network users and groups.
What is a circuit switched network?
a sub-network in which a dedicated circuit is established between sender and receiver and all data passes over this circuit.
What is multiplexing?
a technique of transmitting multiple signals over a single medium.
What is code division multiplexing?
a technique that allows multiple users to share a common set of frequencies by assigning a unique digital code to each user.
What is time division multiplexing?
a technique that allows only one user at a time to transmit at a time.
What is sync time division multiplexing?
a technique that gives each incoming source signal a turn to be transmitted, proceeding through the sources in round-robin fashion.
What is run length encoding?
a technique that replaces any repetitions of the same bit or byte that occur in a sequence of data with a single occurrence of the bit/byte.
What is the IPv4?
an IP address that has the value 4 in the field
What is the IPv6?
an IP address that has the value 6
What is implicit congestion control?
an application can observe its own traffic and notice if packets are disappearing.
What is a connection-oriented application?
an application that requires both sender ad receiver to create a connection before nay data is transferred.
What is dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)?
an expensive way to transmit signals from multiple devices due to the high number of differently colored lasers required in one unit.
How is time division multiplexing accomplished?
by dividing available transmission time among users.
Where can MANs be useful?
connecting a city's police stations, connecting a hospital with its regional medical centers and connecting a home office with its branch offices and a warehouse location
What does the bindery hold?
information about other services provided by the server to the client such as printer, modem, and router access information
What does the data link layer provide?
information needed to traverse a LAN
What does an IP header provide?
information needed to traverse multiple networks, such as the Internet
What does a synchronous time division multiplexor do?
it accepts one piece of data from the first device, transmits i over a high-speed link and contines this process
What does the IP time to live (TTL) do?
it allows the router to discard a packet that has been traveling across networks for too long
What does the virtual circuit packet switched network create?
it creates a logical path through the subnet and all packets from one connection to follow this path
What does static routing NOT allow?
it does not allow routing tables to change
What is an IP version do?
it indicates the version of IP being used
What is the IP identification, flags and fragment offset used to do?
it is used to fragment a packet into smaller packets
What does the IP header checksum do?
it performs an arthimetic checksum on only the header portion of the packet
What does the forward explicit congestion notification do?
it sends a congestion signal forward to the destination station, which in turn tells the originating station to slow down the transfer of data
What does the backward explicit congestion notification do?
it sends a signal back to the originating station which then slows down its transmission
Why is the IP version important?
it tells the router how to interpret the rest of the IP packet
What does a URL do?
it uniquely identifies each file, web page, image, or any other type of electronic resource that resides on the Internet
What are hybrid routing protocols?
protocols that exhibit characteristics of both distance-vector and link-state routing protocols.
What happens with adaptive routing?
routing tables can changes to reflect changes in the network
What is a metropolitan area network (MAN)?
similar to a CAN, a MAN is a collection of LANs within a limited geographical area, such as a downtown are or even a city, county, or province
What is a network ID?
some of the bits in an IP address that refer to the local network
What are the two basic methods used to assign an IP address to a workstation?
static assignment and dynamic assignment
What is data compression and deduplication?
techniques used to reduce the amount of data that must be stored or transmitted
What does the source IP address and destination IP addresses contain?
the 32-bit IP source and destination addresses, respectively, of the packet
What is a failover?
the ability to reroute in the event of a failure
What is frequency division multiplexing (FDM)?
the assignment of non-overlapping frequency ranges to each user of a medium
What is the best path in routing?
the best path is often when routing protocols strive for an optimal route through a network
What is one of the main features of the Novell NetWare?
the bindery
What is the host ID?
the bits in the IP address that refers ti a specific host on the network
What is an IP packet?
the combination of the IP header and its payload.
What is a weighted network graph?
the communication network with its nodes and telecommunications links
What is an overhead?
the different approaches routing protocols use to collect information about the network and then communicate that information result in varying levels of bandwidth
What is the dynamic host configuration protocol?
the most popular protocol that handles IP address assignments
What is explicit congestion control?
the network can inform its applications that congestion has occurred and the applications can take action
What is required to connect these LANs?
the network requires routers or specialized switches and high-speed media between the LANs
What does a datagram packet-switched network do?
the network's nodes examine each packet individually and determine each packet's next path
What is the domain name?
this portion of the URL specifies a host, which is one or more servers that contain the requested resource
What does the TCP use ports for?
to track applications on each device
What is the primary function of the Transmission control protocol (TCP)?
to turn an unreliable network into a reliable network
What is spatial multiplexing (SM)?
two or more signals carrying different data are transmitted and received at the same time using multiple antennae.
Public IP address
when a company or person applies for and receives an IP address for use on the Internet
How is routing through a WAN accomplished?
when a data packet enters a router, the router examines the destination IP address encapsulated in the network layer of the packet and determines where the packet should go next.
What are distance vector protocols?
when a router monitors each link and the number of hops from that link to network destinations.
What is multiple access?
when multiplexing is applied in the support of many users at one time.
What are link state protocols?
when protocols focus less on the number of hops between networks and more on the state of each of its connections
What is the convergence time?
when something on the network changes, such as a failure or configuration change, routers must identify the change and adjust their routes.
What is a common example of a connectionless application?
DNS
What does an access point do?
It acts as a bridge between the wired and wireless networks and can perform basic routing functions.
What does a connectionless application NOT do?
It does not create a connection first but simply sends the data
What does a synchronous time division demultiplexor do?
It is on the receiving end of the high speed link and must disassemble the incoming byte stream and deliver each byte to the appropriate destination
What does the network address translation (NAT) allow a router do?
It lets a router represent an entire LAN to the Internet as a single IP address
What is static routing?
one or more fixed routes are added to the routing table
